高油酸油菜研究现状、存在的问题及发展建议

高油酸菜油具有很好的营养保健功能,其品质可与茶油、橄榄油等高级食用植物油媲美,对于改变我国食用植物油自给不足、促进油菜产业升级等方面有很好的作用。总结了国内外相关研究机构在高油酸油菜方面的研究动态及应用情况,同时对油酸的遗传特性、高油酸油菜选育途径(小孢子培养、远缘杂交、诱变和转基因技术)和分子生物学研究进展进行了综述,并针对当前存在的问题提出了一些建议。     

栽培因子对高油酸油菜品质的影响

以湘油708为材料,设置施肥类型、施肥量和种植密度为栽培因子,利用气相色谱法测定脂肪酸含量,探究栽培因子对高油酸油菜脂肪酸含量的影响.结果表明:不同处理间油菜油酸和芥酸含量均存在显著性差异,施加75 kg/hm^2有机肥、种植密度为45万株/公顷条件下品质最好,油酸含量79.6%、芥酸含量0.058%.本研究证明了适当施肥和合理的种植密度,对油菜品质具有一定调控作用,可为高油酸油菜种植方法提供参考.     

衡阳高油酸油菜产业发展前景与对策

在综合分析高油酸菜籽油的品质特性及用途的基础上,论述了发展高油酸油菜产业的重要意义,分析了高油酸油菜国内外研究进展与发展现状,分析了衡阳发展油菜生产的自然条件、产业基础、发展潜力,认为在衡阳发展高油酸油菜产业有优势,并就衡阳率先发展高油酸油菜产业提出了建议与对策。     

食用型高油酸花生种质创制和品质分析

油酸含量提高,一方面可以有效降低棕榈酸的含量,减少对人体心脑血管等的危害,另一方面可以显著提高货架期。为培育专门食用型高油酸花生品种,本研究以优异花生品种花育23为母本,高油酸材料DF12为父本进行杂交,利用分子标记辅助选择方法对自交后代进行检测,对油酸含量稳定的高油酸新种质进行田间农艺性状,荚果外观品质,以及籽仁营养品质指标进行分析,获得了含油量为49.95%,油酸含量81.3%,蛋白含量为26.1%,总糖含量为6.01%以及荚果外观品质符合食用型花生要求的食用型高油酸花生新种质,这为高油酸食用花生提供了育种材料。     

双低菜籽油的保健作用与高含油量优质油菜育种及高效益思考

根据前人对双低(低芥酸、低硫苷)菜籽油保健功效的研究,菜籽油脂肪酸组成比较平衡,特别是饱和脂肪酸含量低,油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量适宜,维生素E和植物甾醇含量丰富,有利于人体健康,是食用植物油中的优质油品。鉴于我国居民膳食中α-亚麻酸摄入不足,以及我国食用植物油存储时间短、消费周转快,提出目前双低油菜育种中亚麻酸含量(9%左右)不宜降低,还应适当提高,以补充我国居民对亚麻酸摄入量的不足,这也是我国油菜品质改良应作出的科学选择之一。论述了油菜的高含油量品种和油菜生产的全程机械化,给农民和企业带来的良好经济效益以及在我国油菜高效化生产中的作用。     

高油酸油菜的研究进展及前景

阐述了油菜高油酸研究的意义;高油酸油菜育种的国内外研究进展及现状;油菜脂肪酸合成过程中油酸形成的机理,其主要是受脂肪酸减饱和酶基因(f ad 2)的控制;油酸性状与环境条件的关系;着重介绍了目前从育种方面提高油酸含量的三条主要途径和控制油酸性状的遗传基础,以及油菜高油酸在最近一段时间的良好发展前景。     

油菜高油酸遗传育种研究进展

介绍了近年来国外在油菜高油酸遗传育种方面的研究情况．分别从4个方面进行阐述：油菜高油酸育种的意义、高油酸性状的遗传特点、环境条件对油酸性状的影响以及油菜高油酸育种的方法和成果等。     

盐碱地种植高油酸花生品种(系)产量品质性状分析

培育和筛选适宜在盐碱地种植的花生品种,对盐碱地开发及提高土地利用率有重要意义。本研究对种植在滨州盐碱地的13个高油酸花生品系和1个普通油酸对照品种的产量和品质性状进行测定,发现5个花生品种(系)在盐碱地种植相对产量较高,分别为花育33号、P16-8、P16-7、P16-10和P16-41。此外,在盐碱地种植的品种(系)的含油量、油酸含量和油亚比值均有不同程度的降低。本研究为耐盐碱花生品种(系)的筛选提供了参考数据。     

德国油菜高油酸育种简介

主要介绍德国近年油菜高油酸育种情况,包括高油酸育种的方法,高油酸突变体的遗传特点,高油酸-低亚麻酸育种的可能性和高油酸油菜的应用前景等.     

