栓皮栎林分枯落物对土壤-植物系统水分运动的影响

[目的]分析枯落物层对森林生态系统水分循环的作用。[方法]利用稳定同位素技术,测定了在旱季和雨季栓皮栎木质部水分以及枯落物层和不同土壤层水分的同位素特征。通过对比不同环境条件下(干旱期和降雨前后)枯落物层和土壤水分同位素组成的变化,并根据其与植物茎水分同位素特征的差异判断栓皮栎不同季节的水分利用来源。[结果]在旱季,随着干旱期的进行,对于平均枯落物层厚度,表层0—30cm土壤水分同位素特征由于蒸发分馏的影响逐渐变得富集,而对于因为特殊地形而造成的未分解枯落物层较厚的地方,则土壤水分同位素特征随着干旱期的进行几乎不发生变化;栓皮栎的水分来源主要集中在表层,随着干旱期的延长没有发生变化;在雨季,极端降雨后,土壤同位素特征表明枯落物截留降雨的效应明显,被枯落物截留的雨水以活塞流的形式继续向土壤入渗,栓皮栎的水分来源主要来自于表层0—10cm枯落物层(分解层)的土壤;土壤剖面水分同位素特征呈现的梯度变化与土壤层的结构有关。[结论]枯落物层的厚度,特别是未分解层,对土壤水分的同位素特征影响有差异;枯落物层的水文效应也间接改变了植物的水分利用。     

淮北砂薑土(砂薑黑土)水分性貭的一些特点

江苏、安徽两省淮北平原是以旱作为主的农区.平均年降雨量740毫米(据安徽宿县資料),一年中降雨的分布很不均勻,主要集中于7、8两月,在平坦低洼地区就形成积涝,9月以后正是小麦整地播种时期,往往又少雨而形成秋旱.     

青海省刚察县吉尔孟地区不同厚度土壤水分研究

通过土壤含水量测定,对青海湖西部天然草地不同厚度土壤含水量等问题进行了研究.结果表明,吉尔孟厚土层和薄土层土壤含水量均呈现随深度增加而逐渐降低的趋势.在相同土壤厚度条件下,低草地土壤含水量比高草地含水量高.在植被相同条件下,厚土层含水量比薄土层的含水量高.草地厚土层在80 cm深度出现土壤干层,指示当地的土壤下部水分不足.30 cm厚度的薄土层高草地和30 cm厚度的薄土层低草地分别在21和24 cm出现了含水量低于11％的干化现象.厚土层上部30 cm含水量比30 cm厚度的薄土层含水量高12.4％.吉尔孟土壤水分的突出特点是上部含水量高,说明该区土壤水分具有在上部聚集的特点,这是该区土壤冻结期较长和蒸发及蒸腾较少造成的,土壤水分在上部聚集对草原植被生长是有利的.由于该区土壤下部水分不足,该区应该发展耐旱牧草和其他耗水较少的草原植被,不适于发展深根系耗水较多的植被.     

基于GIS的安塞县土壤水分制图及其数量分析

 以空间图形和数据库为基础,利用GIS安塞县的土壤水分样点数据与地理数据结合起来,建立不同利用类型土地类型坡度分级的浮点型土壤含水率字段,对安塞县域尺度土壤水分制图及其定量化方法进行研究和探讨,对安塞县不同土层土壤水分状态和分布进行定量分析。结果表明:从土壤水分结构看,安塞县土壤水分总体上处于较低水平,0～500 cm土层平均土壤含水量在含水量为8.6%～10.8%的分布面积占到总土地面积的75.34%,在含水量<6.4%和6.4%～8.6%的分布面积占到总土地面积的19.36%,其中含水率<6.4%的土壤干层面积占到总土地面积的9.23%,其在上层分布面积大于下层,分布在一般（≥10.8%）以上水平的面积仅占总土地面积的5.31%。安塞县每2的土壤水库蓄水量在0～120cm土层仅有0.060.07 m3,而其他土层都在0.15m3以下。说明安塞县土壤水分环境极差,土壤水库的调节作用对于林木生长极其有限,大面积植树造林超越了安塞县土壤水库的供水和调水能力,是不适宜的;因此,在以适地适树原则适应土壤水分环境的同时,应加强土壤水分环境的改善。     

