高赖氨酸玉米的遗传特点和栽培品种

1963年麦茨发现一个隐性突变基因,经过基因定位证明在第七染色体第16位点上,定名奥帕克—2(Opaque endosprem),缩写为O_2。这个基因在纯合状态时,并不增加玉米籽粒的蛋白质含量,但可以改变蛋白质的组分,使玉米胚乳中赖氨酸的含量提高70—100％(普通玉米每百克蛋白质中赖氨酸含量1.5—2     

高赖氨酸玉米单粒鉴别技术初报——(Ⅰ)—Folin 酚比色法

在改造“奥帕克—2”玉米胚乳性状的育种工作中,需要对杂交后代进行单粒分析,以便挑选出那些既是硬胚乳又是赖氨酸含量高的籽粒。普通玉米的醇溶蛋白含量比高赖氨酸玉米高1倍左右。用灵敏度高的 Folin 酚比色法可以精确地反映出各籽粒间醇溶蛋白含量的差异,从而达到鉴别高赖氨酸玉米籽粒的目的。     

半硬粒高赖氨酸玉米突变—开采号

半硬粒高赖氨酸突变体开采号是从北京农家种二黄玉米自交选系过程中分离出的新资源.它是1984年在二黄自交4代的单株果穗上出现的,经过选择加代,第7代成为各种性状稳定的纯合自交系.1991年经墨西哥玉米小麦改良中心分析测定,赖氨酸含量占百克蛋白质的4.2%,即占全子粒的0.411%.而普通玉米自330(对照)赖氨酸含量占百克蛋白的2.3%,开采号比普通玉米(自330)赖氨酸含量高82%.它是继奥帕克-2(O2)、弗洛里-2(fl2)、奥帕克-7(O7)三个突变体之后发现的又一个高赖氨酸玉米新资源.以开采号转育的高赖氨酸玉米子粒,可克服O2转育的容重低 子粒易受病虫危害的缺     

优质蛋白玉米的发展前景

优质蛋白玉米 (又称为高赖氨酸玉米 )是全籽粒赖氨酸含量在 0 .40 %以上、胚乳硬质度在 2 .0级以上的高营养玉米。196 4年美国普渡大学的麦茨教授在《科学》杂志上发表了题为“突变基因改变了玉米胚乳蛋白组成和增加了氨基酸含量”的著名论文 ,表明利用奥帕克 - 2 (o2 )基因可使玉米胚乳的赖氨酸含量增加 6 9% ,如以全籽粒计算则增加 1倍 ;后来的研究结果证明色氨酸也增加 1倍 ,精氨酸增加30 %～ 5 0 %。这一重要发现开辟了玉米品质育种的新纪元。利用这种玉米进行的营养实验 ,表明其蛋白质品质相当于牛奶蛋白 ,接近于鸡蛋蛋白 ,其生物价为 …     

高赖氨酸玉米对串珠镰刀菌穗腐病抗性遗传的初步研究

以奥帕克-2高赖氨酸玉米(简称 O_2玉米)为材料,通过正反交、10×10不完全双列杂交以及六个世代对串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium moniliforme Sheld)引起穗腐病的抗性遗传进行研究。试验结果表明:O_2玉米对串珠镰刀菌穗腐病的抗性属于核遗传,为不完全显性,基因的加性效应大于显性效应,抗性基因不存在上位性,抗性遗传力较高。抗性至少受1     

对伊利诺高油(IHO C80)和亚里山索高油(Alexho C23)重组群体的遗传研究

采用北卡罗莱那遗传设计 I(N.C.D.-I),对经过80代混合选择的伊利诺高油系(IHO)与经过2、3代轮回选择的亚里山索综合种(Alexho)的杂交 F_2代群体种子的油分含量等品质性状以及株高、穗长等农艺性状的遗传变异进行了研究。结果表明:本文所研究的各个性状都存在显著的遗传方差,油分含量、蛋白质含量、赖氨酸含量、百粒重等性状的     

