甘蓝型油菜12种主要性状与产量的关系

以20个品种（系）为材料进行田间试验，考察主要性状，并分析性状间的关系。结果表明：单株产量与全株有效角果数、第一、二次有效分校数、株高、角果密度及全株有效角果数与第一、二次有效分枝数极显著正相关。株型性状间，只株高与主花序长达显著正相关。株型性状与产量性状间，株高与主花序角果数和第一、二次有效分枝数分别呈极显著正相关和负相关。因此，油菜高产育种应在增加全株有效角果数、第一、二次有效分枝数基础上，选择植株高、角果密度大、主花序长、分校部位低的株型。     

大豆耐密植相关性状遗传调控机制研究进展

密植是提高大豆单产的重要技术措施之一,大豆耐密植性是大豆品种的基因型与环境共同作用的结果。影响大豆品种耐密植特性的生长性状主要是株型性状和抗倒伏性等,其中株型性状包括株高、分枝数、叶柄长度和叶片大小等。研究人员通过对不同遗传群体进行解析,获得了多个控制相关表型的QTL位点并提出相关的候选基因。迄今在soybase网站中汇集了238个控制株高性状的QTL和68个与株高相关的QTN,21个与分枝相关的QTL,106个与抗倒伏性或茎秆强度相关的QTL位点。本文综述了大豆耐密植性相关性状遗传调控机制研究进展,以促进大豆耐密植遗传调控研究,为耐密植品种的分子设计育种提供参考。     

60Co-γ射线辐照晋豆24号M4代突变株系主要农艺性状的遗传关系分析

用60Co-γ射线对晋豆24号风干种子进行了辐照处理,对M4代14个突变株系及CK的10个主要农艺性状进行了相关分析、主成份分析及聚类分析.相关分析表明:单株产量与株重、有效分枝、主茎荚数、株荚数、株粒数呈极显著相关;主成份分析表明:前3个主成份(单株个体因子、株形因子、粒重因子)对变异的贡献率达86.92%;聚类分析把后代分为5类,每类的产量差异显著.结果表明,农艺性状的遗传关系分析对选育新品种具有重要的意义.     

菲律宾火焰兰(Renanthera philippinensis)组织培养衍生群体表型性状评价及遗传多样性分析

对204株菲律宾火焰兰(Renanthera philippinensis)组织培养衍生群体的26个主要表型性状和遗传多样性水平进行调查与分析,并利用ISSR分子标记对该群体的遗传多样性进行验证.结果表明:7个外观株型性状的遗传多样性指数为1.85,19个花部数量性状的遗传多样性指数为1.87.通过主成分分析,提取了7...     

黄早四及衍生自交系株型性状研究

对黄早四及其31个衍生自交系的株高、穗位高、茎粗、雄穗长度、雄穗分枝数、叶向值6个株型相关性状进行因子分析和性状比较,研究黄早四及其衍生自交系的性状对植株株型和长势贡献率的大小及差异。结果表明:主成分1中,株高、茎粗、雄穗长度对植株生长势贡献较大,相对于黄早四,衍生系株高和雄穗长度普遍增加,而茎粗则有所下降;主成分2中,叶向值、雄穗分枝数和穗位高对株型贡献较大,相对于黄早四,各衍生系的叶向值、雄穗分枝数、穗位高普遍较低;株高、雄穗长度、雄穗分枝数和穗位高的最大值均出现在黄早四的基因型占50%的衍生自交系中。     

