明亮熊蜂的人工控制交尾

为了实现周年人工饲养繁育明亮熊蜂的目标,笔者采用室外或室内人工控制交尾的方式培育新蜂王。结果表明:100 cm×50 cm×100 cm交尾笼实现明亮熊蜂的婚飞交尾,人工控制交尾时长60~120 min为宜;最佳交尾日龄为雄蜂10~12日龄,处女王7~9日龄;交尾笼内处女王控制在20~30只,雌雄蜂比例1∶(3~5)时,交尾效率最好;明亮熊蜂的配对交尾时长为20~40 min;配对交尾蜂王人工饲喂15~20 d后,可保证其低温存储前有足量的体脂储备。     

超临界CO2萃取桃金娘果及其挥发性成分研究

为研究超临界CO2萃取桃金娘果工艺条件及其挥发性成分的物质组成,实现桃金娘资源综合利用,考察了不同夹带剂、萃取温度、CO2流量、萃取压力、萃取时间对桃金娘果提取得率的影响,通过单因素、正交试验,以桃金娘果萃取物得率为考察指标对超临界CO2萃取工艺参数进行优化;采用气相色谱-质谱分析桃金娘果萃取物中的挥发性成分.结果显示...     

科技

<正>中国熊蜂物种资源丰富近日,中国农业科学院蜜蜂研究所蜂种质资源与育种团队研究发现,中国是全球熊蜂物种资源最丰富的国家,中国境内125种熊蜂可以划分为4大生物地理区系,其中26种熊蜂被鉴定为指示物种。研究结果为我国野生传粉昆虫保护政策的制定提供了基础。该成果在线发表在《整体环境科学(Science of the Total Environment)》上。     

黄槐决明访花昆虫调查及访花行为研究

对贵州省黄槐决明的主要访花昆虫种类、访花行为以及日活动规律进行了调查研究。结果共观察到15种访花昆虫,其中膜翅目种类最多。根据访花昆虫访花频次及行为观察,明确了黑足熊蜂与淡脉隧蜂是其主要传粉蜂;黑足熊蜂的平均访花频率大于淡脉隧蜂,且差异达到了极显著水平,传粉效果好于淡脉隧蜂。7:00~7:30为黑足熊蜂的访花高峰期,此时采粉积极,随着时间推移,访花蜂次逐渐减少;淡脉隧蜂的访花高峰晚于黑足熊蜂。     

蜂疗概论(二)

二、利用蜜蜂的分泌物——蜂针液(蜂毒)、王浆、蜂蜡和蜂巢蜂针液(蜂毒)是蜜蜂螫器官酸腺和硷腺分泌的具有芳香气味的透明液体,螫刺时从贮液囊中经螫针排出。人类为了摄取野生蜂群中的蜂蜜或养蜂取蜜,难免要被蜂螯。蜂螫使人体出现局部和全身反应,其中包括意外地治愈了关节炎等病患者。蜂螫治病在     

HS-SPME-GC-MS法分析博落回属植物不同部位挥发性成分

为分析与比较博落回属两种植物不同生长部位的挥发性成分,本研究采用了顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)法对其不同部位的挥发性成分进行提取与比较。共分离并鉴定了博落回属植物中123种挥发性成分,其中相对百分含量大于1%的挥发性成分共26个。博落回与小果博落回各部位中均含有芳姜黄酮、芳樟醇、金合欢烯、(S)-β-双代谢烯、百里酚、香芹酚等9种挥发性成分,且芳姜黄酮与(S)-β-双代谢烯的相对百分含量均高于1.0%,其他成分与含量均有一定差异。各生长部位中含量具一致性与差异性的挥发性成分具多种药理活性,为博落回属植物作为饲料添加剂的进一步开发与利用奠定基础,也为饲料行业提供新的思路与讨论。     

