枯草芽孢杆菌DZ1的培养基及发酵条件优化研究

本研究以枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）DZ1作为研究试材,通过单因子试验及正交试验,确定其适宜的摇瓶培养基及发酵条件。结果表明,培养时间、培养基及培养条件对Bacillus subtilis DZ1的活菌数影响差异显著。DZ1的最佳种龄为12h,最佳碳源和氮源分别是可溶性淀粉和酵母膏。影响枯草芽孢杆菌DZ1活菌数的主要因素为酵母膏,其次为可溶性淀粉,K2HP04和MgSO4-7H2O影响较小。DZ1的最优培养基组合为可溶性淀粉l％,酵母膏1％,K2HPO40．15％,MgS04-7H200．02％,CaCl20．01％,在此条件下,其活菌数可达44．1×10。CFU／mL。单因子试验结果表明,DZl的适宜摇瓶培养条件分别为培养基温度34℃,初始pH值7．0,摇床转速180r／min和接种量7％。     

生防链霉菌F-15摇瓶发酵条件的优化

采用单因素和正交试验设计,通过摇瓶培养对链霉菌菌株F-15产生抑菌活性物质的发酵条件进行优化。单因素试验结果表明,其最佳发酵条件为:玉米粉作碳源,KNO3作氮源,初始pH为7,培养时间为5 d,250 mL的摇瓶装液量为60 mL,接种量为150μL。优化后的培养基配比为:玉米粉3.0%、KNO33.0%、MgSO40.2%、NaCl 0.2%。     

防治青枯病工程菌Hrp-菌株的发酵培养基配方优化

在摇瓶发酵条件下,采用全因子实验设计法和正交实验设计法对工程菌Hrp-菌株的培养基碳、氮源配方进行优化,确定了最适碳源为葡萄糖、细玉米面,最适氮源为硫酸铵、细豆饼粉;对这四个碳氮源因子的浓度进行L9（34）的正交试验,最终确定出该菌的最适发酵培养基碳、氮源配方为（g/L）：葡萄糖8g、细玉米面5g、细豆饼粉35g、硫酸铵2g。优化后的培养基配方使摇瓶发酵液菌量从1.34×10^10cfu/ml提高至3.30×10^10cfu/ml。     

响应曲面法优化利迪链霉菌A02发酵培养基

为了提高纳他霉素新产生菌利迪链霉菌StreptomyceslydicusA02的发酵水平,采用部分因子法、最陡爬坡试验和中心组合试验相结合的方法对该菌株的发酵培养基进行了优化。试验结果表明,培养基中的玉米淀粉、棉籽精粉和葡萄糖是影响纳他霉素产量的主要因子,由所得响应曲面方程预测出这3个主要因子的质量浓度分别为52．7,31．7和11．7g．L^-1时,纳他霉素产量达最大值1735．3mg．L叫;经摇瓶和30L发酵罐试验验证,该理论预测值与实测值无显著差异;优化后培养基的产能较基础发酵培养基提高了32．9％--34．8％。据此认为,响应面法对利迪链霉菌产纳他霉素发酵培养基的优化具有实效性,本研究为其高产发酵工艺的建立奠定了基础。     

中生菌素高产菌株发酵条件的研究

中生菌素产生菌通过菌种选育，得到４株效价较亲株提高７０％的菌株。通过正交回归实验得到中生菌素高产菌株ＵＶ－７的摇瓶最佳培养条件和最佳发酵配方；明确了通气量和葡萄糖含量是影响最终产素量的主要因素。在６．６Ｌ的全自动发酵罐中优化发酵，明确了ＵＶ－７发酵过程中的代谢规律，证明了发酵代谢的终点与溶解氧和ｐＨ的变化有直接关系。     

防治青枯病工程菌Hrp~-菌株的发酵培养基配方优化

在摇瓶发酵条件下,采用全因子实验设计法和正交实验设计法对工程菌Hrp-菌株的培养基碳、氮源配方进行优化,确定了最适碳源为葡萄糖、细玉米面,最适氮源为硫酸铵、细豆饼粉;对这四个碳氮源因子的浓度进行L9(34)的正交试验,最终确定出该菌的最适发酵培养基碳、氮源配方为(g/L):葡萄糖8g、细玉米面5g、细豆饼粉35g、硫酸铵2g。优化后的培养基配方使摇瓶发酵液菌量从1.34×1010cfu/ml提高至3.30×1010cfu/ml。     

生防菌株Men-myco-93-63发酵培养条件研究

对生防链霉菌Men-myco-93-63进行了摇瓶培养条件试验。结果表明,培养温度30℃,培养基初始pH值7.5,500ml三角瓶装液100ml,摇床转速200r/min为最适摇瓶发酵培养条件。在优化的培养条件基础上进行了摇瓶中代谢情况的测定,并在摇瓶试验的基础上进行了30L发酵罐试验,为进一步发酵规模化生产奠定了基础。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌HF—01发酵条件优化

为探讨解淀粉芽孢杆菌BacillusamyloliqruefaciensHF-01菌株液体发酵条件,提高其活性次级代谢产物的产量,以茵体生物量和发酵液拮抗柑桔绿霉病菌PenicilliumdigitatumSacc．活性为指标,采用单因子试验和正交设计方法对菌株的最适发酵培养基成分及发酵条件进行优化。结果表明,菌株HF-01最适发酵培养基为葡萄糖3．0％、酵母提取粉0．5％、氯化钠0_3％、硫酸镁0．1％;最佳发酵培养条件为初始pH值6．0～6．5、培养温度28℃、培养时间48h、250mL三角瓶装液量90mL、接种量体积分数6％、摇床转速130r·min-1。在最佳发酵培养基和培养条件下,菌株HF-01抑菌能力提高37．3％;25℃条件下,优化后所得发酵滤液处理柑橘果实4d后,发病率为31．7％,病斑直径为25．9mm,显著低于优化前所得发酵滤液的发病率56．7％和病斑直径48．1mm。     

