马铃薯干旱胁迫响应及抗旱综合技术研究进展

干旱已成为马铃薯生长发育、产量及品质最重要的限制因素之一。本文综述了干旱胁迫对马铃薯植株形态特征、生理生化指标、产量品质、根际微生物群落等方面的影响,并对马铃薯抗旱性评价、抗旱相关基因挖掘、抗旱技术措施等进行了总结,以期为马铃薯产业可持续发展提供参考。     

高温干旱处理对番茄不同品种幼苗生长的影响

研究了高温干旱对13个番茄品种苗期生长的影响，对不同品种耐高温干旱性能进行了比较。结果表明：高温干旱胁迫后植株外部生长反应与其生理反应基本一致。番茄幼苗生长量、叶片叶绿素含量、光舍速率、根系活力、细胞质膜相对透性、体内游离脯氨酸（Pro）表现显著变化，可溶性糖（WSC）与丙二醛（MDA）增加。不同品种以紫玻、黄矮、毛粉、黄洋、强力表现耐高温干旱能力较强，而黄樱、黄玉、红洋、花绣、红樱耐高温干旱能力较弱。     

干旱胁迫对马铃薯类黄酮和类胡萝卜素合成关键酶基因表达的影响

利用马铃薯抗旱二倍体材料H145和对干旱敏感二倍体材料H214,通过半定量RT-PCR方法研究了干旱胁迫0、7、10、12、14 d时叶片和根系中3-二氢黄酮羟化酶（F3H）基因、黄酮合成酶（FLS）基因和β-胡萝卜素羟化酶1（HYD-1）基因的表达状况。结果表明：干旱胁迫过程中马铃薯品系H145 和H214 叶片和根系中F3H基因、FLS基因、HYD-1基因的表达量在轻度或中度干旱胁迫下有不同程度的增加,但品系H145在干旱的早期叶片中F3H基因表达量比根系里增加快,并且叶片中FLS基因和HYD-1基因受干旱诱导的表达持续时间比根系中长;品系H214叶片中F3H 基因受干旱诱导表达持续的时间比根系中长,在干旱的早期叶片里FLS 基因和HYD-1 基因表达量没有根系里增加快。说明F3H、FLS和HYD-1基因参与了马铃薯抗旱反应,但不同的品系这些基因起作用的方式可能不同。     

广豆根幼苗对干旱胁迫的生理响应

以广豆根幼苗为试材,采用不同质量浓度PEG-6000模拟土壤干旱胁迫处理广豆根(Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep.)幼苗60d后,测定叶中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量,探讨山豆根对干旱胁迫的适应机理,观测广豆根在干旱胁迫下的生理响应。结果表明:经不同质量浓度PEG-6000胁迫后,广豆根MDA的含量显著提高,几种保护酶活性在不同浓度干旱胁迫后都有不同程度的变化,但都显著或极显著高于正常水分处理;在15%处理下CAT活性显著高于其它处理;随着PEG浓度的增加,SOD活性表现出一直上升的趋势。     

高温干旱胁迫下考来木幼苗的生理响应

以盆栽考来木幼苗为试材,采用人工气候室模拟高温环境的方法,研究了高温干旱复合胁迫对考来木保护性酶系统生理活性的影响,以期为考来木的栽培与推广、园林植物的抗逆育种等提供科学理论依据,为植物生理生态研究贡献微薄的力量。结果表明:干旱或高温单一胁迫下,考来木幼苗的H_2O_2、O_2~·等活性氧代谢物含量及丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化性酶活性亦同步显著增高。在高温、干旱复合胁迫下,活性氧代谢物含量及抗氧化性酶活性均显著高于单一胁迫,SOD活性近乎叠加增长;较之单一胁迫,复合胁迫下MDA含量并无显著升高。随胁迫时间延长或胁迫程度增加,抗氧化性酶活性持续增强;当胁迫增加到一定程度或持续一定时间后,抗氧化酶活性显著下降。干旱胁迫对考来木的伤害大于高温胁迫。结果表明,考来木可通过大幅提高抗氧化性酶系统的活性来抵御高温干旱胁迫所产生的活性氧伤害,因而具有较强的耐高温干旱能力。但抗氧化酶活性的提高是有限的,高强度或长时间胁迫下活性氧大量积累,抗氧化性酶被破坏而活性下降,则作物受害。     