蜜蜂分泌食物的腺体

哺育蜂头部的两个腺体咽下腺和上颚腺产生幼虫食物。咽下腺和上颚腺分泌物的比例随幼虫日龄、性别和级型变化。发育为蜂王的幼虫在最初3天内食用100％的上颚腺分泌物，幼虫期最后两天的食物由上颚腺和咽下腺按1：1的比例分泌。饲喂蜂王幼虫的混合物称为“蜂王浆”，     

新疆黑蜂的保护措施

正1组建新疆黑蜂自然交尾隔离区2014年在温布拉巴沟东经83°25′30″、北纬43°44′18″处组建新疆黑蜂自然交尾隔离区,安置黑蜂种群60群,其隔离半径为25 km,交尾区内无异种雄蜂活动,并符合新疆黑蜂利用零星蜜源的特性。为确保新疆黑蜂自然交尾的成功率,在18 km处设置一个自然交尾隔离区备用点,隔离半径为20 km,安置黑蜂种群60群,以确保新疆黑蜂自然交尾工作的     

蜜蜂所发现东亚地区熊蜂多样性面临威胁

近日,中国农业科学院蜜蜂研究所蜂种质资源与育种团队研究发现,东亚地区熊蜂多样性面临着气候变化与植被变化的威胁,并提出了不同熊蜂类群的保护措施,为传粉昆虫保护政策的制定奠定了基础。相关研究成果在线发表在《农业、生态系统与环境(Agriculture Ecosystems &Environment)》上。熊蜂是一类十分重要的传粉昆虫,在维护陆地生态系统中发挥着十分重要的作用。东亚地区是全球熊蜂资源最丰富的地区,但是该地区熊蜂本底资源调查完成较晚,多样性面临的威胁有待进一步评价。该研究以东亚地区特有的29种熊蜂为材料,利用物种分布模型,分析了未来气候变化与植被变化对熊蜂分布的影响。     

苹果树腐烂病菌挥发性代谢产物对苹果树具有毒素活性

正据《西北农业学报》2018年第5期《苹果树腐烂病菌挥发性代谢物及其毒素活性》(作者李思南等)报道,为了研究苹果树腐烂病菌代谢产生的挥发性物质及其毒素活性,通过在树皮培养基中培养苹果树腐烂病菌,采用普通蒸馏法收集其培养滤液中的挥发性代谢产物,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分离各个成分,将各组分质谱图与数据库标准物质质谱图对比,初步进行结构定性,并利用苹果枝条对其标准     

Histology and Mucosubstance Histochemistry of the Parotid Gland in Suckling, Prepuberal and Puberal Zebus (Bos indicus)

Histologic and morphometric alterations in the parotid salivary gland of 14 male Gyr Zebu were carried out coupled with a histochemical study of the mucosubstance of this gland. Animals ranging in age from 1–2 months to 17–21 months were utilized. The gland was found to represent a compound tubular gland which is entirely serous in older animals, but with mucous endpieces in younger animals. The morphologic and morphometric data indicate that this gland reaches anatomic maturity at about 13 months of age, an age which correlates with the onset of spermatogenesis in this species. The histochemical nature of secretions is discussed for various components of the gland.     

Course of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in mammary secretions of the goat during end-pregnancy and early lactation

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays a crucial role in mammogenesis in many species. In ruminants, studies are limited, as EGF does not occur in peripheral plasma and specific analytical systems do not exist. Therefore a heterologous radioimmunoassay based on rhEGF was set up to monitor EGF in mammary gland secretions from goats during end-pregnancy and early lactation. IGF-I was measured with an established radioimmunoassay. Samples were collected from 13 goats for 25 days ante-partum and 25 days post-partum. Mammary gland secretions were obtained ante-partum by removing a small amount of the udder secretions (control half) or milking (stimulated half). Post-partum normal milk samples were collected. Blood samples were drawn by jugular venipuncture for the same period. EGF was found to occur in different molecular weight forms in the mammary glands. For routine measurements these proteins were extracted with acetone and not further separated. IGF-I and EGF concentrations in mammary secretions and similarly IGF-I in blood were high ante-partum and decreased slightly towards birth. IGF-I but not EGF is found in the peripheral plasma. Whereas IGF-I concentrations in blood were quite constant post-partum, IGF-I and EGF dropped in mammary secretions close to the detection limits. The decrease was more pronounced in the stimulated half than in the control half. The data support a synergistic role for EGF and IGF-I for mammogenesis. Both factors are further influenced by the milking stimulus and thus the functional state of the udder.     

