WRI1调控植物油脂合成的研究进展

油脂是植物主要的储能物质，也是植物质膜的重要组分，同时还参与植物信号传导、气孔开闭、授粉受精、种子萌发、胁迫响应等多个生物学过程。WRINKLED 1（WRI1）是AP2转录因子家族的成员，在油脂合成过程中起重要调控作用。本文综述了近年来WRI1在植物油脂合成中的研究进展，主要包括（1）WRI1的发现、起源和进化特征；（2）WRI1的基因表达特征、基因结构、蛋白质结构和启动子顺式作用元件；（3）WRI1的转录水平和翻译水平调控机制以及下游的靶基因；（4）对WRI1后续的研究思路和应用前景进行展望。本综述内容以期为深入了解WRI1调控植物油脂合成的分子机制提供参考，也为利用WRI1改良油料作物提供理论基础。     

转基因技术对提高大豆油脂和油酸含量的作用

植物油脂在人们的日常生活中有着举足轻重的地位,大豆(Glycine max L. Merrill)是我国最重要的油料作物和饲料作物之一,也是人类植物性蛋白和油脂的重要来源。大豆中油脂和油酸的含量均为20%左右。利用生物工程技术手段,对调控脂肪酸合成和积累的关键基因进行编辑和改良,能够提高大豆种子中油分含量或者改善脂肪酸组成,不仅能够加快优质高油、高油酸大豆育种进程,在人类健康方面也具有重要的意义,而且为大豆油成为新能源的发展提供可能。     

植物种子油脂积累的转录调控及在大豆中的研究进展

植物种子是油脂的主要来源之一,种子中的油脂主要在其发育过程中积累。油脂的积累除受脂肪酸合成途径中多种酶的活性、特异性和稳定性的影响,更受到转录前、转录和转录后水平的调控。众多相关基因参与此过程,形成一系列基因网络调控了下游油脂合成基因的表达。文章综述了转录因子对油脂积累的调控、DNA甲基化和组蛋白修饰相关基因在种子发育和油脂积累中的作用以及小RNA调控种子发育的分子机理,并介绍了大豆油脂积累调控机制的研究进展。     

大豆油脂化学品质改良的超前研究

目前有关高等植物亚麻酸生化合成及遗传调控了解甚少。鉴于此,洞悉亚麻酸生化合成机理,进而为改变大豆组织中亚麻酸水平同时,对拓宽大豆生长环境、改良大豆油脂品质、增进人类健康具有重要的科学意义和广泛的应用前景。     

植物三酰甘油合成相关基因研究进展

三酰甘油是植物油脂的主要组成部分,在植物生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用。提高三酰甘油的含量并改良其品质,是油料作物育种的重要目标之一。系统介绍了与植物脂肪酸及三酰甘油合成相关基因的研究现状,以期为今后进一步深入开展相关研究提供借鉴。     

新型木本油料树种光皮树研究进展

光皮树是我国重要的新型木本油料树种,其深度开发对我国油脂安全具有重要意义。近年来我国在光皮树基础研究及产业化利用等方面取得了丰硕成果,显著推进了光皮树生长发育、遗传背景、油脂合成与调控、油脂提取与分析、油脂工业转化等的研究进程。本文从农艺性状、组织结构、生理生化、分子遗传、果实发育、内含物累积、油脂提取、油脂成分、油脂应用等方面对我国光皮树研究进展进行总结,以期为后续研究应用提供参考。     

我国发展能源油料作物的策略分析

分析了国内外植物油脂的供需形势、我国耕地和边际地利用潜力、油脂植物资源的种属分布特点等,提出发展我国能源油料作物和生物柴油产业的3点建议：加大对边际地、油脂植物资源的调查等基础平台性研究,为政府决策和产业服务;加强产学研结合,形成研究、推广、产业的良性循环;制定能源植物推广应用优惠政策、推动能源油料作物生产发展。     

植物油脂中脂肪酸成分改良的生物技术研究进展

回顾近年来植物油脂中脂肪酸成分改良的育种研究及成果,并展望未来通过基因工程等改良脂肪酸成分的研究。通过自然突变筛选和人工诱变等手段,高油酸含量育种取得了较大进展,且高油酸油菜和大豆品种已成功推向市场。通过基因工程与传统育种手段相结合,已创造了芥酸含量为70%以上的油菜种质。通过导入外源基因,使得传统油料作物生产出含特殊脂肪酸的工业或能源用油脂成为可能。然而,对植物中脂肪酸代谢途径及其酶学活性调控的分子基础知识不足,仍然是制约油脂中脂肪酸成分调控的瓶颈因素。     