选育优质蛋白玉米种质的最近进展

本文简述选育优质蛋白玉米所遇到的问题及其解决途径。国际玉米小麦改良中心(以下简称“改良中心”)过去十多年来采用奥帕克2基因及其修饰基因的作用,将原来的粉质籽粒逐渐改成硬胚乳籽粒,同时保存了高营养品质,使籽粒中的赖氨酸和色氨酸含量仍然高过普通玉米,在育种上取得了显著进展。整个育种过程可分为三个阶段:(1)选获优     

CIMMYT主要优质蛋白玉米群体和自交系

通过育种手段改良玉米蛋白质品质开始于60年代中期,当时两个突变体奥帕克－2（o2）和弗洛里－2的发现,显著地提高了玉米中两种必需氨基酸赖氨酸和色氨酸的含量,这对提高玉米的营养价值有重要意义。国际玉米小麦改良中心（CIMMYT）在过去30年致力于用。2基因进行优质蛋白玉米（QPM）育种。。2基因提高了玉米的蛋白质品质,但该基因同时带来软质胚乳、产量低、感穗腐、易生虫和脱水慢等不良性状,很难大面积推广。经多年的努力,CIMMYT采用修饰基因,已经克服了。2基因带来的缺陷,育出了产量和赖氨酸含量均较高的热带和亚热带优质蛋…     

玉米o2,o16和wx基因不同聚合类型近等基因系的选育

为研究玉米高赖氨酸奥帕克-2(opaque-2,o2),奥帕克-16(opaque-16,o16)和糯性(waxy1,wx1)突变基因聚合提高营养品质的分子机理,以玉米o2,o16和wx三隐性基因聚合系QCL 8002-11(o2o2o16o16wxwx)为供体亲本,以普通玉米自交系CML 539为受体亲本,构建玉米o2、o16和wx基因不同聚合类型的近等基因系,经过多代回交和自交,利用分子标记辅助选择技术,选育出一批含有o2o16wx三隐性基因,o2o16、o2wx和o16wx双隐性基因,o2、o16和wx单隐性基因的近等基因系材料,为玉米品质的快速改良和阐明优异基因聚合提高玉米营养品质的机理提供材料基础。     

用茚三酮测定植物种子及蛋白质中赖氨酸含量

1963年尼尔逊发现了玉米高赖氨酸突变体“奥帕克-2”及“佛洛里-2”之后,许多国家开展了育种及生物化学研究,以创造玉米高赖氨酸同型种及杂交种。目前,正研究提高多种谷物(小麦、大麦、高梁等)种子中赖氨酸含量的遗传及育种途径。我们研制了不预先水解蛋白质,直接测定蛋白质(面粉)中赖氨酸的快速方法,以     

The effect of the opaque-2 gene on yield in maize

Summary It is difficult to use opaque-2 hybrids mainly because of their present low yield as compared with that of normal hybrids.Our studies were based on an experimental design allowing the comparison between 10 normal hybrids and their opaque-2 counterparts.The differences between normal and opaque-2 hybrids indicate that the opaque-2 (o ₂) gene chiefly affects kernel characters, and slightly some other characters.The observed phenotypical variability is mainly related with genetical causes. This means that the selection for suitable hybrid combinations may lessen the opaque-2 negative effects, which should be possible without modifying the protein quality of the opaque-2 maize.     

Maturity interaction and black layer occurrence in opaque-2 and normal hybrids in maize (Zea mays L.)

Summary Six opaque-2 lines and their normal counterparts were crossed in diallel crosses. The crosses were grown in 1970 in a split plot randomized complete block design. Harvests were made at 7-day intervals starting at 28 days after pollination and countinuing through 63 days.The average kernel weight of opaque-2 hybrids was inferior to that of the normal. Nevertheless, the opaque-2 gene performed differently in different hybrids. In B14 x B37 single cross the mutant had similar kernel weight as its normal counterpart in the first and second harvests. In contrast a wide difference was found between the opaque-2 and the normal, both at early and late stages of development in W64A x A545 background.The normal hybrids had greater cob weight, ranging from 9'7 to 11.8% more than the opaque-2. The difference in cob weight of the opaque-2 and the normal remained constant over the different harvest dates.At physiological maturity, the opaque-2 hybrids averaged 3.5% higher moisture content than the normal. In general, a slower accumulation of dry matter in the kernels was accompanied by a retention of more moisture.Shelling percentage was higher for the normal hybrids. Black layer, an indicator of physiological maturity, was formed at about the same time in the opaque-2 and normal.Journal paper No. 6094.     