干旱胁迫对山葡萄光合作用及光响应特性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了干旱胁迫对"左山一"和"双丰"山葡萄当年生扦插苗光合作用及光响应特性的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫能显著降低山葡萄的最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、光饱和点(LSP)和表观量子效率(AQY),而光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)得到显著提高。无论在正常供水还是各种干旱胁迫处理情况下,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(E)和气孔导度(Gs)都随光强增加呈逐渐上升的趋势,而后趋于平缓,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)随光强的增加呈下降趋势而后趋于平缓;与CK相比,各梯度干旱处理的山葡萄Pn、E和Gs值均低于CK,Ci随干旱胁迫程度的加重先降低后升高。因此认为,山葡萄对干旱胁迫敏感,生产中在山葡萄的生长季节要保证充分灌水。     

六个牡丹品种对干旱胁迫的生理响应机制及抗性评价

以"胡红""姚黄""洛阳红""银红巧对""雨后风光""金岛"6个牡丹品种为试材,研究了干旱条件对牡丹叶内渗透调节物质、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧阴离子O₂^-·含量和抗氧化酶活性变化等生理机制的影响,并利用隶属函数法进行了综合抗性评价,以期探求干旱胁迫下,牡丹叶内渗透调节物质和抗氧化系统对干旱胁迫的调节机制,并利用这些抗性指标评价品种间的抗性关系。结果表明:随干旱程度的增加6种牡丹叶内脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质、MDA、O₂^-·含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐升高;可溶性糖含量先降后升;过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性前期升高后期降低。重度干旱时,"姚黄""胡红"脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质含量增加幅度最大,"洛阳红""银红巧对""雨后风光""金岛"增幅较小;"胡红""姚黄"叶内MDA、O₂^-·含量较低,受到的伤害轻于其余4个品种。抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性变化品种间差异显著,随着胁迫程度增加,"胡红""金岛""姚黄"APX活性逐渐升高,"雨后风光""洛阳红""银红巧对"APX活性先升高后降低。复水后牡丹生理机能恢复,MDA和O₂^-·含量显著降低,干旱胁迫危害有效缓解。经隶属函数法综合评价,耐旱能力由强到弱顺序为"胡红">"姚黄">"金岛">"雨后风光">"银红巧对">"洛阳红"。     

果树对干旱胁迫的响应研究进展

气候异常带来的干旱胁迫严重影响着果树生产。针对近年来果树对干旱胁迫响应的相关研究进展,重点综述了干旱胁迫下树体水分状况变化的研究进展,如叶片水势、茎水势、茎液流和茎直径变化以及光合作用等,以期为果树抗旱栽培提供新的思路和技术指导。     

高温和干旱胁迫对尾巨桉幼苗生理特性的影响

以木本植物尾巨桉无性系幼苗为试验材料,研究高温(40℃)和干旱胁迫(停止浇水)对其生理特性的影响。结果表明：随着高温和干旱胁迫处理时间的延长,幼苗受害指数、膜透性、丙二醛含量和脯氨酸含量均有不同程度的增高;叶片含水量、叶绿素含量均明显降低,干旱胁迫的影响大于高温胁迫的影响。     

20个马铃薯品种抗旱性鉴定及评价指标筛选

中国马铃薯生产区很大一部分在降雨不均或水资源不足地区,为满足此类地区品种需求,对马铃薯开展抗旱性评价.选择20个马铃薯常规栽培品种,在块茎膨大期对其植株叶片进行生理生化指标的测定,成熟期测产,综合评价抗旱性.结果表明,干旱胁迫对马铃薯块茎产量的影响极显著,胁迫后19个品种减产均达50％以上.测定的5个生理生化指标均与抗...     