介绍一种工业用油料植物斑鸠菊

植物油脂除食用外,在工业上也有广泛的用途,主要用于制造各种油漆和润滑油,和作为塑料工业的原料来源。目前,世界上约有40种植物作为油料作物生产植物油脂(Duffus和Slaushter,1980),但至今只有少量几种特油作物(如亚麻和蓖麻)大面积用于工业生产(Weiss,1983;Sa-lunkhe和Desai,1986)。因此,有必要开发新的油料作物来满足工业对植物油脂日益增长的需求。     

油料作物中特异性脂类伴随物及其分析方法研究进展

油料作物作为植物油的主要来源,为人体生命活动提供了不可或缺的能量和营养素.油料作物中存在许多特异性脂类伴随物,如植物甾醇、植物多酚、角鲨烯、生育酚、白藜芦醇等,这些特异性成分不仅能影响油料作物的生理过程,也对食用油的品质产生重要的影响.本文对油料作物中主要的特异性脂类伴随物及其分析方法进行了综述,旨在为油料作物深加工产...     

超高效液相色谱-串联高分辨质谱法分析植物油料及油脂中鞘脂组成

鞘脂及其代谢产物具有较强的生物活性,参与了细胞增殖、分化、免疫、凋亡及衰老等重要的生理活动,对人体的健康具有十分重要的影响.本研究采用超高效液相色谱串联高分辨质谱法并结合LipidSearch数据库软件测定和分析了菜籽油、大豆油和花生油三种常见植物油和对应的油料作物的鞘脂组成特性,采用一级质谱母离子相对分子质量以及二级...     

Genotype by environment interaction of seed and oil yield in vernonia (Vernonia galamensis variety ethiopica)

Vernonia (Vernonia galamensis variety ethiopica) is a potentially novel renewable source of natural epoxy oil. The objective of this study was to determine the genotype by environment interaction and to identify superior and stable genotypes of vernonia with high seed and oil yield. Field experiments were conducted during 2006, 2007 and 2008 at two localities namely, Gabaza and Syferkuil. Ten selected genotypes of vernonia were evaluated for seed yield, oil content and oil yield using the randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant interactions (P ≤ 0.05) were detected among genotype by location for seed yield, oil content, oil yield and genotype by year for seed and oil yield. Genotype Vge-18 had the highest seed yield ranging between 3095 and 3337 kg/ha followed by Vge-17 yielding 3006-3137 kg/ha at Gabaza. These genotypes were also the best performers at Syferkuil where Vge-17 yielded 2915-3217 kg/ha followed by Vge-18 with 2819-3152 kg/ha. The superiority statistics allocated Vge-17 and Vge-18 as best yielding and stable genotypes. In both locations Vge-4 had increased seed oil contents at 43% (Gabaza) and 35% (Syferkuil). Other promising genotypes with high seed oil content were Vge-33 at Gabaza (40-43%) and Vge-3 at Syferkuil (34-35%). Genotypes with the highest oil yields were found to be Vge-18 (1117-1370 kg/ha) at Gabaza and Vge-4 with yields of 885-922 kg/ha at Syferkuil. Overall, Vge-17 and Vge-18 were identified as having the highest seed yield, while Vge-4 and Vge-3 yielded the highest seed oil content with average stability. These genotypes could be used for direct large scale production or strategic breeding of vernonia in these or similar environments.     

3种果壳类型油棕花粉活力及柱头可授性的比较

采用花粉离体萌发法测定3种不同果壳类型油棕花粉在散粉后不同天数和一天内不同时间点的花粉活力,联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定不同花期及一天内不同时间点的柱头可授性。结果表明:3种类型油棕的花粉活力呈现先升高后下降的趋势,在散粉第1 d即具有活力,薄壳种、厚壳种和无壳种的花粉活力分别在散粉后第2、3、4 d达到最大值,随后下降;日变化特点:在同一开放状态下,除12:00和18:00时,3种类型油棕的花粉活力排序为:薄壳种>厚壳种>无壳种。柱头可授性的变化特点为:雌花开放的早期,具有较弱的柱头可授性,薄壳种和无壳种在第Ⅲ期可授性最强,第Ⅳ期开始减弱,厚壳种则是在第Ⅳ期达最强,柱头的可授性日变化排序为:8:00~10:00,无壳种>薄壳种>厚壳种,12:00~18:00则是厚壳种>薄壳种>无壳种。综上可知,3种果壳类型油棕的花粉应于散粉后的第2~4 d采集;无壳种和薄壳种的雌花在开花后第Ⅲ期的10:00授粉效果最佳,厚壳种则是开花后第Ⅳ期的16:00授粉效果最佳。      