Shedding of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in mammary gland secretions of sows.

OBJECTIVE: To document shedding of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus in mammary gland secretions of experimentally inoculated sows, to evaluate effects of vaccination during gestation on virus shedding during the subsequent lactation, and to evaluate shedding of PRRS virus in milk of sows in commercial herds. ANIMALS: 6 sows seronegative for PRRS virus were used for experiment 1, and 2 sows were retained for experiment 2. For experiment 3, 202 sows in commercial herds were used. PROCEDURE: In experiment 1, 2 sows were inoculated with PRRS virus, 2 sows were vaccinated with modified-live PRRS virus vaccine, and 2 sows served as control pigs. Mammary gland secretions were assayed for PRRS virus. In experiment 2, pregnant vaccinated sows from experiment 1 were vaccinated with another modified-live PRRS virus vaccine. Mammary gland secretions were assayed in the same manner as for experiment 1. For experiment 3, milk collected from 202 sows in commercial herds was assayed for PRRS virus. RESULTS: In experiment 1, PRRS virus was detected in mammary gland secretions of both vaccinated and 1 of 2 virus-inoculated sows. In experiment 2, virus was not detected in samples from either vaccinated sow. In experiment 3, all samples yielded negative results. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Na?ve sows inoculated late in gestation shed PRRS virus in mammary secretions. Previous vaccination appeared to prevent shedding during the subsequent lactation. Results for samples obtained from sows in commercial herds suggested that virus shedding in mammary gland secretions of such sows is uncommon.     

Volatile Components from the Anal Glands of the Yellow Mongoose Cynictis Penicillata

Twenty-two components of the odour of the anal-gland secretions of a male and a female yellow mongoose Cynictis penicillata were identified by dynamic solvent effect sampling, gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The odour volatiles were considerably more diverse than those reported from the anal gland secretions of Herpestes auropunctatus and H. ichneumon.     

Modulation of bovine mammary neutrophil function during the periparturient period following in vitro exposure to recombinant bovine interferon gamma

Effects of recombinant bovine interferon (rBoIFN) gamma on mammary gland neutrophil activity during the periparturient period were studied. Bovine mammary gland neutrophils were isolated and incubated in mammary gland secretions obtained from Holstein-Friesian cattle during the last 2 weeks of gestation. Cell functions were evaluated following treatment with 10 U, 100 U, and 1000 U of rBoIFN-gamma. Bacterial phagocytosis, bactericidal activity and chemiluminescence were significantly lower for neutrophils incubated in mammary gland secretions when compared with control neutrophils incubated in Hank's balanced salt solution. Treatment of mammary neutrophils with rBoIFN-gamma reversed the suppressive effects of mammary secretions resulting in higher chemiluminescent activity and significantly more bacterial phagocytosis and bactericidal activity when compared with untreated controls. Results from these preliminary in vitro data suggest that rBoIFN-gamma therapy may modulate mammary gland neutrophil functions in vivo and possibly facilitate the rapid clearance of mastitis-causing pathogens mammary glands during the periparturient period.     

