饲料型油菜南种北种产量及品质特征分析

黑龙江省北部是麦豆主产区,存在麦后土地休闲的时间过长、光能和水分浪费严重等现象,本研究选用南方双低饲料油菜1号进行麦后种植,通过田间大区对比试验,分析饲料型油莱和食用型油菜在株高、鲜重、干重、产量及品质指标的差异。结果表明：饲料型油菜株高、鲜重、干重及产量均高于食用型品种,收获时饲料型油菜株高70cm,食用型油菜20．1cm;饲料型油莱每hm2产量82500kg,食用油菜产量37700kg;饲料型油菜粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维及微量元素（除铁）含量均高于食用型油菜。进一步说明黑龙江省春小麦复种饲料型油菜可行,推广前景可观。     

王草青贮品质研究

研究了不同添加水平的尿素和新银合欢对王草发酵品质的影响。尿素的添加比例分别为0.3%、0.4%和0.5%,新银合欢的添加比例分别为1/3、1/2、2/3和100%,另设100%王草组作为空白对照。试验结果表明,新银合欢添加组的青贮品质均优于尿素添加组。在尿素添加组中,所有添加尿素组和100%王草对照组青贮品质较差,说明王草青贮单独或添加尿素青贮的效果不佳,在实际运用应尽量避免使用这2种方法进行青贮。在新银合欢添加组中,青贮品质由高到低的排列为：1/3新银合欢组、1/2新银合欢组、2/3新银合欢组和100%     

添加有机酸改善木薯叶青贮品质和营养成分

为了改善木薯叶青贮品质,研究有机酸对木薯叶青贮品质及营养成分的影响,以确定青贮木薯叶最适合的有机酸种类及添加量。本研究以华南7号木薯幼嫩茎叶为原料进行青贮试验,设对照组、甲酸（0.2%）、乙酸（0.2%）和丙酸（0.2%）处理组,30 d后测定木薯叶青贮饲料pH、乳酸（LA）、乙酸（AA）、丙酸（PA）和丁酸（BA）含量以及主要营养成分含量。结果表明,木薯叶直接青贮品质较差,添加有机酸处理与对照相比显著降低青贮饲料的pH和丁酸含量（P<0.05）,降低中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量（P<0.05）,提高了饲料相对值（RFV）。添加有机酸可以改善木薯叶青贮品质并提高营养价值,添加乙酸（0.2%）和丙酸（0.2%）青贮品质较好,可作为木薯叶青贮添加剂。     

添加酶制剂对饲用苎麻与麦麸混合青贮品质的影响

为了探究酶制剂对苎麻混合青贮品质的影响,本试验在苎麻与麦麸(80%苎麻+18%麦麸+2%蔗糖)混合青贮中分别添加10 mL蒸馏水(对照组)、纤维素酶2 g/kg、纤维素酶2 g/kg+半纤维素酶0.4 g/kg、纤维素酶2 g/kg+半纤维素酶0.4 g/kg+果胶酶0.7 g/kg,30天后开包取样分析各项指标。结果表明,苎麻与麦麸混合青贮发酵品质和营养品质均较好。与对照相比,添加酶制剂显著提高了碳水化合物、干物质和粗蛋白含量(P<0.05),显著降低了中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗纤维的含量和氨态氮/总氮比值(P<0.05),但是对pH值、乳酸、乙酸和丙酸含量无显著影响(P<0.05)。本试验条件下,添加酶制剂能够有效提高苎麻混合青贮的品质,单独添加纤维素酶与复合酶制剂无显著性差异,从节约成本角度考虑,单独添加纤维素酶组为最佳选择。     

不同青贮方式对菠萝茎叶饲用品质的影响

分析添加尿素和废糖蜜对青贮菠萝茎叶营养成分的影响,并测定青贮后菠萝茎叶养分的瘤胃降解率。为提高菠萝茎叶的饲料化利用提供理论依据。试验以直接青贮菠萝茎叶为对照组,分别添加10 g/kg尿素、20 g/kg废糖蜜、10 g/kg尿素+20 g/kg废糖蜜为试验组,青贮45 d后进行营养成分、养分的瘤胃降解分析。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加10 g/kg尿素青贮菠萝茎叶可以显著降低单宁含量,提高粗蛋白(CP)、氨态氮(NH3-N)含量(p0.05);添加20 g/kg废糖蜜,CP、单宁含量显著提高(p0.05);添加10 g/kg尿素+20 g/kg废糖蜜,CP、NH3含量提高,乙酸含量降低,差异显著(p0.05);3个试验组中,DM、CP、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)在瘤胃内经72 h后的降解率均显著高于对照组(p0.05)。本试验中,添加10 g/kg尿素+20 g/kg废糖蜜可以显著提高青贮菠萝茎叶的品质,并提高青贮菠萝茎叶养分的瘤胃降解率。     