互叶白千层（Melaleuca alternifolia）不同类型叶片精油组分差异比较

利用 MTBE 方法结合气相色谱—质谱联用（GC-MS）技术比较了互叶白千层嫩叶与老叶精油的挥发性组分差异。研究发现,在互叶白千层不同类型叶片精油中共检测到 10 种单萜、16 种倍半萜、5 种单萜衍生物及 1 种倍半萜衍生物共 32 种挥发性物质。互叶白千层不同类型叶片精油组分亦不同,互叶白千层老叶精油含量达5000.79 ng/g,嫩叶精油含量仅为 3 470.38ng/g。单萜类衍生物是互叶白千层精油的绝对含量及相对含量最高的一类化合物。松油烯-4-醇、松油烯、d-杜松萜烯及 2-蒈烯在互叶白千层精油中含量较高。互叶白千层不同叶片精油组成不同,以倍半萜类化合物种类最多。互叶白千层叶片的成熟度与松油烯-4-醇的含量亦相关。     

油棕叶片干燥特性初探

为制备油棕叶片重组木,对油棕叶片干燥特性进行了分析。以油棕叶片为研究对象,采用电热鼓风干燥法进行试验,研究处理方式(未去皮、去皮、去皮碾压)、初含水率和干燥温度对油棕叶片干燥特性的影响。结果表明:处理方式、干燥温度对油棕干燥时间的影响均达极显著水平,初含水率影响达显著水平,其中去皮碾压处理和提高干燥温度更有利于缩短油棕叶片的干燥时间。油棕叶片最优的干燥工艺为去皮碾压、初含水率为50%、干燥温度为130℃,在该条件下的干燥时间为1.42 h。      

Survival of Coelaenomenodera lameensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Relation to the Physical Characteristics of Different Oil Palm (Elaeis sp.) Breeding Populations

The edibility of different Elaeis sp. breeding populations present in Benin was tested for the leaf miner Coelaenomenodera lameensis Berti (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a major oil palm pest in Africa. Experiments carried out in sleeves revealed the oviposition capacities of females and the mortality rates for the different developmental stages by comparing the populations found on two breeding populations of Elaeis oleifera (HBK) Cortes, four of Elaeis guineensis Jacquin and four (E. guineensis × E. oleifera) × E. guineensis backcrosses. Females laid their eggs similarly on all breeding populations, with a preference for the E. guineensis La Mé origin. The average hatching rate reached 80% for the La Mé origin as opposed to 28% for the Deli origin. The mortality rates for the larval instars were greater on E. oleifera, on certain backcrosses and on the Deli origin of E. guineensis. Development at the second- and third- larval instars was the most affected, with a mortality rate of three to five times greater than that seen on La Mé. Epidermis and cuticle measurements indicated which breeding populations were suitable or unsuitable for the development of C. lameensis. E. guineensis, with its thin epidermis (12 µm) and cuticle (2 µm), proved to be highly susceptible to C. lameensis attacks. On the other hand, E. oleifera, which is very resistant, exhibited a thicker epidermis (17 µm) and cuticle (4 µm). The breeding populations were thus classified according to the positive or negative influence they exerted on the insect’s egg laying and feeding.RÉSUMÉ. La comestibilité de différents matériels végétaux d’Elaeis sp. présents au Bénin est testée pour Coelaenomenodera lameensis Berti (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), important ravageur du palmier à huile en Afrique. Des expérimentations en manchons ont permis de déterminer les capacités d’oviposition des femelles et les taux de mortalité des différents stades de développement (œufs, larves, nymphes et adultes) en comparant les populations observées sur deux origines d’Elaeis oleifera (HBK) Cortes, quatre origines d’Elaeis guineensis Jacquin et quatre Backcross (E. guineensis × E. oleifera) × E. guineensis. Les femelles pondent indifféremment sur tous les types de matériel végétal avec une préférence pour l’origine La Mé d’E. guineensis. Le taux moyen d’éclosion atteint 80% pour l’origine La Mé contre 28% pour l’origine Deli. Le taux de mortalité des stades larvaires est plus important sur E. oleifera, sur certains Backcross et sur l’origine Deli d’E. guineensis. Le développement des deuxième et troisième stades larvaires sont les plus affectés avec un taux de mortalité 3 à 5 fois supérieur à celui observé sur La Mé. Des mesures d’épiderme et de cuticule mettent en évidence l’existence de matériel végétal favorable ou défavorable au développement de C. lameensis. E. guineensis dont l’épiderme (12 µm) et la cuticule (2 µm) sont peu épais se révèle être très sensible aux attaques de C. lameensis. Au contraire, E. oleifera présente un épiderme (17 µm) et une cuticule (4 µm) plus épais et est très résistants. Le matériel végétal est ainsi classé suivant l’influence positive ou négative qu’ils exercent sur la ponte et l’alimentation des insectes.     