Distribution and numbers of mucous glands in the horse trachea

Horses commonly suffer from respiratory diseases associated with excess secretions in the airway lumen, some of which are presumably derived from airway mucous glands. However, these structures have been little investigated in the horse. Accordingly, we describe here the number, distribution and size of equine tracheal mucous glands, and compare the data with similar information for other mammalian species. Two types of gland acini were present. In the thick connective tissue, up to 400 microm beneath the epithelium, gland acini were grouped in thin sheets that, in cross-section, averaged 20 microm thick and were up to 4.0 mm in length. However, it is probable that most sheets had maximal diameters much less than 4.0 mm. Between 400 to 900 microm below the epithelium, the connective tissue was much more diffuse, and glands were larger and more globular. Gland volume in the ventral portion was approximately 1.7 microl/cm2 of mucosal surface, and approximately 1.1 microl/cm2 in the dorsal portion. Glands were somewhat more abundant between, rather than over, the cartilaginous rings, but the difference between the 2 locations was not marked. Mucous gland openings were small (20 microm diameter) and very unevenly distributed, generally occurring about 100 microm apart in longitudinal rows of about 5. Average frequency of openings in the ventral portions of 3 tracheas was approximately 1.0/mm2 of mucosal surface. The volume of individual glands was therefore approximately 17 nl. Although the frequency of gland openings in the horse trachea is similar to that for the tracheas of other large mammalian species, horse tracheal gland volume was only about 15% that of the other species. Therefore, the excess 'mucous' secretions seen in equine recurrent airway obstruction and other respiratory diseases are unlikely to be caused by comparatively high levels of airway mucous gland secretion. Instead, they may be caused mainly by hyperplasia of the mucus-producing cells of the surface epithelium or by vascular transudation.     

Expression of Angiotensinogen in the Uterus induced by Coagulating Gland Renin in Mice

Coagulating gland (CG) renin is one of the components of the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which plays important roles in the maintenance of homeostasis in several tissues. Although the existence of local renin has been reported in many tissues, its function is not yet well understood. In the present study, the relationship between CG renin and uterine angiotensinogen was investigated by immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques. In mating experiments with male and female C57BL/6 mice, renin was demonstrated immunohistochemically on the epithelial cells of the uterus on the first day after coitus; however, it was not detected on the second and third days after coitus. Neither immunoreactive cells nor messenger signals for renin were demonstrated on the epithelial cells of the uterus throughout the experiments. On the first day after mating, it was noted that positive signals for angiotensinogen mRNA were expressed on the epithelial cells of the uterus in situ hybridization, but not on the second and third days after coitus. These results suggest the possibility that CG renin is transferred to the uterine epithelium at mating and temporarily activates the expression of angiotensinogen in the uterus. Angiotensin II produced by angiotensinogen may act as an important mediator for vascularization of the first step of pregnancy.     

Morphology of the intermandibular gland of the Lesser mouse deer, Tragulus javanicus

The morphology of the intermandibular gland of the Lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus), which plays an important function in marking area and territory and in the reproductive behaviour of the animal, was examined using immunohistochemistry, lectin histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy. The gland was composed of sebaceous and apocrine glandular material. Sebaceous glands occupied a greater area of the total gland and consisted of many large lobules with polyhedral cells having a pale cytoplasm. The sebaceous gland, being holocrine, possessed no special secretory ducts. The apocrine gland was lined by cuboid cells and the secretory products were often seen in the apical portions of the cells. Myoepithelial cells contained actin filaments lining the basal membranes of the apocrine gland and were surrounded by nerve fibres which immunostained with protein gene product 9.5. The secretion of the gland appears to be a mixture of larger amounts of lipid material from sebaceous glands, and glycoconjugates secreted by both sebaceous and apocrine glands. Lectin histochemistry detected these as galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-mannose and D-glucose. The male gland was larger in size and contained more N-acetyl galactosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine in its secretion than the gland of the female. This implied the presence of sexual differences in secretions in the intermandibular gland of the Lesser mouse deer.     