饲料型油菜南种北种产量及品质特征分析

黑龙江省北部是麦豆主产区,存在麦后土地休闲的时间过长、光能和水分浪费严重等现象,本研究选用南方双低饲料油菜1号进行麦后种植,通过田间大区对比试验,分析饲料型油莱和食用型油菜在株高、鲜重、干重、产量及品质指标的差异。结果表明：饲料型油菜株高、鲜重、干重及产量均高于食用型品种,收获时饲料型油菜株高70cm,食用型油菜20．1cm;饲料型油莱每hm2产量82500kg,食用油菜产量37700kg;饲料型油菜粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维及微量元素（除铁）含量均高于食用型油菜。进一步说明黑龙江省春小麦复种饲料型油菜可行,推广前景可观。     

不同的光照萎凋时间对铁观音风味组分影响

光照作为重要外源信号因子参与调控乌龙茶品质特征形成。为了系统研究不同光照时间的日光萎凋对乌龙茶风味组分的影响,以铁观音鲜叶为供试材料,分析测定 5 个不同时间（0、15、30、60、120 min）日光萎凋处理制成铁观音毛茶的儿茶素、香气组分和感官品质。结果表明,乌龙茶加工过程中香气积累和儿茶素降解与日光萎凋时间延长不存在持续线性正相关关系,适度日光萎凋有利于促进清香型铁观音品质特征形成;与日光萎凋20 min 处理相比,日光萎凋 15 min 处理制成铁观音毛茶中呈花果香气味的 α-法呢烯和橙花叔醇的相对含量分别提高了 4.4%和 6.8%,与全程无光萎凋处理相比,日光萎凋 15 min 和 30 min 处理的毛茶非酯型和酯型儿茶素组分含量降低明显,下降幅度分别达到 7.26%~19.77%和 14.36%~30.09%,日光萎凋 60 min 和 120 min 叶片过度光胁迫产生红褐变,毛茶综合品质表现较差。     

植物异源多倍体中特定染色体组的剥离与重建

由于异源多倍体物种的进化时间久远,难以知晓确切的二倍体亲本,现在推测的自然界现存二倍体种又经历过独立的演化,因此,通过特定的实验方法从天然的异源多倍体物种中剥离出特定染色体组并重建异源多倍体的基本种,将为研究异源多倍化过程中祖先基因组的遗传与互作提供独特的材料。现已通过不同的杂交策略,从异源六倍体普通小麦和异源四倍体种甘蓝型油菜中成功重建它们的一个基本种。例如以人工合成的芸薹属异源六倍体（如埃塞俄比亚芥与白菜杂交的AA.BBCC)为桥梁,其中的C染色体组被选择性的丢失后产生的芥菜型油菜（AA.BB）与埃塞俄比亚芥杂交形成的杂种（BBAC）自交后便可重建黑芥(BB)祖先种;将四倍体与二倍体种之一杂交后形成的同源异源六倍体（如AAAACC）连续自交,使处于同源四倍体状态的染色体组（A）快速丢失而重建另一个二倍体基本种（CC）。     

Structure-Activity Relationships of the Bioactive Thiazinoquinone Marine Natural Products Thiaplidiaquinones A and B

In an effort to more accurately define the mechanism of cell death and to establish structure-activity relationship requirements for the marine meroterpenoid alkaloids thiaplidiaquinones A and B, we have evaluated not only the natural products but also dioxothiazine regioisomers and two precursor quinones in a range of bioassays. While the natural products were found to be weak inducers of ROS in Jurkat cells, the dioxothiazine regioisomer of thiaplidiaquinone A and a synthetic precursor to thiaplidiaquinone B were found to be moderately potent inducers. Intriguingly, and in contrast to previous reports, the mechanism of Jurkat cell death (necrosis vs. apoptosis) was found to be dependent upon the positioning of one of the geranyl sidechains in the compounds with thiaplidiaquinone A and its dioxothiazine regioisomer causing death dominantly by necrosis, while thiaplidiaquinone B and its dioxothiazine isomer caused cell death via apoptosis. The dioxothiazine regioisomer of thiaplidiaquinone A exhibited more potent in vitro antiproliferative activity against human tumor cells, with NCI sub-panel selectivity towards melanoma cell lines. The non-natural dioxothiazine regioisomers were also more active in antiplasmodial and anti-farnesyltransferase assays than their natural product counterparts. The results highlight the important role that natural product total synthesis can play in not only helping understand the structural basis of biological activity of natural products, but also the discovery of new bioactive scaffolds.     