玉米o16基因回交渗入o2系的分子标记辅助选择

在高赖氨酸玉米育种中,主要是以玉米opaque-2(o2)突变体作供体回交转育培育亲本材料,再行培育高赖氨酸杂交种。但是,迄今培育的o2玉米系及其杂交种的籽粒赖氨酸含量约为0.4%,不能满足食用和饲用的需求。为了提高o2玉米的赖氨酸含量,本研究利用一个新的高赖氨酸突变基因opaque-16(o16)的载体QCL3021作供体,o2玉米系太系19为受体,将o16基因回交渗入o2玉米系。在回交的每一世代及随后的自交世代,用o2基因内的SSR标记umc1066和o16基因的连锁SSR标记umc1141进行前景选择,再对中选单株进行全基因组SSR标记的背景选择,最后用染料结合赖氨酸法测定籽粒赖氨酸含量,以便保证筛选出遗传背景恢复率和赖氨酸含量均高的目标单株。在BC₂F₄代,获得携带o2和o16基因的家系17个,其遗传背景与o2玉米系相当(恢复率为92%~95%),赖氨酸含量为0.469%~0.599%。其赖氨酸含量比普通玉米平均提高约122.63%;比高值亲本太系19(o2o2)平均提高约22.33%,增幅为6.11%~35.52%;比低值亲本QCL3021(o16o16)平均提高约65.86%,增幅为43.87%~83.74%。表明采用标记辅助选择技术将o16基因回交导入o2玉米,能有效提高玉米籽粒的赖氨酸含量,对高赖氨酸玉米的遗传改良和育种具有重要意义。     

Genetic control of kernel modification found in South African quality protein maize inbred lines

Summary The genetic control of endosperm modification in 12 opaque-2 maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines was investigated by means of a diallel cross experiment conducted across two environments. Kernel vitreousness and kernel hardness were determined by partially dominant genes. Additive gene action was largely responsible for kernel modification. A favourable general combining ability for kernel vitreousness and kernel hardness was positively correlated with an accumulation of dominant kernel modifying genes. South African sources of endosperm modifiers have been found to be similar to those used in other quality protein maize breeding programmes. Certain inbred lines displayed sufficient genetic potential for use in a quality protein maize hybrid breeding programme.     

opaque-2玉米近等基因系的构建与赖氨酸含量快速检测

我国高赖氨酸玉米种质资源狭窄,opaque-2(o2)突变基因能大幅提高玉米赖氨酸含量,通过分子标记辅助选择构建o2玉米近等基因系并检测其赖氨酸含量具有重要意义。其中,要解决的两个关键问题是如何准确地将不同供体的o2突变基因导入受体系和如何快速地检测导入系的赖氨酸含量。本研究利用O2基因内紧密连锁的SSR共显性标记引物phi057检测玉米供体和受体自交系的多态性,利用其特异性和共显性构建o2近等基因系;参考已有研究,改进染料结合(DBL)法,测定18组构建成功的o2近等基因系的赖氨酸含量。结果表明,不仅在不同供体(CA339和山东2548)之间存在多态性,而且在不同受体系间也存在多态性,利用phi057能够成功地将不同供体的o2突变基因导入受体系,构建o2近等基因系;改进的DBL法分析表明,不同受体系赖氨酸含量变化较大,不同背景的受体系导入o2突变基因后赖氨酸含量增加的幅度差异也较大;普通玉米自交系间赖氨酸含量为0.223%~0.368%,构建成功的不同o2近等基因系间,赖氨酸含量为0.373%~0.527%,与受体亲本相比,赖氨酸增加幅度最低为13%,最高为74%。分析表明,phi057能准确筛选导入o2突变基因的受体系,结合改进的DBL法能快速地选择赖氨酸含量高的玉米。     

opaque 2基因微卫星标记与玉米籽粒赖氨酸含量的关系

利用opaque2（o2）基因序列内的微卫星标记phi057、phi112和umc1066检测优质蛋白和普通玉米自交系CA335及黄早四,发现phi057是共显性标记,且具有明显的多态性。利用标记phi057对BC1F1回交群体[(CA335×黄早四)×CA335]的224个单株进行检测,两种基因型o2o2和o2O2的分离比为1︰1.24,符合孟德尔遗传分离比例。进一步将群体内     

