栽培亚麻的遗传多样性研究

基于110份来源于世界各地的亚麻(Linum usitatissimum)资源(栽培品种和育种材料)和1个野生近缘种L.bienne,利用AFLP技术研究形态学上不同的亚麻,即纤维亚麻和油用亚麻的遗传多样性.聚类分析结果表明,L.bienne明显区别于其他样品,自展值高;纤维亚麻与油用亚麻和不明用途亚麻也能区别开来,但自展值偏低.主成份分析显示,纤维亚麻与油用亚麻区别明显,但L.bienne与油用亚麻之间难以区别,荷兰、法国的纤维亚麻与其他国家的纤维亚麻亦可明显区别,这说明亚麻基因库出现了类群结构.分子方差分析显示,纤维亚麻的变异度低于油用亚麻及不明用途亚麻,因此,油用亚麻和野生亚麻L.bienne是丰富纤维亚麻基因库的潜在种质资源.     

全国麻类生产调查报告(Ⅴ)

(续上期) 第三部分亚麻 亚麻分纤用亚麻和油用亚麻区,本次调查以纤用亚麻为主,同时兼顾调查了油用亚麻的基本情况.     

12个亚麻品种亲缘关系的SRAP分析

利用9对特异性引物对12个不同亚麻材料的遗传多样性进行SRAP分析,共扩增出1701条带,其中593条多态性带,多态率为34．9％。用UPGMA法建立了12个亚麻品种的亲缘关系树状图,并可将它们分为三组。其中,纤用亚麻和油用亚麻各自成类,表明用SRAP分子标记技术分析亚麻不同品种间的遗传多样性是可行的,同时为新引材料SUZANNE的类型划分提供了参考依据。     

10个亚麻品种亲缘关系的RAPD分析

利用25个随机引物对10种来自不同国家和地区的亚麻品种的遗传多样性进行RAPD分析,共扩增出852条带,其中206条多态性带,多态率为24.18%。10个品种间的遗传距离在0.0273-0.0724之间,用UPGMA法建立了10个亚麻品种的亲缘关系树状图,并可将它们分为3组。其中,纤用亚麻大多聚在一起,油用亚麻各自成类。表明用RAPD分子标记技术分析亚麻的不同品种间的遗传多样性是可靠的,通过本研究获得的10个亚麻品种间的亲缘关系能够为这些品种间亲本的选配及遗传多样性的评价提供帮助,揭示了亚麻品种种质资源的多样性。     

油用亚麻生长动态监测试验

本文通过测定油用亚麻不同生育时期的株高﹑叶片数﹑鲜重﹑干重和蒴果数等指标,对油用亚麻的生长发育状况进行调查,以制定相应的生产管理措施,促进油用亚麻的稳产和高产。同时,也为制定油用亚麻高产栽培技术提供理论依据。试验结果表明:出苗后30d至现蕾期是株高生长和干物质积累的重要时期;现蕾期是植株生长发育的关键时期,为了获得高产,此期应保证充足的养分和水分条件。     

黑龙江省盐渍化土壤油用亚麻高产、优质、高效栽培技术模式研究

为了在盐渍化土壤地区发展油用亚麻种植业,最大限度的挖掘油用亚麻的增产潜力,提高油用亚麻单位面积的产量和质量,增加工、农业收入,在黑龙江省大庆市星火牧场开展了"盐渍化土壤油用亚麻高产、优质、高效栽培技术模式研究"的田间试验.探讨不同栽培模式对盐渍化土壤地区油用亚麻产量、质量和经济性状的影响,建立了盐渍化土壤地区亚麻高产、优质、高效栽培技术模式.     

10个亚麻品种亲缘关系的RAPD分析

利用25个随机引物对10种来自不同国家和地区的亚麻品种的遗传多样性进行RAPD分析，共扩增出852条带，其中206条多态性带，多态率为24．18％。10个品种间的遗传距离在0．0273—0．0724之间，用UPGMA法建立了10个亚麻品种的亲缘关系树状图．并可将它们分为3组。其中，纤用亚麻大多聚在一起，油用亚麻各自成类。表明用RAPD分子标记技术分析亚麻的不同品种间的遗传多样性是可靠的。通过本研究获得的10个亚麻品种间的亲缘关系能够为这些品种间亲本的选配及遗传多样性的评价提供帮助．揭示了亚麻品种种质资源的多样性。     