枯草芽孢杆菌发酵培养基的优化

在摇瓶发酵条件下,采用Plackett-Burman设计法和响应面分析法对枯草芽孢杆菌B908菌株的培养基配方进行优化,确定了影响B908菌株发酵液含菌量的3个重要因子依次为玉米粉、碳酸钙和豆饼粉;对这3个因子进行爬坡路径试验,通过响应面分析法确定了主要影响因子的最佳条件。优化后的培养基配方使摇瓶发酵液每毫升的含菌量从0.6×109个/ml提高到1.18×1010个/ml。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌MH71摇瓶发酵培养基及发酵条件优化

从黑龙江省漠河多年永冻土层采集的冻土样品中分离的拮抗菌解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MH71,对多种植物病原真菌和细菌具有较强的拮抗作用.本研究主要以无菌滤液对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌活性为检测指标,采用单因素试验筛选菌株MH71的最佳产抗菌物质培养基及最佳碳源、氮源和无机盐,运用Minitab软件,通过Box-Benhnken试验及响应面分析相结合的方法对该菌株产抗菌物质的发酵培养基配方和摇瓶发酵条件进行了优化.结果表明,菌株MH71产抗菌物质最佳培养基组成为玉米粉36.6 g/L、牛肉膏3.2 g/L、NaC1 1.33 g/L、葡萄糖14 g/L、蛋白胨7 g/L、MgSO4 0.4 g/L、K2HPO4 0.8 g/L、GaGO3 8 g/L.最适发酵条件为培养温度30℃、摇床转速200 r/min、发酵起始pH 7.0、接种量3％、装液量100 mL/500 mL、发酵时间为72 h.在最佳培养基和培养条件下,菌株MH71的活菌数达到了2.1×109 CFU/mL,芽孢数为1.2×109 CFU/mL,同时对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌能力较优化前提高了37.4％.     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

棉花黄萎病菌致病型的AFLP分析

 选用41个棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)代表菌系,在温室条件下,对4个棉花品种鄂荆1号(感)、中棉所12(耐)、文-5(抗)和唐棉2号(抗)进行致病性测定,结果可将供试菌系分为落叶型与非落叶型2类。选取8对AFLP引物PCR扩增的结果中,统计带型稳定、清晰且有多态性的条带,共169条作系统聚类分析,将上述菌系分为2大类,第一类为非落叶型菌系,包括10个非落叶型菌系和1个过渡菌系;第二类为30个落叶型菌系。根据聚类分析建立树状图,发现菌系与地理来源存在一定的相关性,而依据菌系致病力强弱分类则相关关系不大。选用25对EcoRⅠ和MseⅠ引物组合,对供试的41个V.dahliae进行AFLP扩增,筛选到2对引物E64(GACTGCGTACCAATTCGAC)、M53(GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACCG)和E49(GACTGCGTACCAATTCCAG)、M65(GAT-GAGTCCTGAGTAAGAG),能分别扩增出433bp和110bp2条仅为V.dahliae非落叶型菌系独有的特异片段,可将落叶型与非落叶型菌系分开,这2条特异片段被命名为EM₄₃₃和EM₁₁₀。     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

黑麦草属DNA条形码鉴定技术研究

以毒麦、田毒麦、多花黑麦草、多年生黑麦草、硬直黑麦草、高羊茅与狗牙根等禾本科的7种植物为材料,拟采用 DNA 测序、特异性位点比对、种间遗传距离测定、建立系统树等分析候选 DNA 条形码 psbA-trnH 鉴别黑麦草属常见植物的能力。实验结果表明,以 psbA-trnH 为 DNA 条形码时,建立的系统发育树能较好区分毒麦和田毒麦与其他几种植物。psbA-trnH 序列可以作为黑麦草属植物的潜在条形码。     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

Effects of different temperature treatments on dormancy of sclerotia of ten isolates of Sclerotium cepivorum

The variability of dormancy of sclerotia of ten isolates ofSclerotium cepivorum was investigated. Of all isolates tested, the freshly harvested sclerotia were dormant. After drying for 48 hours the sclerotia of six isolates were able to germinate, two isolates stayed dormant and two isolates were infested by hyperparasitic fungi. After storage in soil at 5°C or 20°C, the sclerotia of the different isolates exhibited considerable differences in respect to germination capability, but all isolates showed highest germination after a treatment of 8 weeks at 20°C followed by 8 weeks at 5°C. The sclerotia of all isolates showed an increased capacity to germinate withoutAllium extracts at 10°C after pretreatment at 30°C for 28 days.     

Allelopathy of buckwheat: Assessment of allelopathic potential of extract of aerial parts of buckwheat and identification of fagomine and other related alkaloids as allelochemicals

The allelopathic potential of buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ) was investigated. Field study showed that living buckwheat reduced weed biomass compared with plots without buckwheat. Laboratory study revealed that root exudates suppressed root and shoot growth of weeds and reduced weed dry weight. Sequential partitioning of the aqueous ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of buckwheat showed that the chloroform extract caused an 80% reduction in radicle elongation of lettuce seedlings at a concentration of less than 100 p.p.m. Fagomine, 4-piperidone and 2-piperidinemethanol were isolated and identified by ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance from the chloroform extract. These compounds caused a 50% inhibition of radicle elongation in lettuce seedlings at concentrations of less than 100 p.p.m. These results suggest that compounds 1, 2, and 3 might act as allelochemicals and affect the growth or germination of different plant species.