Carotenoids from Marine Microalgae: A Valuable Natural Source for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases

Epidemiological studies have shown a relation between antioxidants and the prevention of several chronic diseases. Microalgae are a potential novel source of bioactive molecules, including a wide range of different carotenoids that can be used as nutraceuticals, food supplements and novel food products. The objective of this review is (i) to update the research that has been carried out on the most known carotenoids produced by marine microalgae, including reporting on their high potentialities to produce other less known important compounds; (ii) to compile the work that has been done in order to establish some relationship between carotenoids and oxidative protection and treatment; (iii) to summarize the association of oxidative stress and the various reactive species including free radicals with several human diseases; and (iv) to provide evidence of the potential of carotenoids from marine microalgae to be used as therapeutics to treat or prevent these oxidative stress-related diseases.     

A Marine λ-Oligocarrageenan Inhibits Migratory and Invasive Ability of MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells through Actions on Heparanase Metabolism and MMP-14/MMP-2 Axis

Sugar-based molecules such as heparins or natural heparan sulfate polysaccharides have been developed and widely studied for controlling heparanase (HPSE) enzymatic activity, a key player in extracellular matrix remodelling during cancer pathogenesis. However, non-enzymatic functions of HPSE have also been described in tumour mechanisms. Given their versatile properties, we hypothesized that sugar-based inhibitors may interfere with enzymatic but also non-enzymatic HPSE activities. In this work, we assessed the effects of an original marine λ-carrageenan derived oligosaccharide (λ-CO) we previously described, along with those of its native counterpart and heparins, on cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells but also of sh-MDA-MB-231 cells, in which the expression of HPSE was selectively downregulated. We observed no cytotoxic and no anti-proliferative effects of our compounds but surprisingly λ-CO was the most efficient to reduce cell migration and invasion compared with heparins, and in a HPSE-dependent manner. We provided evidence that λ-CO tightly controlled a HPSE/MMP-14/MMP-2 axis, leading to reduced MMP-2 activity. Altogether, this study highlights λ-CO as a potent HPSE “modulator” capable of reducing not only the enzymatic activity of HPSE but also the functions controlled by the HPSE levels.     

湖北省典型花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌分布及产毒力研究

为掌握湖北省花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌的分布和产毒特征,从罗田、红安、钟祥、襄阳四个典型花生种植区采集土壤样品40份,并进行黄曲霉菌分离、鉴定和产毒力研究。研究结果表明:湖北省不同花生种植区共分离鉴定到黄曲霉菌51株,土壤中黄曲霉菌落数为127.5cfu/g。不同种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌分布存在显著差异,钟祥土壤中黄曲霉菌落数最高,罗田最低;鉴定获得黄曲霉菌株中产毒菌株占96%,产毒量范围0～227.81μg/L,不产毒菌株占4%;产毒菌株分为只产AFB_1、产AFB_1+AFB_2、产AFB_1+AFB_2+AFG_1和产AFB_1+AFB_2+AFG_1+AFG_2毒素4种类型,其中以产AFB_1+AFB_2的菌株占比最高,为65%;不同种植区黄曲霉菌株产毒力研究发现,钟祥每克土壤中黄曲霉菌产AFB_1的量最高,达11 679.70μg/L。本研究可为湖北花生黄曲霉毒素污染预警和防控提供理论依据。     

Buckwheat Seed Milling Fractions: Description, Macronutrient Composition and Dietary Fibre