抗生素诱导油用亚麻雄性不育的研究

试验用链霉素等５种抗生素地油用亚订品种（系）陇亚８号、９４１０、９０３３的种子进行浸泡处理,诱导雄性不育突变体,对获得的不育材料进行特征特性观察以及育性遗传分析。研究结果表明：（１）５种抗生素的均能均发有和亚麻雄性不育突变,变剂种类,处理浓度油用亚麻品种是影响诱变效果的重要因素。（２）９４１０诱变处理获得３株不育株,其Ｍ２表现育性分离,诱变不育性可以遗传。     

亚麻再生体系建立与遗传转化研究进展

介绍了根癌农杆菌介导的亚麻遗传转化的研究现状,综述了亚麻高效再生体系的建立和遗传转化过程中的主要影响因素,包括外植体的选择、最适培养基、培养条件以及农杆菌菌株类型、菌液浓度、侵染时间、预培养时间、共培养时间、筛选剂类型、除菌剂类型等内容,讨论了亚麻遗传转化存在的问题,并对这一体系的发展进行了展望.     

油用亚麻生长发育特性研究

油用亚麻是我国西北、华北长城地带重要的油料作物。据1979年全国胡麻科研会议统计,种植面积840万亩左右,约占世界油用亚麻面积的十分之一,平均单产50—60斤。近年来,许多高产实例表明,油用亚麻的增产潜力很大,只要根据油用亚     

植物异源多倍体中特定染色体组的剥离与重建

由于异源多倍体物种的进化时间久远,难以知晓确切的二倍体亲本,现在推测的自然界现存二倍体种又经历过独立的演化,因此,通过特定的实验方法从天然的异源多倍体物种中剥离出特定染色体组并重建异源多倍体的基本种,将为研究异源多倍化过程中祖先基因组的遗传与互作提供独特的材料。现已通过不同的杂交策略,从异源六倍体普通小麦和异源四倍体种甘蓝型油菜中成功重建它们的一个基本种。例如以人工合成的芸薹属异源六倍体（如埃塞俄比亚芥与白菜杂交的AA.BBCC)为桥梁,其中的C染色体组被选择性的丢失后产生的芥菜型油菜（AA.BB）与埃塞俄比亚芥杂交形成的杂种（BBAC）自交后便可重建黑芥(BB)祖先种;将四倍体与二倍体种之一杂交后形成的同源异源六倍体（如AAAACC）连续自交,使处于同源四倍体状态的染色体组（A）快速丢失而重建另一个二倍体基本种（CC）。     

不同的光照萎凋时间对铁观音风味组分影响

光照作为重要外源信号因子参与调控乌龙茶品质特征形成。为了系统研究不同光照时间的日光萎凋对乌龙茶风味组分的影响,以铁观音鲜叶为供试材料,分析测定 5 个不同时间（0、15、30、60、120 min）日光萎凋处理制成铁观音毛茶的儿茶素、香气组分和感官品质。结果表明,乌龙茶加工过程中香气积累和儿茶素降解与日光萎凋时间延长不存在持续线性正相关关系,适度日光萎凋有利于促进清香型铁观音品质特征形成;与日光萎凋20 min 处理相比,日光萎凋 15 min 处理制成铁观音毛茶中呈花果香气味的 α-法呢烯和橙花叔醇的相对含量分别提高了 4.4%和 6.8%,与全程无光萎凋处理相比,日光萎凋 15 min 和 30 min 处理的毛茶非酯型和酯型儿茶素组分含量降低明显,下降幅度分别达到 7.26%~19.77%和 14.36%~30.09%,日光萎凋 60 min 和 120 min 叶片过度光胁迫产生红褐变,毛茶综合品质表现较差。     

Structure-Activity Relationships of the Bioactive Thiazinoquinone Marine Natural Products Thiaplidiaquinones A and B

In an effort to more accurately define the mechanism of cell death and to establish structure-activity relationship requirements for the marine meroterpenoid alkaloids thiaplidiaquinones A and B, we have evaluated not only the natural products but also dioxothiazine regioisomers and two precursor quinones in a range of bioassays. While the natural products were found to be weak inducers of ROS in Jurkat cells, the dioxothiazine regioisomer of thiaplidiaquinone A and a synthetic precursor to thiaplidiaquinone B were found to be moderately potent inducers. Intriguingly, and in contrast to previous reports, the mechanism of Jurkat cell death (necrosis vs. apoptosis) was found to be dependent upon the positioning of one of the geranyl sidechains in the compounds with thiaplidiaquinone A and its dioxothiazine regioisomer causing death dominantly by necrosis, while thiaplidiaquinone B and its dioxothiazine isomer caused cell death via apoptosis. The dioxothiazine regioisomer of thiaplidiaquinone A exhibited more potent in vitro antiproliferative activity against human tumor cells, with NCI sub-panel selectivity towards melanoma cell lines. The non-natural dioxothiazine regioisomers were also more active in antiplasmodial and anti-farnesyltransferase assays than their natural product counterparts. The results highlight the important role that natural product total synthesis can play in not only helping understand the structural basis of biological activity of natural products, but also the discovery of new bioactive scaffolds.     