Oral administration of Kaempferia parviflora did not disturb male reproduction in rats

To investigate the androgenic effect of Kaempferia parviflora (KP), a Thai herbal plant, adult male rats were randomized into control and KP-treatment groups. Rats were treated orally with water in the control group and with 1,000 mg/kg/day of KP in the treatment group for 45 days. Blood samples were collected on days 10, 20, 30 and 45 for measurement of the serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, progesterone and corticosterone levels. The reproductive and non-reproductive organs were dissected on day 45 and weighed. Mating behavior was also observed on days 20 and 30. Body weight was measured throughout the study period. The results showed that KP induced an increase in body weight compared with the controls. There were no significant differences in the weights of either reproductive (testis, seminal vesicle plus coagulating gland, levator ani muscle plus bulbocarvernosus muscle and glans penis, except the prostate gland) or non-reproductive organs (kidney, adrenal gland and gastracnemius muscle). There were no significant differences in serum levels of either FSH or LH between the two groups. The serum testosterone and progesterone levels were insignificantly lower in the KP group during the first 30 days. The serum corticosterone levels in the KP group were lower than those in the controls throughout the study period and were significantly low on days 20 and 30. There were no significant changes in mating behavior in the rats treated with KP. Although KP affected the body weight and serum corticosterone level, it did not affect mating behavior, reproductive and non-reproductive organ weights or hormones related to the reproductive system in the adult male rats. Therefore, we conclude that the testosterone-like effect of KP did not disturb the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis or male reproduction.     

Bactericidal activity of macrophages against Streptococcus uberis is different in mammary gland secretions of lactating and drying off cows

The aim of this study was to compare the ability of milk macrophages and macrophages from the mammary gland secretions during the mid-dry period for their interaction with the mastitis-causing Streptococcus uberis. We also aimed to determine if S. uberis induced the release of the cytokine tumour necrosis alpha (TNF-alpha) and the bactericidal moiety nitric oxide (NO) from milk macrophages of lactating cows and macrophages from the mammary gland secretions at the mid-dry period. Macrophages were isolated from the mammary gland secretions of cows during the mid-lactation or mid-dry period, and compared with blood monocytes for their interaction with the important mastitis-causing pathogen S. uberis. When infected in vitro with S. uberis, milk macrophages from lactating cows with S. uberis released modest amounts of the cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) (139 pg/ml) and the bactericidal moiety nitric oxide (NO) (3-4 microM of nitrite). Blood monocytes from lactating cows released significantly higher amounts of TNF-alpha (345 +/- 143 pg/ml) and NO (7 +/- 2 microM of nitrite) after interaction with S. uberis, compared to milk macrophages (P < 0.01 for both TNF-alpha and NO). Stimulation of blood monocytes with the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) enhanced significantly the release of NO and TNF-alpha, but IFN-gamma did not significantly enhance the production of NO and TNF-alpha by milk macrophages from lactating cows. Milk macrophages from all lactating cows failed to kill S. uberis efficiently, and this lack of killing was unaffected by prior treatment with gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) (P > 0.05). Rather, S. uberis multiplied significantly inside infected milk macrophages from lactating cows, with a two-fold increase in bacterial numbers at 2 h post-infection. Milk macrophages from lactating cows were able however, to kill a significant proportion (50-60%, P < 0.01) of phagocytosed Staphylococcus aureus. Blood monocytes from all cows were found to exert significant bactericidal activity against S. uberis. There were no significant differences in the bactericidal activity of milk macrophages obtained from lactating cows with low somatic cell counts (SCC; < 10(5) ml(-1)) compared with those with a mildly elevated SCC (> 10(5) ml(-1)) (P > 0.05). In contrast, mammary gland secretion macrophages isolated from the same cows in the mid-dry period killed a significant proportion of phagocytosed S. uberis (50-65% of ingested S. uberis killed, P < 0.01) although cytokine production in response to in vitro bacterial infection was low. We conclude that the bactericidal activity of mammary gland secretion macrophages against a virulent strain of S. uberis is low during the lactation period. In addition, our data indicate that S. uberis is not a strong inducer of NO and TNF-alpha in macrophages from the milk or mammary gland secretions of cows during the drying off period. Finally, IFN-gamma does not activate milk macrophages or macrophages from cows during the lactating period or mammary gland secretions during the drying off period.