青海湖南侧江西沟土壤水分研究

根据含水量和粒度测定,对青藏高原东部的青海湖南侧土壤水分含量特征、土壤干层与草原发育的适宜性和土壤水库等问题进行了研究。结果表明,青海湖南侧土壤含水量随深度增加呈现减小的趋势,在土壤1.0 m左右深度以下有长期性土壤干层发育;从上向下土壤干层发育强度呈现加重趋势,由轻度干层变为中度干层,这主要与气候暖干化和降水量少有关。虽然该区丰水年土壤剖面上部的水分明显升高,但还没有使土壤干层中的水分得到全部恢复。青海湖南侧土壤是与黄土相似的粉沙土,但该区土层较薄,土壤水库的调蓄能力较小。土壤干层的发育和较弱的土壤蓄水能力指示该区不适于植树造林,适宜发展消耗水分较少的草原植被。     

Diurnal migration and responses to simulated rainfall in desert soil microarthropods and nematodes

Diurnal patterns of microarthropod abundance in surface leaf litter were related to its moisture content. Leaf litter moisture was nearly 7% by weight at 0800h but fell to less than 1% by mid-day. Oribatid and tydeid mites moved into litter in the early morning and back into the soil before mid-day. There were no significant differences in numbers of nematodes in litter or soil and 78–98% of the nematodes were anhydrobiotic (coiled) in soil and litter at all times sampled.Following simulated rainfall there were fewer microarthropods in litter at mid-day in the absence of marked decreases in soil and litter moisture content. During drying, there were gradual reductions in numbers and species diversity of litter microarthropods. Nematode numbers did not change as litter dried. Anhydrobiotic nematodes in the soil increased from 14% on day 1 to 85% on day 4. Between 24 and 36 h after simulated rainfall, the proportion of anhydrobiotic litter nematodes increased from 35 to 80%,.Within 1 h after simulated rainfall, there were marked increases in numbers and diversity of microarthropods in surface litter. No collembolans were extracted from dry litter controls but the wet litter was dominated by isotomid, sminthurid and onychiurid collembolans. There were increases in numbers and diversity of oribatid, tydeid and gamasid mites in the wet surface litter within l h after wetting compared to controls.     

大兴安岭典型针阔混交林区土壤持水效应

受地貌条件的影响,大兴安岭低山丘陵地区土壤的水、热性质出现分异,发育的土壤类型以及植被都表现出典型的高寒森林湿地中域景观特征。沿局部分水岭向河谷低漫滩发育4种土壤类型,依次为塔头苔草草甸土—灰色森林土—白浆土—暗棕壤。大兴安岭地区森林湿地存在明显的冻融过程,冻融作用的影响下森林湿地表层的水分数量和状态都发生明显的变化。在冻融过程中,位于地势较高的森林植被湿地仅表层储存大量水分,而位于低位的塔头苔草湿地整体土体的水分数量和状态都发生明显的变化。白浆土的水分特征曲线非常平缓,表明土壤水分变化微弱。大兴安岭地区山岭和山麓发育的土壤土层较薄,使得除了枯落物(O)层外其他土层土壤持水性能都弱,一旦该地区枯枝落叶层受到破坏,整个山岭表层的土壤将发生严重的水土流失。     

榆林沙区土壤水分时空格局及动态变化规律研究

采用定位取样与烘干法,测定了榆林沙区几个树种土壤含水量。结果表明:各树种土壤含水量变化规律为:樟子松>柠条>紫穗槐>沙柳>沙蒿>花棒-踏郎;土壤含水量的垂直分布格局为表层土壤含水量最低,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤含水量呈增加趋势;土壤含水量的季节动态规律为不同树种土壤含水量具有明显的季节变化规律,土壤含水量按季节变化可分为3个阶段,4-5月的土壤水分弱失水阶段,6-8月的土壤水分消耗阶段,9-10月的土壤水分缓慢恢复阶段。     