Carotenoids from Marine Microalgae: A Valuable Natural Source for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases

Epidemiological studies have shown a relation between antioxidants and the prevention of several chronic diseases. Microalgae are a potential novel source of bioactive molecules, including a wide range of different carotenoids that can be used as nutraceuticals, food supplements and novel food products. The objective of this review is (i) to update the research that has been carried out on the most known carotenoids produced by marine microalgae, including reporting on their high potentialities to produce other less known important compounds; (ii) to compile the work that has been done in order to establish some relationship between carotenoids and oxidative protection and treatment; (iii) to summarize the association of oxidative stress and the various reactive species including free radicals with several human diseases; and (iv) to provide evidence of the potential of carotenoids from marine microalgae to be used as therapeutics to treat or prevent these oxidative stress-related diseases.     

A Marine λ-Oligocarrageenan Inhibits Migratory and Invasive Ability of MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells through Actions on Heparanase Metabolism and MMP-14/MMP-2 Axis

Sugar-based molecules such as heparins or natural heparan sulfate polysaccharides have been developed and widely studied for controlling heparanase (HPSE) enzymatic activity, a key player in extracellular matrix remodelling during cancer pathogenesis. However, non-enzymatic functions of HPSE have also been described in tumour mechanisms. Given their versatile properties, we hypothesized that sugar-based inhibitors may interfere with enzymatic but also non-enzymatic HPSE activities. In this work, we assessed the effects of an original marine λ-carrageenan derived oligosaccharide (λ-CO) we previously described, along with those of its native counterpart and heparins, on cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells but also of sh-MDA-MB-231 cells, in which the expression of HPSE was selectively downregulated. We observed no cytotoxic and no anti-proliferative effects of our compounds but surprisingly λ-CO was the most efficient to reduce cell migration and invasion compared with heparins, and in a HPSE-dependent manner. We provided evidence that λ-CO tightly controlled a HPSE/MMP-14/MMP-2 axis, leading to reduced MMP-2 activity. Altogether, this study highlights λ-CO as a potent HPSE “modulator” capable of reducing not only the enzymatic activity of HPSE but also the functions controlled by the HPSE levels.     

Buckwheat Seed Milling Fractions: Description, Macronutrient Composition and Dietary Fibre

The structure of the mature buckwheat achene and groat is discussed in relation to milling fractions and nutritional composition. Whole groats contain 55% starch, 12% protein, 4% lipid, 2% soluble carbohydrates, 7% total dietary fiber (TDF), 2% ash, and 18% other components (organic acids, phenolic compounds, tannins, phosphorylated sugars, nucleotides and nucleic acids, unknown compounds). The composition of the milling fractions reflects the relative abundance of seed tissues. Starch is concentrated in the central endosperm. Protein, oil, soluble carbohydrates and minerals are concentrated in the embryo. Commercial «Fancy» flour, a light-coloured flour, is mostly central endosperm and contains 75% starch, 6% protein, 1% lipid, 1% soluble carbohydrates, 3% TDF, 1% ash, and 13% other components. Although the embryo traverses the central endosperm, during milling parts of the embryo separate with the aleurone and seed coat in the bran fraction. Bran, with little central endosperm, contains 18% starch, 36% protein, 11% lipid, 6% soluble carbohydrates, 15% TDF, 7% ash, and 7% other components. Buckwheat bran also is a rich source of TDF and soluble dietary fibre (SDF), particularly bran with hull fragments (40% TDF of which 25% is SDF), while bran without hull fragments has 16% TDF of which 75% is SDF.     