分蘖型多穗青贮专用玉米--新多2号的选育与栽培技术

新疆是我国五大牧区之一,畜牧业是新疆经济的支柱产业之一,在80年代,作为牲畜主要饲料来源的专用青贮玉米品种很少,制作青贮多为当地玉米品种或引进品种,其产量低,品质差,直接影响了农牧民种植积极性.为了改变这种状况,我所于1979年开始进行青贮玉米新品种的选育与研究工作,制定了以生物产量高(秸秆多)、适口性好、品质佳的育种目标,经过十几年的试验和生产示范,育成了新多2号分蘖型多穗青贮玉米新品种.     

人工草地青贮玉米高效灌溉制度研究

以内蒙古浑善达克沙地人工草地种植青贮玉米为研究对象,对两年灌溉试验数据应用FAO-56双作物系数法模拟计算了不同试验处理的青贮玉米实际需水量(蒸散量)。研究了需水量与玉米鲜物质产量、水分利用效率和边际产量之间的关系,并以水分利用效率和边际产量最高为原则确定了干旱地区青贮玉米高效用水灌溉制度。     

黑龙江省饲料油菜品种筛选与种植技术研究

为筛选适宜在黑龙江省规模化种植的饲料油菜品种及栽培模式，采用多年多点的田间定位方法，研究了不同品种、不同种植方式和播期的产量差异和施肥效应以及不同收获期产量及营养成分积累规律。结果表明：金油158、15-P15和12-P38的产量表现好；采用机播平作，播种量15 kg/hm2，底肥施二铵150 kg/hm2，4月22日早播，能够显著提高饲用油菜的生物量。盛花期收获，饲用油菜生物量相对较高，与玉米秸秆混合青贮，制成配合饲料较好。本文结果为饲料油菜在我国北方早熟区开展多功能开发利用提供了参考。     

青贮红麻叶与青贮红苕藤育肥猪对比试验

红麻叶为一种优质青绿饲料,红麻叶片含粗蛋白质25～30％。叶片的氨基酸种类与苜蓿叶相似。为开发利用,1985年进行了青贮红麻叶试验,效果良好(详见《中国麻作》1987年第二期)。为进一步弄清红麻叶对育肥猪生长发育的影响,1986年又进行了青贮红麻叶与青贮红苕藤饲喂生猪的对比试验。     

甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养试管苗的保存和壮苗技术

以甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养再生植株为材料,研究多效唑在试管苗继代和移栽中的应用.试验发现多效唑能明显抑制油菜试管苗的株高.经0.325mg/l多效唑处理的试管苗壮苗作用最明显,后期移栽方便,成活率提高.在添加多效唑的斜面培养基中多次添加液体培养基可免除继代工作,并且将试管苗保存时间延长到144d以上.     

Effect of silage additives and wilting on silage fermentation, digestibility and intake, and on liveweight change of young cattle

Data from thirty-three experiments conducted at three ADAS Experimental Husbandry Farms were used to compare unwilted non-additive-treated silage with silage treated with formic acid, a formalin and formic-acid mixture, a calcium-formate and sodium-nitrite mixture, a formalin and sulphuric-acid mixture and wilted silage made without or with formic acid or a formalin and formic-acid mixture.
Formic acid significantly reduced pH and wilting significantly increased silage pH compared with other treatments. Formalin-acid mixtures significantly reduced pH compared with untreated silage. Formic acid in conjunction with formalin or wilting significantly increased water-soluble carbohydrate in silage compared with other treatments except wilting. Formic acid either alone or combined with either formalin or wilting significantly reduced silage butyric acid content compared with other treatments. Formic acid treatment either alone or combined with formalin significantly increased lactic acid as a proportion of total silage acids compared with other treatments except sulphuric acid-formalin.
All treatments significantly increased silage dry matter (DM) intake compared with untreated silage and intakes of wilted silage were significantly greater than of unwilted silage. Daily liveweight gains on all treatments were significantly higher than on untreated silage.
Herbage water-soluble carbohydrate necessary for successful preservation as silage without additive use was approximately 30 g (kg DM)⁻¹ and with additives containing formic acid it was approximately 25 g (kg DM)⁻¹.
It is suggested that formic acid application to unwilted silage either alone or in conjuction with formalin was the best treatment for improving subsequent preservation as silage, and that animal performance was enhanced by addition of acid-formalin additives to unwilted herbage or formic-acid application to unwilted or wilted herbage.     

