豇豆蓟马药剂防治效果对比试验

选用33%多杀霉素·杀虫环可分散油悬浮剂、5%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂、25%乙基多杀菌素水分散粒剂、20%甲维盐微乳剂、20%吡虫·虫螨腈悬浮剂、25%灭虫胺·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂、蓟马速溶(蓖麻油双氧乙烷)、25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂进行了豇豆蓟马防治效果对比试验,结果表明:乙基多杀菌素、多杀霉素·杀虫环、蓟马速溶3种药剂效果较好,用药后第2、4、6 d既能有很好的防效,又能达到农残标准要求,可应用推广。     

贵州省豇豆上蓟马发生新动态及防控

豇豆(Vigna unguiculata)富含多种营养物质,是人们喜食的豆科蔬菜之一,在贵州省种植面积大。蓟马对豇豆的为害非常严重,是豇豆上最主要的害虫,近年来为害豇豆的蓟马种类发生了明显变化。本文总结了贵州省豇豆蓟马发生新动态,并提出了相应的防控措施。     

高温对西花蓟马的致死作用初探

室内实验表明:高温40～45℃处理2 h对西花蓟马各虫态均有较强的致死作用,其死亡率随温度升高而明显提高,45℃对各虫态的校正致死率均达100%.田间试验结果表明:高温闷棚42～46℃对成虫的防效达84.5%.     

蓝板诱杀技术在豇豆蓟马防控上的应用

豇豆是热带地区冬季瓜菜南菜北运的主要种类之一,防治豇豆蓟马通常以化学防治为主,如使用吡虫啉、啶虫脒、氯氟氰菊酯等化学农药。由于豇豆表皮具有疏松的组织结构,所吸附的药剂容易渗透到豆荚的细胞组织中,如果未过农药安全间隔期就采收,易导致农药残留和有毒有害物质超标。另外,由于长期大量使用和不规范交替使用化学农药,不仅杀伤天敌,而且使害虫产生了抗药性,增大了豇豆质量安全生产的难度。     

合浦县豇豆蓟马的发生特点与综合防控技术

合浦县气候适宜蓟马生存,造成世代重叠为害,蓟马一年可发生15代以上,加之蓟马体小、隐蔽性强、且善爬行与飞行,不易防治,还可通过伤口传播病毒病,严重影响农户增产增收。农户常加大药量防治,使其抗药性增强,先前使用的药剂已不奏效。合浦县农户根据蓟马的生活特性,采用统防、联防、统治的综合防控策略,防治效果明显。     

蓝板诱杀技术在豇豆蓟马防控上的应用

利用蓝色粘虫板防控豇豆蓟马成虫,以每667 m2 挂板21 块,放置高度1 m,方向朝南的诱杀效果最好。     

银杏精油对防治梨木虱药剂的增效作用研究

田间试验研究了3.2%阿维菌素乳油1500倍液、20%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂2000倍液和5%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂1500倍液与银杏精油1000倍液混配后的增效作用。结果表明,药后5天、15天调查,3种药剂混配银杏精油防治梨木虱若虫的效果显著高于3种药剂单用的效果;但防治梨木虱成虫未表现出明显增效作用。     

粘虫板在不同时间空间条件下对温室蓟马诱杀作用

以蓟马为试材,采用黄色和蓝色粘虫板诱杀蓟马的方法,研究黄板、蓝板在一天不同时段08:00、10:00、12:00、14:00、16:00、18:00、20:00对蓟马诱杀作用和黄板、蓝板悬挂高度在20、0、-20、-40、-60cm对蓟马诱杀作用的影响。结果表明:不同悬挂时间,黄板和蓝板均在一天的16:00时对蓟马有最好的诱杀效果。诱杀比例分析结果表明,蓝板诱杀蓟马高于黄板的诱杀,说明蓟马对蓝板的趋性高于黄板。不同悬挂高度,黄板和蓝板悬挂高度均在20cm处诱杀蓟马的效果最好,越往下诱杀蓟马的效果越低,这可能与蓟马的取食习性有关。在生产中,科学地选择粘虫板类型和粘虫板的悬挂高度可有效控制蓟马成虫的数量,为蓟马的非化学防治提供科学依据,温室蓟马发生初期悬挂粘虫板可有效降低虫口密度,达到控制蓟马的效果。     

6种杀虫剂对葱蓟马的田间药效试验

试验选用1%甲维盐EC、0.3%苦参碱EC、3%阿维·高氯EC、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC、2.5%溴氰菊酯EC、42%阿维菌素·毒死蜱EC6种药剂对葱蓟马进行田间药效试验,结果表明供试药剂均具有一定的防治效果.其中4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC防治效果最好,其次是2.5%溴氰菊酯EC,1%甲维盐EC,6种药剂中42%阿维菌素·毒死蜱EC 防治效果为最差.     