长果种黄麻主要亲本数量性状遗传变异与多元分析

本文研究了近年来国内各育种单位选育、从国外引进以及从长江流域地方品种中选出的主要亲本材料数量性状的遗传变异。根据这些性状的表型、遗传型方差与协方差,估算了各数量性状的遗传力、遗传变异系数、遗传进度、相对遗传进度和遗传相关系数,并进行了遗传通径分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。试验结果表明,在黄麻长果种亲本材料自然群体中,纤维强力、株高、分枝高等性状具有较高的遗传变异系数和遗传力,并具有中等大小的遗传进度,当代选择效果较好。而株高、分枝高与单株干皮重的遗传相关系数较大,因此根据株高、分枝高选择在下代的预期效果较明显。通径分析表明,对单株干皮产量直接影响能力最大的是株高,其次是分枝高、茎粗,其它性状影响较小。主成分分析则认为第一主成分的特征向量主要由纤维细度因子提供,第一主成分越大,株高、茎粗皮厚值亦越大,单株干皮重值就越高。聚类分析将44份品种分为七大类群。这种主要亲本性状的遗传变异研究与分析为长果种黄麻系统选育以及杂交育种的亲本选配提供了主要理论依据。     

薏苡农艺性状和产量的关系研究

为了分析薏苡农艺性状变异特征,探索决定薏苡单株产量的主要农艺性状,为优选薏苡高产品种提供参考,以贵薏1号、兴仁小白壳和云南师宗小黑壳为研究对象,在成熟期对薏苡株高、分枝数、各节位分枝粒数等20个主要农艺性状进行田间考察,采用相关分析和通径分析等方法分析薏苡主要农艺性状之间的关系,以明确薏苡单株产量形成的主要决定因子。结果表明:薏苡主要农艺性状变异丰富,变异系数为2.20%～39.88%,其中以单株总实粒数的变异系数最大;相关分析发现,薏苡的单株总实粒数、结实率与单株产量呈显著正相关,始结实节位与单株产量呈显著负相关;通径分析显示,影响薏苡单株产量的关键农艺性状依次为一级分枝数、单株总实粒数、株高、始结实节位和有二级分枝的节数。对分枝性状进行分析,发现不同节位间分枝性状的变异幅度不同,其变异系数为17.01%～73.78%;节位粒数、二级分枝小花数和二级分枝结果数与薏苡单株产量呈极显著或显著正相关;影响薏苡单株产量的关键分枝性状依次为节位粒数、一级分枝顶端结果数、二级分枝顶端小花数及二级分枝结果数。综合分析,薏苡具有丰富的遗传多样性,株型较高、始结实节位低、分枝数多且分枝上结实能力强的薏...     

甘蓝型油菜分枝角度QTL定位及候选基因分析

分枝角度是油菜重要株型性状.为筛选和发现适度紧凑的分枝角度调控基因,以提高产量利于机械化收获,以分枝角度差异显著的油菜品种Holly和APL01为亲本构建的重组自交系(RIL)群体为材料,在2个环境中对分枝角度进行QTL定位及候选基因分析.结果表明,RIL群体分枝角度表现出连续变异且呈正态分布.利用前期构建的高密度SN...     

花生4个主要农艺性状的遗传分析

主茎高等农艺性状是影响花生株型的主要植物学性状,与花生产量密切相关。为培育高产花生新品种提供遗传信息,本研究以远杂9102/皖花4号F2群体为材料,利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对花生主茎高、侧枝长、分枝数和结果枝数4个性状进行遗传分析。结果表明,4个性状均受2对主基因+多基因控制,2对主基因的作用方式因性状而异。主茎高和侧枝长性状以多基因遗传为主,而分枝数和结果枝数性状则以主基因遗传为主。     

油菜倒伏指数和茎秆生化成分及农艺性状的灰色关联分析

以抗倒性不同的9个油菜品种为材料,分析了倒伏指数和茎秆生化成分及农艺性状的关系,结果表明,倒伏指数与粗纤维、碳含量、根颈皮层干鲜比、株高、主花序长的关联度高;倒伏指数和根颈皮层干鲜比呈显著正相关(r=0.690﹡)。抗倒品种中双9号的粗纤维、木质素、蛋白质、氮含量分别是不抗倒品种湘杂油2号的0.763、1.189、1.456、1.46倍; 中双9号在成熟期表现强的生长特性,株型紧凑,株高适中,主花序较短,分枝起点低,结角密度大。     