长江三峡山地集水区土壤水分空间变异特征

为阐明亚热带湿润气候区山地坡面土壤水分的时空变化及影响因素,以三峡库区针叶林覆盖的中山凹坡为研究对象,采用经典统计学和地统计学的方法,对2019-2020年5 m×5 m网格点监测的117个点位0-70 cm土层深度的土壤水分数据进行分析,研究了湿润和干旱条件下典型凹坡集水区内土壤含水量的统计学特征与环境因子的相关性,以及土壤含水量的空间变异特征。结果表明:(1)水平方向上,集水区内各层土壤水分均表现为中等变异(10%相似文献   

桤木属两个种人工林土壤水分特征

对湘北第四纪红土红壤地区四川桤木人工林、台湾桤木人工林土壤水分特征进行了研究.结果表明,四川桤木林枯落物最大持水量达到24.76 t/hm~2,是台湾桤木林的1.22倍.土壤总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度大小顺序为:台湾桤木林＞四川桤木林＞荒地,土壤最大持水量是台湾桤木林最大,为24.55 mm.0-45 cm层土壤渗透参数大小顺序为:台湾桤木林＞四川桤木林＞荒地.说明桤木人工林能够改善该地区的土壤结构,使其具有良好的土壤水分特征.     

内蒙古自治区多伦县不同林地枯落物持水性能研究

[目的]探讨多伦县不同林分类型的枯落物持水性能差异,为该区森林土壤持水性能提供基础数据理论。[方法]以内蒙古自治区锡林浩特市多伦县为研究区,选取代表性的10块林地,收集林地地表枯落物,测定其现存量、持水性能及拦蓄能力等,旨在分析不同林分类型下枯落物持水性能的差异及其对表层土壤(0—20cm)含水率的影响。[结果](1)乔木林的枯落物现存量、持水能力和拦蓄能力均高于灌木林。(2)天然林的枯落物现存量、持水能力和拦蓄能力均高于人工林。(3)各林地枯落物厚度显著影响表层土壤的含水率,即枯落层越厚,表层土壤含水率越高。[结论]由于树种组成、年龄、林分密度及立地条件的影响,不同林分类型的持水能力差异较大,但变化规律为基本一致,同时,林地对土壤水分的影响高于草地。     

阿拉善荒漠区土壤水分的动态变化及其对主要灌木生长发育的影响

基于孪井滩牧业气象试验站25a(1981-2005年)连续定位观测资料,对阿拉善主要荒漠天然灌木的生育期与产量变化趋势、土壤水分变化趋势及其对灌木的影响进行分析。结果表明,浅层与深层土壤含水率均呈下降趋势,其中10-20cm浅层下降趋势更为明显(P<0.05);5种荒漠灌木的返青期、开花期以及黄枯期均有提前趋势,其中黄枯期提前尤为明显,返青期次之;5种荒漠灌木的干重和鲜重也均有明显下降趋势,与干重相比,鲜重下降更为明显。相关分析结果表明,土壤含水率与灌木生育期以及干鲜重的相关性因不同时段和不同灌木品种而异,土壤水分主要影响返青期,土壤含水率越大,返青期越早。30-50cm土层土壤含水率的变化相对较稳定,成为影响灌木返青期的主要土层;开花期和黄枯期对水分变化没有显著反应;10-20cm浅土层土壤水分对荒漠灌木的干鲜重影响最为显著;荒漠灌木干鲜重与上一年不同土层土壤含水率的相关性明显好于当年。无论是深层还是浅层土壤含水率,与干重的相关性均比鲜重小。     

三匹虎自然保护区森林枯枝落叶层及土壤层涵养水源功能分析

根据广西三匹虎自然保护区森林土壤及植被类型的垂直分布状况,设置9个标准地,分别对林地枯枝落叶层和土壤层进行了调查取样测定。结果表明:该保护区森林枯枝落叶层平均累积量为18.69 t/hm2,对一次降雨过程的平均最大净吸水量为39.79 t/hm2;1 m土层对一次降雨过程的贮水量变动在759.2~1578.6 t/hm2之间,平均值为1235.5t/hm2;林地枯落物层和土壤层对一次降雨过程的贮水量为1275.29 t/hm2。研究充分说明,广西三匹虎自然保护区森林枯落物层和土壤层涵养水源功能极为显著,对维护和保障周边地区的生态安全与水土保持都起着非常重要的作用。     