植物提取物对玉米蚜忌避效果研究

采用冷浸法按溶剂与植物干粉6:1体积比对大蒜、葱、韭菜和辣椒4种植物样品浸泡提取.在提取物浓度为l g/mL下,测定了各提取物对玉米蚜的忌避效果.结果表明:辣椒、大蒜的不同溶剂提取物对玉米蚜均表现出较好的忌避作用.辣椒乙醚提取物对玉米蚜的忌避效果最佳,忌避率平均为0.64;其次忌避效果较好的为大蒜丙酮提取物,忌避率平均为0.62.忌避效果较低的为葱乙醚提取物,忌避率仅为0.25.     

番木瓜叶片精油化学成分的GC-MS分析

采用常压水蒸汽蒸馏法提取得到番木瓜叶片的精油,应用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其精油的化学成分进行了分析,共分出109个峰,通过对照分离峰的质谱匹配度结合保留指数匹配度鉴定了72种化合物,占挥发油总量的90.5%,主要成分是苯甲腈(57.49%),β-硝基乙醇(12.01%),硫氰酸苯甲基酯(5.35%),3-硝基丙酸(2.43%),1-(1-乙氧基乙氧基)丙烷(2.33%),(S)-2-羟基-丙酸乙酯(1.98%),2,4-二甲基-1,3-二氧杂环乙烷(1.52%),2,4,5-三甲基-1,3二氧戊环(1.4%),香豆满(1.18%),α-妥鲁香烯醇(1.12%),其余化学成分的含量均少于1%。其中腈类化合物占57.72%,醇类占15.84%,酯类占8.89%,烷烃类占5.88%,酮类占3.29%,酸类占2.74%,还有一些呋喃类(主要是香豆满),醛类及萘(主要是二甲基萘)等,它们共同构成番木瓜叶片精油的化学成分。     

红橘精油对橘小实蝇产卵量的影响及化学成分分析

【目的】为研究红橘(citrus reticulate)精油对橘小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis)产卵行为的影响。【方法】用浸泡法测试不同浓度红橘精油处理后杧果上的橘小实蝇产卵量,并对红橘精油进行GC-MS分析。【结果】结果表明,经不同浓度红橘精油处理的杧果上的橘小实蝇着卵量均显著高于对照,且随着红橘精油浓度的提高其产卵量升高。红橘精油主要成分为柠檬烯,松油烯,月桂烯,α-蒎烯,4-异丙基甲苯,芳樟醇等。【结论】初步确定,红橘精油对橘小实蝇产卵具有显著的引诱活性;这些主要成分可能是红橘精油引诱橘小实蝇产卵的主要物质。     

Water deficit effects on Salvia officinalis fatty acids and essential oils composition

The effects of water deficit on vegetative growth, fatty acids and essential oil yield and composition of Salvia officinalis aerial parts were investigated. Plants were treated with different levels of water deficit (C, MWD and SWD). Results showed important reductions of the different growth parameters. Drought decreased significantly the foliar fatty acid content and the double bond index (DBI) degree. This later was provoked mainly by a strong reduction of linolenic acid proportion and the disappearance of palmitoleic acid. Besides, moderate deficit increased the essential oil yield (expressed as g/100 g on the basis of dry weight) and the main essential oil constituents were camphor, α-thujone and 1.8-cineole which showed an increasing under moderate water deficit.     

Regional and maturational effects on essential oils yields and composition of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) fruits

The composition of volatile components of the essential oils extracted from fruits of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) growing in two different Tunisian regions in both Menzel Temime and Borj El Ifaa was studied by GC and GC–MS. The highest oil yields were observed at final stages of maturity: 0.324 ± 0.09% and 0.327 ± 0.08%, in Menzel Temime and Borj El Ifaa, respectively. Essential oil yields were highly (P < 0.001) affected by the growing region, stages of maturity and their interaction. Essential oil composition changed significantly (P < 0.05) among the different stages of maturity and growing region. Linalool and geranyl acetate were the main compounds at full fruit maturity in the two studied regions. Growing region, stages of maturity and their interaction had a strong effect (P < 0.001) on 35 compounds. α-Pinene, sabinene, limonene, γ-terpinene, cis-dihydrocarvone and geranial were insensible to the regional factor.     

迷迭香精油对几种植物病原菌的抑菌活性研究

采用生长速率法和抑菌圈法测定了迷迭香精油对甜瓜蔓枯病菌、西瓜炭疽病菌、甜瓜灰霉病菌、甜瓜枯萎病菌、梨树腐烂病菌、柑橘黑腐病菌、油菜菌核病菌、蚕豆轮纹病菌和桃细菌性穿孔病菌的抑菌活性.结果表明:迷迭香精油对8种病原真菌都具有很好的抑菌活性,其EC50分别为843.9914、1 084.2372、483.9457、1 735.5866、1 011.7869、901.2150、356.8803、1 197.3657 μL/L;对桃细菌性穿孔病菌也具有一定的抑菌活性,浓度为100 mL/L时,抑菌圈直径为1.00 cm,最低抑菌浓度为1 000 μL/L.     