不同的光照萎凋时间对铁观音风味组分影响

光照作为重要外源信号因子参与调控乌龙茶品质特征形成。为了系统研究不同光照时间的日光萎凋对乌龙茶风味组分的影响,以铁观音鲜叶为供试材料,分析测定 5 个不同时间（0、15、30、60、120 min）日光萎凋处理制成铁观音毛茶的儿茶素、香气组分和感官品质。结果表明,乌龙茶加工过程中香气积累和儿茶素降解与日光萎凋时间延长不存在持续线性正相关关系,适度日光萎凋有利于促进清香型铁观音品质特征形成;与日光萎凋20 min 处理相比,日光萎凋 15 min 处理制成铁观音毛茶中呈花果香气味的 α-法呢烯和橙花叔醇的相对含量分别提高了 4.4%和 6.8%,与全程无光萎凋处理相比,日光萎凋 15 min 和 30 min 处理的毛茶非酯型和酯型儿茶素组分含量降低明显,下降幅度分别达到 7.26%~19.77%和 14.36%~30.09%,日光萎凋 60 min 和 120 min 叶片过度光胁迫产生红褐变,毛茶综合品质表现较差。     

植物异源多倍体中特定染色体组的剥离与重建

由于异源多倍体物种的进化时间久远,难以知晓确切的二倍体亲本,现在推测的自然界现存二倍体种又经历过独立的演化,因此,通过特定的实验方法从天然的异源多倍体物种中剥离出特定染色体组并重建异源多倍体的基本种,将为研究异源多倍化过程中祖先基因组的遗传与互作提供独特的材料。现已通过不同的杂交策略,从异源六倍体普通小麦和异源四倍体种甘蓝型油菜中成功重建它们的一个基本种。例如以人工合成的芸薹属异源六倍体（如埃塞俄比亚芥与白菜杂交的AA.BBCC)为桥梁,其中的C染色体组被选择性的丢失后产生的芥菜型油菜（AA.BB）与埃塞俄比亚芥杂交形成的杂种（BBAC）自交后便可重建黑芥(BB)祖先种;将四倍体与二倍体种之一杂交后形成的同源异源六倍体（如AAAACC）连续自交,使处于同源四倍体状态的染色体组（A）快速丢失而重建另一个二倍体基本种（CC）。     

Structure-Activity Relationships of the Bioactive Thiazinoquinone Marine Natural Products Thiaplidiaquinones A and B

In an effort to more accurately define the mechanism of cell death and to establish structure-activity relationship requirements for the marine meroterpenoid alkaloids thiaplidiaquinones A and B, we have evaluated not only the natural products but also dioxothiazine regioisomers and two precursor quinones in a range of bioassays. While the natural products were found to be weak inducers of ROS in Jurkat cells, the dioxothiazine regioisomer of thiaplidiaquinone A and a synthetic precursor to thiaplidiaquinone B were found to be moderately potent inducers. Intriguingly, and in contrast to previous reports, the mechanism of Jurkat cell death (necrosis vs. apoptosis) was found to be dependent upon the positioning of one of the geranyl sidechains in the compounds with thiaplidiaquinone A and its dioxothiazine regioisomer causing death dominantly by necrosis, while thiaplidiaquinone B and its dioxothiazine isomer caused cell death via apoptosis. The dioxothiazine regioisomer of thiaplidiaquinone A exhibited more potent in vitro antiproliferative activity against human tumor cells, with NCI sub-panel selectivity towards melanoma cell lines. The non-natural dioxothiazine regioisomers were also more active in antiplasmodial and anti-farnesyltransferase assays than their natural product counterparts. The results highlight the important role that natural product total synthesis can play in not only helping understand the structural basis of biological activity of natural products, but also the discovery of new bioactive scaffolds.     