湖北省典型花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌分布及产毒力研究

为掌握湖北省花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌的分布和产毒特征,从罗田、红安、钟祥、襄阳四个典型花生种植区采集土壤样品40份,并进行黄曲霉菌分离、鉴定和产毒力研究。研究结果表明:湖北省不同花生种植区共分离鉴定到黄曲霉菌51株,土壤中黄曲霉菌落数为127.5cfu/g。不同种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌分布存在显著差异,钟祥土壤中黄曲霉菌落数最高,罗田最低;鉴定获得黄曲霉菌株中产毒菌株占96%,产毒量范围0～227.81μg/L,不产毒菌株占4%;产毒菌株分为只产AFB_1、产AFB_1+AFB_2、产AFB_1+AFB_2+AFG_1和产AFB_1+AFB_2+AFG_1+AFG_2毒素4种类型,其中以产AFB_1+AFB_2的菌株占比最高,为65%;不同种植区黄曲霉菌株产毒力研究发现,钟祥每克土壤中黄曲霉菌产AFB_1的量最高,达11 679.70μg/L。本研究可为湖北花生黄曲霉毒素污染预警和防控提供理论依据。     

盐旱交叉胁迫对花生生长发育和生理特性的影响

为了探究盐旱交叉胁迫对花生生长发育的影响,以抗旱不耐盐花生品种花育22和抗旱耐盐花生品种花育25为试验材料,通过防雨棚盆栽试验研究了干旱、盐、盐+干旱、干旱后复水+盐等4种胁迫对花生产量、农艺性状、生物量、叶绿素SPAD值、丙二醛含量、活性氧清除能力及渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果显示：各胁迫处理均显著抑制了两个花生品种植株的生长和荚果产量,其中,盐胁迫对花育22生长的影响大于干旱胁迫;盐+旱胁迫下,两个花生品种受伤害程度最大,产量最低。与单一盐胁迫相比,干旱预处理提高了盐胁迫后期花生超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性,增强了植株活性氧清除能力,降低了叶片丙二醛含量,从而缓解盐胁迫对膜系统的过氧化伤害,提高了叶绿素含量,促进了植株生长,增加了干物质积累,最终提高盐胁迫下花生产量。另外,与单一盐或干旱胁迫相比,盐+旱胁迫对花育22和花育25的伤害均加重,而干旱预处理有利于2个品种在盐胁迫下活性氧代谢和光合色素的提高,促进植株的生长,提高植株对盐胁迫的交叉适应能力,从而缓解盐胁迫对花生植株的抑制作用。      

2个荔枝品种胚性愈伤组织诱导体胚发生过程的细胞学观察

以’新球蜜荔’和’大丁香’2个荔枝品种胚性愈伤组织为材料,利用石蜡切片技术研究了’新球蜜荔’和’大丁香’接种在TD(MS+0.1 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L TDZ+0.1 g/L肌醇+0.4 g/L水解乳蛋白(LH)+100 m L/L椰汁+60 g/L蔗糖+10 g/L琼脂)培养基(XQTD和DDXTD)与’新球蜜荔’接种在TX(MS+0.1 mg/L NAA+5 mg/L ZT+0.1 g/L肌醇+0.4 g/L水解乳蛋白(LH)+100 ml/L椰汁+60 g/L蔗糖+10 g/L琼脂)培养基(XQTX)上各培养物体胚发生过程中细胞学变化。结果显示:XQTD从6 d开始变褐,9 d时观察到球状凸起,石蜡切片中观察到球形胚结构,12~21 d时观察到球形胚、心形胚和鱼雷形胚等不同形态体胚;而DDXTD从9 d开始逐渐变褐,15~21 d时石蜡切片中能看到少量的球形胚和心形胚。XQTX在第12 d时观察到有完整原形成层的球形胚,21 d时石蜡切片中观察到子叶形胚。2个荔枝品种的体胚发生过程中都观察到内起源和外起源两种起源方式,体胚发生均为单细胞起源,都经历了球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚和子叶形胚等相似的发育过程。     

彩花油菜的创建及遗传育种进展

油菜既是重要的油料作物,也是极具观赏价值的大田作物,成片的油菜花每年吸引大量游客。近年来,随着农业旅游项目的不断研发,油菜花成为越来越重要的特色旅游资源,而且以黄色为主的菜花正在被白色、红色、紫色等彩色菜花所丰富,花色油菜种质的创制也被越来越多的育种家所突破。本文主要介绍了通过远缘杂交、原生质体融合、人工诱变、基因工程等方法获得的不同花色油菜新种质,概述了有关油菜花色的遗传机理、进化与选择等的研究进展,综述了彩花油菜育种的最新进展,并就未来发展趋势做了展望和建议。