不同发育时期椰子叶片精油的提取与成分分析

为明确引诱椰心叶甲[Brontispa longissima(Gestro)]取食的化学信息物质,利用同时蒸馏萃取法分别提取椰子(Cocos nucifera L.)的心叶、半展叶、老熟叶的精油,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用法对3者化学成分进行种类和含量的比较分析.结果表明,不同发育时期椰子叶片精油的主要成分为:2,3-二...     

Chemical compositions and insecticidal effects of essential oils isolated from Achillea gypsicola, Satureja hortensis, Origanum acutidens and Hypericum scabrum against broadbean weevil (Bruchus dentipes)

The essential oils of aerial parts of Achillea gypsicola Hub.-Mor., Hypericum scabrum L., Satureja hortensis L., and Origanum acutidens (Hand.-Mazz.) Letswaart were analyzed in this study by GC and GC–MS and their oils were tested for toxicity against broadbean weevil (Bruchus dentipes). A. gypsicola oil contained camphor (40.17%), 1,8-cineole (22.01%), piperitone (11.29%), borneol (9.50%) and α-terpineol (1.56%) as major components. A total of 74 components were identified by GC–MS in H. scabrum oil, including α-pinene (9.26%), terpinen-4-ol (5.12%), camphor (5.94%), δ-cadinene (4.52%), pulegone (4.45%), γ-muurolene (4.12%), pinocarvone (3.97%) and β-caryophyllene (3.42%) as predominant components. The essential oils of O. acutidens and S. hortensis were characterized by high contents of carvacrol (86.99% and 55.74%), γ-terpinene (0.71% and 20.94%), p-cymene (1.95% and 12.30%), α-terpinene (0.13% and 2.04%) and β-caryophyllene (1.30% and 1.08%). All of the essential oils were toxic to adults of B. dentipes and insect mortality increased with increasing concentration of each oil. The oils (20 μl dose) brought about 100% mortality in 36 h. Although desirable insecticidal activities against the pest were achieved with the oils from all four plant species, S. hortensis and O. acutidens oils were more effective, particularly after 6 h of treatment. The current results concluded that the essential oils, in particular O. acutidens and S. hortensis oils, may be used as potential botanical insecticides against B. dentipes.     

The effect of water deficit stress on the growth,yield and composition of essential oils of parsley

Three parsley cultivars (plain-leafed, curly-leafed and turnip-rooted) were grown under conditions of 35–40% and 45–60% water deficit in order to evaluate the effect of this form of stress on plant growth, essential oil yield and composition. Plant growth (foliage and root weight, leaf number) was significantly reduced by water stress, even at 30–45% deficit. Water stress increased the yield of essential oil (on a fresh weight basis) from the leaves of plain-leafed and curly-leafed, but not turnip-rooted, parsley. However, on a m² basis foliage oil yield increased significantly only in curly-leafed parsley. Water stress also caused changes in the relative contribution of certain aroma constituents of the essential oils (principally 1,3,8-p-menthatriene, myristicin, terpinolene + p-cymenene), but these changes varied between cultivars. The oil yield of roots was low and water deficit stress had relatively little effect on the root oil composition. It is concluded that because the biomass of plants subjected to water deficit is reduced, it is possible to increase the plant density of plain-leafed or curly-leafed parsley, thereby further increasing the yield of oil per m². However, the application of water deficit stress to parsley essential oil production must also take into account likely changes in oil composition, which in turn relate to the cultivar.     

Changes in morphological phenotypes and essential oil components in lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel.) transformed with wild-type strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Hairy roots were induced from leaf-derived calli of lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel.) by infection with wild-type strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, A-5 (MAFF 02-10265) and A-13 (MAFF 02-10266). A-5-inoculated calli formed hairy roots more efficiently than A-13 ones. The transgenic shoots could be obtained from hairy root segments mediated by each Agrobacterium strain. However, different plant growth regulators were required for efficient adventitious shoot formation in each strain. In A-5, the most efficient adventitious shoot formation rate of 23.8% was observed in a medium with 4.4 × 10⁻⁶ M of 6-benzylaminopurine. On the other hand, a significantly higher rate of 13.2% was detected in a medium with 4.0 × 10⁻⁷ M of N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea in A-13. Most of the regenerated plants showed dwarfism with closed internodes and extensive lateral branching, which were typical characteristics of ‘hairy root syndrome’. On the other hand, only nine of the 45 regenerated plants formed flower buds in early June, a delay of about one month compared with nontransgenic regenerated plants. The floral stalks and spikes of these plants were very short, resulting in a compacted form. Many regenerants showed a significantly lower productivity of essential oil than nontransgenic regenerants. Moreover, the relative percentage of the linalyl-cation-derived compounds, linalool and linalyl acetate, decreased in most of the regenerated plants. Compact plants with the ability of flower bud formation are assumed to be valuable not only for lavandin breeding, but also for clarifying the interaction between rol genes expression and essential oil production.