马铃薯双单倍体诱导及辅助育种研究进展

马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)是继水稻、小麦、玉米之后全球第四大粮食作物.然而生产上种植的马铃薯多为四倍体普通栽培种,且由于其复杂的四体遗传和高度杂合的基因组等因素,严重阻碍了马铃薯遗传育种和品种改良的进程.人工诱导方法尤其是孤雌生殖诱导产生马铃薯双单倍体是解决上述问题的有效途径.马铃薯双单倍体不仅...     

干旱及复水对野生苦瓜幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

为了研究干旱及复水处理对野生苦瓜幼苗生长和生理特性的影响,探讨野生苦瓜的抗旱机制,为其栽培育种提供理论依据。以野生苦瓜‘JH01’为试验材料,对干旱胁迫4、8、12、16 d和复水处理2、5 d野生苦瓜幼苗部分生理指标的变化进行研究。结果显示,随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,植株长势变弱,叶片萎蔫程度加重,叶片相对电导率、丙二醛含量、超氧阴离子含量、过氧化氢含量和脯氨酸含量逐渐上升,叶绿素含量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势;复水后,各指标得到了不同程度的恢复,复水5 d时叶绿素含量、相对电导率、过氧化氢含量均恢复到接近对照水平;此外,脯氨酸的可塑性指数达0.98,明显大于其他生理指标,叶绿素含量的可塑性指数最小为0.29。综上表明,野生苦瓜幼苗具有一定的耐旱能力,复水对干旱胁迫具有缓解作用。     

黄瓜耐热性研究进展

阐述了高温胁迫对黄瓜生理生化过程、细胞膜和相关酶、外部形态和主要经济性状的影响,讨论了黄瓜耐热性遗传规律,总结了耐热性鉴定和提高耐热性的方法,并提出了今后黄瓜耐热性研究的建议。     

部分梨砧木的叶片组织结构与抗旱性的关系

为了评价西南喀斯特山区常用梨砧木的抗旱力强弱,了解其叶片组织解剖结构和保水力参数与抗旱性的关系,以川梨(Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham.)、滇梨(P.pseudopa shia Yu)、砂梨(P.pyrifolia Nakai)和杜梨(P.betulaefolia Bge.)为材料,采用测定旱害指数的方法鉴定其抗旱力强弱,分析几种梨砧木叶片组织解剖结构和保水力参数与抗旱性的关系。结果表明,供试梨砧木的实际抗旱力强弱顺序为杜梨>川梨和滇梨>砂梨。梨砧木叶片栅栏组织与海绵组织的厚度比、叶肉组织结构紧密度(CTR)和水分临界饱和亏的大小,与砧木种间的旱害指数呈极显著的负相关,与抗旱性呈极显著的正相关;叶肉组织结构疏松度(SR)和失水速率的大小,与旱害指数呈极显著的正相关,与抗旱性呈极显著的负相关。杜梨的抗旱力极强,川梨和滇梨抗旱力强,砂梨的抗旱力中等。用叶片组织解剖结构参数指标鉴定梨砧木抗旱性可靠性较强,用叶片失水速率和水分临界饱和亏等指标鉴定梨砧木抗旱性与实际抗旱性具有较高的吻合度。     

Climatic response and impacts of drought on oaks at urban and forest sites

This study focuses on the climate and growth response of the sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) and the northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) using dendrochronological methods. Tree-ring series of street trees in the city of Dresden, Germany and in a nature reserve close to the urban area were analysed, and the climate and growth response and moving correlation functions (CF) were computed. Moreover, the impact of 13 years of drought was examined by superposed epoch analysis (SEA). Our results show that differences emerge from peculiarities of the different site conditions, indicating that city oaks contain a higher level of noise in their ring width data due to human activities that degrade the strength of growth-climate associations. Importantly, climatic conditions during the previous summer and autumn and during the current spring season display significant correlations with annual growth. The stability of the climate–growth relationship was tested via moving correlation functions. A strong increase in the correlation with the temperature and precipitation in April was found for the trees of northern red oak in forests. Drought years induced significant reductions in radial growth for the northern red oak only. Nevertheless, the long-term impact of drought years must be considered as marginal because of the fast recovery of the radial growth after one to two years. In the future, the growth of the northern red oak may be restricted by an increased frequency of droughts and warmer and drier conditions in April.     