荒漠草原4种主要植物群落枯落物层水土保持功能

枯落物层是草地除冠层外,大气与矿质土壤层、植物根系层进行物质与能量交换的重要介质,在生态学中起着不可替代的作用。通过研究荒漠草原4种主要植物群落(蒙古冰草群落、甘草群落、赖草群落和沙蒿群落)水土保持功能,结果表明:荒漠草原4种植物群落枯落物层年截留率在4.58%～5.61%,截留量为22.77～27.87mm,且枯落物对降雨的截留量随降雨量增加而增大,而截留率随降雨量增加而减小,当降雨等级在0～2mm时,截留率为100%,当降雨等级高于2mm时,截留率随1次降雨降雨量的增加而减少。枯落物层抑制土壤蒸发的效应与枯落物层厚度的增加呈正相关,有枯落物层比无枯落物层覆盖的土壤蒸发量减少了19.25%～76.82%,但当土壤含水量升高为田间持水量的3/4时,不同植物群落枯落物减少土壤水分蒸发的效应有所不同。围封内枯落物对土壤风蚀的抑制显著低于围封外,枯落物对风蚀的抑制作用与枯落物的蓄积量呈正相关。     

Scots pine litter decomposition along drainage succession and soil nutrient gradients in peatland forests, and the effects of inter-annual weather variation

Peatlands form a large carbon (C) pool but their C sink is labile and susceptible to changes in climate and land-use. Some pristine peatlands are forested, and others have the potential: the amount of arboreal vegetation is likely to increase if soil water levels are lowered as a consequence of climate change. On those sites tree litter dynamics may be crucial for the C balance. We studied the decomposition of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needle and root litter in boreal peatland sites representing gradients in drainage succession (succession following water level drawdown caused by forest drainage) and soil nutrient level during several years of varying weather conditions. Neither gradient had an unambiguous effect on litter mass loss. Mass loss over 2 years was faster in undrained versus drained sites for both needle litter, incubated in the moss layer, and fine root litter, incubated in 0-10 cm peat layer, suggesting moisture stress in the surface layers of the drained sites limited decomposition. Differences among the drained sites were not consistent. Among years, mass loss correlated positively with precipitation variables, and mostly negatively or not at all with temperature sum. We concluded that a long-term water level drawdown in peatlands does not necessarily enhance decay of fresh organic matter. Instead, the drained site may turn into a ‘large hummock-system’ where several factors, including litter quality, relative moisture deficiency, higher acidity, lower substrate temperature, and in deeper layers also oxygen deficiency, may interact to constrain organic matter decomposition. Further, the decomposition rates may not vary systematically among sites of different soil nutrient levels following water level drawdown. Our results emphasize the importance of annual weather variations on decomposition rates, and demonstrate that single-period incubation studies incorporate an indeterminable amount of temporal variation.     

Relationships between soil–litter interface enzyme activities and decomposition in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus massoniana</Emphasis> plantations in China

Purpose

Enzyme activities in decomposing litter are directly related to the rate of litter mass loss and have been widely accepted as indicators of changes in belowground processes. Studies of variation in enzyme activities of soil–litter interface and its effects on decomposition are lacking. Evaluating enzyme activities in this layer is important to better understand energy flow and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems.

Materials and methods

Litter decomposition and the seasonal dynamics of soil–litter enzyme activities were investigated in situ in 20- (younger) and 46-year-old (older) Pinus massoniana stands for 540 days from August 2010 to March 2012 by litterbag method. We measured potential activities of invertase, cellulase, urease, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase in litter and the upper mineral soils, and evaluated their relationships with the main environment factors.