The structure of the mature buckwheat achene and groat is discussed in relation to milling fractions and nutritional composition. Whole groats contain 55% starch, 12% protein, 4% lipid, 2% soluble carbohydrates, 7% total dietary fiber (TDF), 2% ash, and 18% other components (organic acids, phenolic compounds, tannins, phosphorylated sugars, nucleotides and nucleic acids, unknown compounds). The composition of the milling fractions reflects the relative abundance of seed tissues. Starch is concentrated in the central endosperm. Protein, oil, soluble carbohydrates and minerals are concentrated in the embryo. Commercial «Fancy» flour, a light-coloured flour, is mostly central endosperm and contains 75% starch, 6% protein, 1% lipid, 1% soluble carbohydrates, 3% TDF, 1% ash, and 13% other components. Although the embryo traverses the central endosperm, during milling parts of the embryo separate with the aleurone and seed coat in the bran fraction. Bran, with little central endosperm, contains 18% starch, 36% protein, 11% lipid, 6% soluble carbohydrates, 15% TDF, 7% ash, and 7% other components. Buckwheat bran also is a rich source of TDF and soluble dietary fibre (SDF), particularly bran with hull fragments (40% TDF of which 25% is SDF), while bran without hull fragments has 16% TDF of which 75% is SDF.     

盐旱交叉胁迫对花生生长发育和生理特性的影响

为了探究盐旱交叉胁迫对花生生长发育的影响,以抗旱不耐盐花生品种花育22和抗旱耐盐花生品种花育25为试验材料,通过防雨棚盆栽试验研究了干旱、盐、盐+干旱、干旱后复水+盐等4种胁迫对花生产量、农艺性状、生物量、叶绿素SPAD值、丙二醛含量、活性氧清除能力及渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果显示：各胁迫处理均显著抑制了两个花生品种植株的生长和荚果产量,其中,盐胁迫对花育22生长的影响大于干旱胁迫;盐+旱胁迫下,两个花生品种受伤害程度最大,产量最低。与单一盐胁迫相比,干旱预处理提高了盐胁迫后期花生超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性,增强了植株活性氧清除能力,降低了叶片丙二醛含量,从而缓解盐胁迫对膜系统的过氧化伤害,提高了叶绿素含量,促进了植株生长,增加了干物质积累,最终提高盐胁迫下花生产量。另外,与单一盐或干旱胁迫相比,盐+旱胁迫对花育22和花育25的伤害均加重,而干旱预处理有利于2个品种在盐胁迫下活性氧代谢和光合色素的提高,促进植株的生长,提高植株对盐胁迫的交叉适应能力,从而缓解盐胁迫对花生植株的抑制作用。      

彩花油菜的创建及遗传育种进展

油菜既是重要的油料作物,也是极具观赏价值的大田作物,成片的油菜花每年吸引大量游客。近年来,随着农业旅游项目的不断研发,油菜花成为越来越重要的特色旅游资源,而且以黄色为主的菜花正在被白色、红色、紫色等彩色菜花所丰富,花色油菜种质的创制也被越来越多的育种家所突破。本文主要介绍了通过远缘杂交、原生质体融合、人工诱变、基因工程等方法获得的不同花色油菜新种质,概述了有关油菜花色的遗传机理、进化与选择等的研究进展,综述了彩花油菜育种的最新进展,并就未来发展趋势做了展望和建议。     

2个荔枝品种胚性愈伤组织诱导体胚发生过程的细胞学观察

以’新球蜜荔’和’大丁香’2个荔枝品种胚性愈伤组织为材料,利用石蜡切片技术研究了’新球蜜荔’和’大丁香’接种在TD(MS+0.1 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L TDZ+0.1 g/L肌醇+0.4 g/L水解乳蛋白(LH)+100 m L/L椰汁+60 g/L蔗糖+10 g/L琼脂)培养基(XQTD和DDXTD)与’新球蜜荔’接种在TX(MS+0.1 mg/L NAA+5 mg/L ZT+0.1 g/L肌醇+0.4 g/L水解乳蛋白(LH)+100 ml/L椰汁+60 g/L蔗糖+10 g/L琼脂)培养基(XQTX)上各培养物体胚发生过程中细胞学变化。结果显示:XQTD从6 d开始变褐,9 d时观察到球状凸起,石蜡切片中观察到球形胚结构,12~21 d时观察到球形胚、心形胚和鱼雷形胚等不同形态体胚;而DDXTD从9 d开始逐渐变褐,15~21 d时石蜡切片中能看到少量的球形胚和心形胚。XQTX在第12 d时观察到有完整原形成层的球形胚,21 d时石蜡切片中观察到子叶形胚。2个荔枝品种的体胚发生过程中都观察到内起源和外起源两种起源方式,体胚发生均为单细胞起源,都经历了球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚和子叶形胚等相似的发育过程。