干旱胁迫下桃树各部位贮存水调节能力的研究

干旱胁迫使桃品种瑞光5号(Prunuspersicavar.nectarinacv.RuiguangNo.5)的叶片水势和茎流下降,并且干旱越严重下降越多。干旱胁迫对贮存水调节量的影响不显著,但是绝对调节能力随干旱胁迫程度的增加而增加。各部位间的相对调节能力主要是由其水容、贮存水阻力和体积决定的,干旱胁迫对各部位间的相对调节能力的影响不显著。在充分灌水条件下各部位贮存水夜间的相对调节能力为:主根18.8%、主干38.5%、枝条17.8%、叶片3.4%、细根2.9%、果实6.7%、粗根12.0%,处理之间绝对调节能力的差异不显著。贮存水的调节主要来自主干、主根、粗根和枝条,这4部分占全部调节量的80%以上。     

Ameliorative effect of polyamines on the high temperature inhibition of in vitro pollen germination in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Effect of polyamines on in vitro pollen germination at high temperatures in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was investigated. Pollen germination and tube growth were significantly inhibited at 33°C and 35°C compared to those at 25°C. This inhibition was reversed by the addition of spermidine or spermine in the germination medium. Spermidine at 0.5 mM was slightly more effective than spermine at 0.05 mM. Spermidine at 0.05 and 0.5 mM and spermine at 0.05 mM slightly increased pollen germination rates at 25°C. Spermidine at 5 mM and spermine at 0.5 M were inhibitory to pollen germination, regardless of incubation temperatures. Spermidine also promoted germination of pollen grains incubated at 38°C for 1 and 3 h and then at 25°C for the rest of the 20 h incubation period. The effect was higher at 0.5 mM than at 0.05 mM. Treatment of spermidine to intact flowers 1 day before anthesis was also effective in ameliorating the high temperature inhibition of in vitro pollen germination on the polyamine-free medium. Here, the optimum concentration was 5 mM. These results demonstrate that polyamines can counteract the inhibitory effects of high temperature on pollen germination. They also suggest that the endogenous level of polyamines in germinating pollen grains is an important factor for the pollen germinability at high temperature.     

油菜素内酯在瓜类作物上的研究及应用进展

油菜素内酯(brassinolide,简称BR)是以甾醇为基本结构的具有生物活性的天然化合物,是1种新型植物生长调节物质,兼具IAA、GA、CTK的生理功能,被誉为“第6大激素”。论述了油菜素内酯的发现发展过程、生理特性、生理作用,及在黄瓜等瓜类作物上的研究及应用状况,同时展望了油菜素内酯的应用前景。     

The effect of water deficit stress on the growth,yield and composition of essential oils of parsley

Three parsley cultivars (plain-leafed, curly-leafed and turnip-rooted) were grown under conditions of 35–40% and 45–60% water deficit in order to evaluate the effect of this form of stress on plant growth, essential oil yield and composition. Plant growth (foliage and root weight, leaf number) was significantly reduced by water stress, even at 30–45% deficit. Water stress increased the yield of essential oil (on a fresh weight basis) from the leaves of plain-leafed and curly-leafed, but not turnip-rooted, parsley. However, on a m² basis foliage oil yield increased significantly only in curly-leafed parsley. Water stress also caused changes in the relative contribution of certain aroma constituents of the essential oils (principally 1,3,8-p-menthatriene, myristicin, terpinolene + p-cymenene), but these changes varied between cultivars. The oil yield of roots was low and water deficit stress had relatively little effect on the root oil composition. It is concluded that because the biomass of plants subjected to water deficit is reduced, it is possible to increase the plant density of plain-leafed or curly-leafed parsley, thereby further increasing the yield of oil per m². However, the application of water deficit stress to parsley essential oil production must also take into account likely changes in oil composition, which in turn relate to the cultivar.