Carotenoids from Marine Microalgae: A Valuable Natural Source for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases

Epidemiological studies have shown a relation between antioxidants and the prevention of several chronic diseases. Microalgae are a potential novel source of bioactive molecules, including a wide range of different carotenoids that can be used as nutraceuticals, food supplements and novel food products. The objective of this review is (i) to update the research that has been carried out on the most known carotenoids produced by marine microalgae, including reporting on their high potentialities to produce other less known important compounds; (ii) to compile the work that has been done in order to establish some relationship between carotenoids and oxidative protection and treatment; (iii) to summarize the association of oxidative stress and the various reactive species including free radicals with several human diseases; and (iv) to provide evidence of the potential of carotenoids from marine microalgae to be used as therapeutics to treat or prevent these oxidative stress-related diseases.     

A Marine λ-Oligocarrageenan Inhibits Migratory and Invasive Ability of MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells through Actions on Heparanase Metabolism and MMP-14/MMP-2 Axis

Sugar-based molecules such as heparins or natural heparan sulfate polysaccharides have been developed and widely studied for controlling heparanase (HPSE) enzymatic activity, a key player in extracellular matrix remodelling during cancer pathogenesis. However, non-enzymatic functions of HPSE have also been described in tumour mechanisms. Given their versatile properties, we hypothesized that sugar-based inhibitors may interfere with enzymatic but also non-enzymatic HPSE activities. In this work, we assessed the effects of an original marine λ-carrageenan derived oligosaccharide (λ-CO) we previously described, along with those of its native counterpart and heparins, on cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells but also of sh-MDA-MB-231 cells, in which the expression of HPSE was selectively downregulated. We observed no cytotoxic and no anti-proliferative effects of our compounds but surprisingly λ-CO was the most efficient to reduce cell migration and invasion compared with heparins, and in a HPSE-dependent manner. We provided evidence that λ-CO tightly controlled a HPSE/MMP-14/MMP-2 axis, leading to reduced MMP-2 activity. Altogether, this study highlights λ-CO as a potent HPSE “modulator” capable of reducing not only the enzymatic activity of HPSE but also the functions controlled by the HPSE levels.     

Buckwheat Seed Milling Fractions: Description, Macronutrient Composition and Dietary Fibre

The structure of the mature buckwheat achene and groat is discussed in relation to milling fractions and nutritional composition. Whole groats contain 55% starch, 12% protein, 4% lipid, 2% soluble carbohydrates, 7% total dietary fiber (TDF), 2% ash, and 18% other components (organic acids, phenolic compounds, tannins, phosphorylated sugars, nucleotides and nucleic acids, unknown compounds). The composition of the milling fractions reflects the relative abundance of seed tissues. Starch is concentrated in the central endosperm. Protein, oil, soluble carbohydrates and minerals are concentrated in the embryo. Commercial «Fancy» flour, a light-coloured flour, is mostly central endosperm and contains 75% starch, 6% protein, 1% lipid, 1% soluble carbohydrates, 3% TDF, 1% ash, and 13% other components. Although the embryo traverses the central endosperm, during milling parts of the embryo separate with the aleurone and seed coat in the bran fraction. Bran, with little central endosperm, contains 18% starch, 36% protein, 11% lipid, 6% soluble carbohydrates, 15% TDF, 7% ash, and 7% other components. Buckwheat bran also is a rich source of TDF and soluble dietary fibre (SDF), particularly bran with hull fragments (40% TDF of which 25% is SDF), while bran without hull fragments has 16% TDF of which 75% is SDF.     

湖北省典型花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌分布及产毒力研究

为掌握湖北省花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌的分布和产毒特征,从罗田、红安、钟祥、襄阳四个典型花生种植区采集土壤样品40份,并进行黄曲霉菌分离、鉴定和产毒力研究。研究结果表明:湖北省不同花生种植区共分离鉴定到黄曲霉菌51株,土壤中黄曲霉菌落数为127.5cfu/g。不同种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌分布存在显著差异,钟祥土壤中黄曲霉菌落数最高,罗田最低;鉴定获得黄曲霉菌株中产毒菌株占96%,产毒量范围0～227.81μg/L,不产毒菌株占4%;产毒菌株分为只产AFB_1、产AFB_1+AFB_2、产AFB_1+AFB_2+AFG_1和产AFB_1+AFB_2+AFG_1+AFG_2毒素4种类型,其中以产AFB_1+AFB_2的菌株占比最高,为65%;不同种植区黄曲霉菌株产毒力研究发现,钟祥每克土壤中黄曲霉菌产AFB_1的量最高,达11 679.70μg/L。本研究可为湖北花生黄曲霉毒素污染预警和防控提供理论依据。     