Recurrent selection for seed quality traits in an opaque-2 maize population

Summary The aim of this research was to evaluate the response to phenotypic recurrent selection for four seed quality traits, i.e. protein content, dye binding capacity, tryptophan content, and specific weight, in a modified opaque-2 population of maize (Zea mays L.). Changes in other agronomic traits were also studied. Four selection cycles, using as selection criterion an index constructed from the four seed quality traits, were completed on an individual plant basis. The material from each cycle and from testerosses of each cycle with a homozygous opaque-2 tester was grown for two consecutive years to evaluate the progress due to selection. The results showed that four cycles of recurrent selection induced sizeable variations among cycles for all selected traits. The rate of progress for the four seed quality traits was nearly linear. Further-more, theldata show that improvement in seed-protein related traits had no negative effects on grain yield and kernel weight, when evaluated as the mean performance of testerosses. There was also no appreciable alteration in the other agronomic traits caused by selection for seed quality traits.     

R-nj aleurone color selection and grain-filling responses in opaque-2 maize

Summary Field experiments were conducted to determine which grain-filling characteristics were affected by the o2 gene and whether mass selection for degree of aleurone anthocyanin pigmentation controlled by R-nj could improve the grain-fill deficiencies associated with the o2 (opaque) phenotype of a mazie (Zea mays L.) synthetic (NDSE). Divergent mass selection was used to develop high color (HC), low color (LC), and randomly sampled (RC) check substrains. Lag phase duration (LPD), effective filling period (EFPD), and rate of dry matter accumulation (RDMA) for both opaque and normal dent phenotypes of third cycle HC, LC, and RC substrains were evaluated at three N fertility levels for each of two years at Fargo. Normal (O2) pollen produced heavier kernels than o2 pollen at all N rates in 1982. Over years, O2 pollinations averaged 11% longer EFPDs than o2 pollinations, but LPDs were usually longer for o2 pollinations. HC strains averaged 5.6% higher RDMA than RC strains across pollen types while LC strains had higher RDMA than RC strains only for O2 pollinations. These results indicate that selection for LC improved several traits which were deficient in opaque-2 maize and that use of the R-nj gene may be useful in improving opaque-2 maize.Journal article No. 1756 of the North Dakota Agric. Exp. Stn., Fargo     

高赖氨酸玉米主要品质性状的配合力分析

用4个软质胚乳和4个硬质（或半硬质）胚乳的高赖氨酸玉米自交系，进行8×8完全双列杂交试验，分析了后代籽粒品质性状的遗传表现和配合力。软质胚乳亲本和硬质胚乳亲本杂交时，当代F1籽粒的胚乳硬质度表现出显著的正反交差异，以硬质亲本作母本时F1籽粒硬质度较高，但F2籽粒的硬质度无显著的正反交差异。硬×硬类型杂交后代的     

Genotype x environment interactions in a 10 × 10 diallel cross of quality protein maize (Zea mays L.)

Summary A 10×10 diallel cross experiment involving white modified opaque-2 maize inbred lines was grown at four sites. A stability analysis, based on both a combining ability and a heterotic pattern model, was developed. The stability analysis provided valuable information on the genotype x environment interaction properties of the 10 inbred lines. The Gail & Simon (1985) test for qualitative interactions provided a means of determining the nature of these interactions. The inbred, SO507W(M), is shown to have the best potential for use in a hybrid breeding programme, in terms of having the highest weighted general combining ability and line heterosis, and the best general adaptability to all four sites. The single cross, SO713W(P) x PO558W(F), has been identified as one of the genotypes to be used in a recurrent selection programme that favours specific combining ability.