响应面优化亚临界萃取菜籽低温压榨饼中油脂的工艺及其品质评价

采用Box-Behnken响应面设计优化亚临界萃取菜籽低温压榨饼中油脂的工艺，并将所得油的品质与正已烷、超临界CO2萃取油进行比较。结果表明：液料比和萃取时间对油脂提取率的影响极显著(p<0.01)；液料比与萃取时间存在显著的交互作用（p<0.05）；经优化后，在35℃下，设定液料比为8.3 mL/g，萃取90 min，菜籽油的提取率最高达95.10%。通过亚临界萃取得到的菜籽油磷含量为113.20mg/kg，约为正已烷萃取菜籽油(磷含量232.48mg/kg)的一半，油脂酸价与过氧化值都较正已烷萃取菜籽油低；亚临界萃取的菜籽油除磷含量与超临界萃取菜籽油差异显著外，其它品质指标，如酸价、过氧化值、甾醇及生育酚含量均与超临界萃取油差异不明显。     

Fumigant Toxicity and Repellence Activity of Camphor Essential Oil from Cinnamonum camphora Siebold Against Solenopsis invicta Workers (Hymenoptera:Formicidae)

The red imported fire ant (RIFA) Solenopsis invicta Buren causes severe damage to humans and animals as well as the environment. Chemical treatment is the main strategy of RIFA management, which also is potentially toxic to the environment. Plant essential oils (EOs) are considered as potential substance that can be used to control insects. This study aimed to identify the chemical composition of camphor EO and investigate the insecticidal activity on RIFAs. The chemical composition of the EO was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Results revealed that 36.61% camphor and 30.05% cineole were the major components. The insecticidal activity of camphor EO was assessed against RIFA workers by conducting two different bioassays: fumigant toxicity and repellence. Fumigant toxicity assay results showed that the lethal dose (LC₅₀) of the EO at 24 h was 1.67 and 4.28 μg/ml for minor and major workers, respectively; knockdown time (KT₅₀) was 10.82 and 14.73 h. At 2.55 μg/ml, the highest average mortality of the ants was 84.89% after 72 h. Camphor EO exhibited fumigant toxicity against minor and major workers as indicated by the effects on attacking, feeding, and climbing behaviors. This EO was also strongly repellent to the two size workers of the colony as observed in their behavior against Tenebrio molitor treated with 5 µl EO. The fumigant toxicity and repellence of camphor EO against RIFA indicated that this substance could be a potential alternative for the development of eco-friendly products used to control pests.     

A Saponification Method for Chlorophyll Removal from Microalgae Biomass as Oil Feedstock

Microalgae oil is an optimal feedstock for nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and biodiesel production, but its high levels of chlorophyll limit its large-scale application. To date, few effective approaches have been developed to remove chlorophyll from microalgae oil. The main purpose of this study was to present a preprocessing method of algae oil feedstock (Scenedesmus) to remove chlorophyll by saponification. The results showed that 96% of chlorophyll in biomass was removed. High quality orange transparent oil could be extracted from the chlorophyll reduced biomass. Specifically, the proportion of neutral lipids and saturation levels of fatty acids increased, and the pigments composition became carotenoids-based. The critical parameters of chlorophyll reduced biodiesel conformed to the standards of the USA, China and EU. Sodium copper chlorophyllin could be prepared from the bleaching effluent. The results presented herein offer a useful pathway to improve the quality of microalgae oil and reduce the cost of microalgae biodiesel.