盐旱交叉胁迫对花生生长发育和生理特性的影响

为了探究盐旱交叉胁迫对花生生长发育的影响,以抗旱不耐盐花生品种花育22和抗旱耐盐花生品种花育25为试验材料,通过防雨棚盆栽试验研究了干旱、盐、盐+干旱、干旱后复水+盐等4种胁迫对花生产量、农艺性状、生物量、叶绿素SPAD值、丙二醛含量、活性氧清除能力及渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果显示：各胁迫处理均显著抑制了两个花生品种植株的生长和荚果产量,其中,盐胁迫对花育22生长的影响大于干旱胁迫;盐+旱胁迫下,两个花生品种受伤害程度最大,产量最低。与单一盐胁迫相比,干旱预处理提高了盐胁迫后期花生超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性,增强了植株活性氧清除能力,降低了叶片丙二醛含量,从而缓解盐胁迫对膜系统的过氧化伤害,提高了叶绿素含量,促进了植株生长,增加了干物质积累,最终提高盐胁迫下花生产量。另外,与单一盐或干旱胁迫相比,盐+旱胁迫对花育22和花育25的伤害均加重,而干旱预处理有利于2个品种在盐胁迫下活性氧代谢和光合色素的提高,促进植株的生长,提高植株对盐胁迫的交叉适应能力,从而缓解盐胁迫对花生植株的抑制作用。      

2个荔枝品种胚性愈伤组织诱导体胚发生过程的细胞学观察

以’新球蜜荔’和’大丁香’2个荔枝品种胚性愈伤组织为材料,利用石蜡切片技术研究了’新球蜜荔’和’大丁香’接种在TD(MS+0.1 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L TDZ+0.1 g/L肌醇+0.4 g/L水解乳蛋白(LH)+100 m L/L椰汁+60 g/L蔗糖+10 g/L琼脂)培养基(XQTD和DDXTD)与’新球蜜荔’接种在TX(MS+0.1 mg/L NAA+5 mg/L ZT+0.1 g/L肌醇+0.4 g/L水解乳蛋白(LH)+100 ml/L椰汁+60 g/L蔗糖+10 g/L琼脂)培养基(XQTX)上各培养物体胚发生过程中细胞学变化。结果显示:XQTD从6 d开始变褐,9 d时观察到球状凸起,石蜡切片中观察到球形胚结构,12~21 d时观察到球形胚、心形胚和鱼雷形胚等不同形态体胚;而DDXTD从9 d开始逐渐变褐,15~21 d时石蜡切片中能看到少量的球形胚和心形胚。XQTX在第12 d时观察到有完整原形成层的球形胚,21 d时石蜡切片中观察到子叶形胚。2个荔枝品种的体胚发生过程中都观察到内起源和外起源两种起源方式,体胚发生均为单细胞起源,都经历了球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚和子叶形胚等相似的发育过程。     

彩花油菜的创建及遗传育种进展

油菜既是重要的油料作物,也是极具观赏价值的大田作物,成片的油菜花每年吸引大量游客。近年来,随着农业旅游项目的不断研发,油菜花成为越来越重要的特色旅游资源,而且以黄色为主的菜花正在被白色、红色、紫色等彩色菜花所丰富,花色油菜种质的创制也被越来越多的育种家所突破。本文主要介绍了通过远缘杂交、原生质体融合、人工诱变、基因工程等方法获得的不同花色油菜新种质,概述了有关油菜花色的遗传机理、进化与选择等的研究进展,综述了彩花油菜育种的最新进展,并就未来发展趋势做了展望和建议。