Feeding Value and In situ Digestibility of Edible Canna for Silage

Abstract

To assess the potentiality of edible canna (Canna edulis Ker-Gawl.) as economically and environmentally sound animal feed, the feeding value of silage prepared from aboveground parts was examined, in parallel with studies on in situ digestion in the rumen among three local varieties. Contents of crude protein, acid and neutral detergent fibers and crude ash in canna silage were significantly higher, and that of nonstructural carbohydrate was significantly lower than in corn silage. The pH of corn and ‘yellow flower’ canna silages were significantly lower (3.8~3.9) than either ‘green stem’ or ‘red stem’ canna silage (4.4~4.9). The contents of lactic acid, acetic acid, total organic acid and the Flieg’s score of ‘yellow flower’ canna silage were equivalent or superior to those of corn silage. The rate of disappearance of dry matter in the rumen was significantly higher for corn silage than for canna silage, while the disappearance of neutral detergent fiber in canna silage was more rapid during the first 12 hours of incubation, but less rapid thereafter. The effective degradability of dry matter and organic matter of canna silage in the rumen was significantly higher than that of corn. Silage made from edible canna has a potential as a feed for ruminants.     

The influence of the carbohydrate fraction and additives on silage quality

Respiration losses, effect of sugar content, formic acid addition and inoculation were evaluated in relation to initial fermentation and silage quality in three experiments. Changes in the content of fermentable substrate during post–harvest respiration and initial fermentation were studied in the laboratory. Soluble carbohydrates were estimated as glucose, fructose, sucrose, fructans and starch by an enzymatic method.
About 70% of the sugars remained after 30 h of conventional wilting, as opposed to less than 50% in a chopped sample kept in the dark. During the first days of fermentation the metabolic activity was very intensive. Sugars, which accounted for 10% of the dry matter, were fermented within 4 d. There were indications, mainly in clover silages, that substances other than water-soluble carbohydrates were used as energy sources.
Low-sugar crops were obtained by shading the fields. After 3 d the sugar in the grass had decreased to half of the original content. This effect was less pronounced in clover. The amount of available substrate and dry matter (DM) content had a major influence on silage quality. In an unwilted crop at least 25 g of water-soluble carbohydrate was needed per kg of fresh material to obtain an acceptable silage quality in the controls, while 20 g was sufficient in inoculated silage. Formic acid addition makes the fermentation less sensitive to water–soluble carbohydrate content. Inoculation of willed silage increased lactic acid production and decreased the pH. There was also less variation in silage quality.     

RESEARCH NOTE

Data from twenty-two experiments conducted at tour ADAS Research Centres during 1980–92 were used to compare untreated silages with silages treated with formic acid, with or without added formalin, commercial inoculants or molasses. The sillages were made from herbage whose dry-matter (DM) and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents were 277 (s.e. 0.46) g DM kg⁻¹ and 36 (s.e. 8.1) g kg⁻¹ respectively. Inoculant use significantly decreased silage pH and ammonia-N, significantly increased lactic acid and total acid content, and decreased butyric acid and total short-chain fatty acids. Formic acid use significantly increased silage lactic acid and total acid content, and decreased butyric acid content, whereas formic acid+formalin significantly decreased silage ammonia-N level. Molasses had little effect upon silage fermentation. Improvements in silage fermentation, however, produced little benefit in terms of either silage DM intake or liveweight gain when the silages were offered to growing lambs.
It is suggested from the results that inoculant- and formic acid-based additives can be used to improve the fermentation of big-bale silages.     

A quantitative model of the ensilage process in lactate silages

A model of the ensilage process is presented which can be used to predict silage quality in lactate silages. The model simulates the major microbial and biochemical processes during ensilage, including aerobic respiration, hydrolysis of hemicellulose. growth and death of lactic acid bacteria and their production of lactic and acetic acids, reduction in pH, change in soluble sugar content, increase in osmotic potential, and proteolysis. The model is designed to operate on mixtures of grasses, legumes, or whole-plant corn. Parameters for the model are developed from published silage experiments and pure-culture bacterial studies. The model gives reasonably accurate predictions of key silage quality parameters, but further experimental work is needed on growth of lactic acid bacteria and on plant-enzyme proteolysis. Predicted final pH depends primarily on the pH at which bacterial growth and death rates are equal. Initial bacterial concentration affects the time to rapid pH change, while maximum bacterial growth rate affects the rate of decline thereafter.     

The effect of an additive containing non-protein nitrogen on some fermentation characteristics of maize silage

A non-protein nitrogen additive containing ammonia, molasses and minerals was applied to precision-chopped forage maize to raise the crude protein content of the ensiled crop from approximately 8% to 10, 14 or 16%. The dry matter content, total nitrogen, water-insoluble nitrogen, and water-soluble nitrogen concentrations were measured at ensiling and 2 and 8 weeks later. The pH and lactic, acetic, propionic and butyric acid contents of the resultant silage were determined 2 and 8 weeks after ensiling. The levels of crude protein achieved were 10.8, 11.5 and 14.2%, which are equivalent to recoveries in the silages of 108, 82 and 89% of the applied nitrogen. After 8 weeks the water-insoluble nitrogen content of the treated silages had increased while the water-soluble nitrogen content had decreased. The increase in water-insoluble nitrogen may have been due to either decreased proteolysis or increased levels of microbial protein. There was a significant increase of 0.6 units in the pH of the silage when comparing the control to the highest rate of additive application. The additive increased the levels of lactic and acetic acid in the maize silage.     

Total mixed ration silage containing elephant grass for small‐scale dairy farms

Alternatives need to be addressed for reducing losses in elephant grass (EG; Pennisetum purpureum) silages. Furthermore, smallholders lack information on the nutritional aspects of dairy farms. The aim of this study was to evaluate total mixed ration silage (TMR) combining fresh EG and concentrate ingredients, creating the following treatments: (i) EG silage (control); (ii) EG, corn and soya bean meal; (iii) EG, corn, soya bean meal and molasses; (iv) EG, citrus pulp and soya bean meal; and (v) EG, citrus pulp, soya bean meal and molasses. Five replicates of each treatment were ensiled in 15‐L plastic jars. The fermentation profile, chemical composition, microbial counts and aerobic stability were assessed. Three contrasts were tested, as follows: (i) control vs. TMR; (ii) TMR with corn vs. TMR with citrus pulp; and (iii) TMR with molasses vs. TMR without molasses. Variables were analysed through the PROC MIXED procedure of the SAS at the 5% level. The TMR had better fermentation profile, lower effluent production and longer aerobic stability compared to control. When the effect of corn was compared to citrus pulp among the TMR, silages with citrus pulp showed lower fermentation losses, non‐protein nitrogen and effluent production. The aerobic stability also improved with citrus pulp. Molasses did not affect the fermentation profile. Overall, lactic acid was the primary acid in all TMR. Nitrogen source (e.g., soya bean meal) can be used without compromising the fermentation process. TMR with citrus pulp showed better results than corn. TMR may be an alternative to optimize the use of EG on smallholdings.     

Voluntary feed intake and metabolism of sheep when lactic acid is administered in the feed or intraruminally

Four sheep in a 4 × 4 Latin Square experiment were offered ad libitum grass meal pellets alone or supplemented with lactic acid at 600, 800 or 1000 mmol per kg dry matter (DM) intake, either mixed into the feed or continuously infused intraruminally for 6-d periods. When added to the feed lactic acid did not significantly affect DM intake but when infused intraruminally it significantly reduced DM intake especially at the highest rate of infusion. In a second 4 × 4 Latin Square experiment, four sheep were offered ad libitum grass meal pellets alone or supplemented with lactic acid mixed into the pellets at 900, 1200 and 1500 mmol per kg DM for 15-d periods. There was a small reduction in intake on the three lactic acid treatments but this was not significant. In a third experiment the effects of intraruminal infusion with lactic acid was studied further with four sheep which received infusions of lactic acid at a fixed daily rate of 40 mmol per kg W^?0·75 per d or of an equal volume of distilled water for 3-d periods while being offered grass meal pellets ad libitum. Infusion with lactic acid resulted in reduced DM intake but the effect was less consistent than in Experiment 1. In all three experiments lactic acid supplementation had little effect on the pH and total volatile fatty acid concentration of rumen     

Effects of Lactobacillus buchneri isolated from tropical maize silage on fermentation and aerobic stability of maize and sugarcane silages

This study was aimed to perform a screening of Lactobacillus buchneri strains from maize silage and use them as inoculant in maize and sugarcane silages. In all, 151 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were isolated from whole‐plant maize silage, and their identification was based on the sequence analysis of 16S rDNA. In total, 15 strains were categorized to the L. buchneri group and eight of these were selected based on growth rate and fermentation pattern. The selected strains were evaluated on fermentation and aerobic stability of maize and sugarcane silages. For maize, the inoculated silages had lower pH and higher LAB population, but lower acetic acid concentration in comparison with the untreated control silage. For sugarcane silage, the strains 56.1, 56.4 and 40788 resulted in highest dry‐matter (DM) content and lowest DM losses. However, only the strain 40788 showed lowest counts of yeasts and moulds. Sugarcane silages inoculated with the strains 56.9, 56.26 and the untreated control silage showed highest concentrations of lactic acid and ethanol, besides the great DM losses. Even so, for both crops, the aerobic stability was not affected by inoculation. After air exposure, all silages increased temperature and had high population of yeast and moulds. Nevertheless, the strains 56.1 and 56.4 are promising for use as a silage inoculant.