Results and discussion

Remaining litter mass was 57.6 % of the initial weights in the younger stands and 61.3 % in the older stands after 540-day decomposition. Levels of enzyme activity were higher in the litter layer than in the soil layer. Soil temperature, litter moisture, and litter nitrogen (N) concentration were the most important factors affecting the enzyme activities. The enzyme activity showed significantly seasonal dynamics in association with the seasonal variations in temperature, water, and decomposition stages. Remaining litter dry mass was found to be significantly linearly correlated with enzyme activities (except for litter peroxidase), which indicates an important role of enzyme activity in the litter decomposition process.

Conclusions

Our results indicated the important effects of biotic (litter N) and abiotic factors (soil temperature and litter moisture) on soil–litter interface enzyme activities. Overall significant linear relationship between remaining dry mass and enzyme activities highlighted the important role of enzyme activity in affecting litter decomposition processes, which will further influence nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Our results contributed to the better understanding of the mechanistic link between upper soil–litter extracellular enzyme production and litter decomposition in forest ecosystems.

     

Dynamics and stratification of protozoa in the organic layer of a Scots pine forest

Fluctuations in soil biota abundance in different organic layers of a Scots pine forest in The Netherlands were studied by bimonthly counts during 2.5 years. The counts were made using litterbags which were placed in the litter (L), fragmentation (F) and humus (H) layers at the start of the experiment. Results from the L layer were also compared with results from litter which was renewed every 2 months (L′) to study colonisation. In this study the results for amoebae, flagellates and ciliates are presented. The highest numbers of soil protozoa were found in the L layer during most sampling occasions. The H layer contained the lowest numbers. The L layer also showed higher numbers than the L′ litterbags which were renewed every 2 months. Fluctuations in abundance could partly be explained by fluctuations in moisture content. Moisture content in the litterbags was rather constant throughout the experiment, although occasionally moisture contents of 10% and 80% were observed. Fluctuations in moisture content in the L layer were often larger than in the F and H layers. Flagellates were the most abundant group, reaching numbers of several hundred thousands to several millions per gram fresh weight on various occasions. Amoebae often reached numbers of between tens of thousands and several hundred thousands. Ciliates only reached numbers of up to several thousands. Received: 26 June 1997     

山西榆次不同植被土壤水分有效性与干燥化效应

为了对山西省山区土壤干旱程度和水资源利用情况进行研究,通过称重法研究了山西榆次区不同植被(樱桃林地、耕地、枣树林地和杨树林地)及撂荒地土壤剖面水分变化特征、水分有效性及干燥化效应。结果表明:土壤平均含水量从小到大依次为杨树林地(8.10%)、枣树林地(9.94%)、撂荒地(10.70%)、樱桃林地(14.47%)和耕地(14.53%)。各植被下土层均有不同程度的干层发育,其中耕地和樱桃林地土壤为轻度干层,撂荒地主要为中度干层,而枣树林地与杨树林地则发育了中重度干层。杨树林地各土层均为无效水,枣树林地以无效水为主,撂荒地以无效水与难效水为主,耕地和樱桃林地受灌溉补给,以难效水与中效水为主。各植被中除杨树林地外,土壤水分含量均随土层深度增加先减后增。其中樱桃林地和枣树林地土壤水分都在0—3 m内呈递减趋势,3—5 m土壤水分迅速升高。耕地和撂荒地土壤含水量先减后增,均在2—2.5 m深度土层为含水量低值拐点。杨树林地土壤水分在0—3.5 m保持平稳,3.5—5 m水分呈下降趋势。     

喀斯特地区不同覆盖下小生境土壤保墒能力

 通过室内与野外实验相结合研究了贵州花江喀斯特峡谷示范区不同覆盖处理下不同小生境土壤的保墒能力,试图了解喀斯特地区的土壤水分变化规律并提出相应保墒技术。结果表明:土面、石槽、石沟3种小生境通过枯枝落叶、石面、薄膜覆盖后,其土壤水分变化趋势基本一致,其中以石沟的含水量最高,土面最低;不同土层的土壤含水量都有所增加,但增加幅度不完全一致;一年中土壤水分胁迫出现次数减少,频率降低。在持续干旱期间,水分蒸发量较大,覆盖后土壤保墒效果较好,平均每天水分损耗量较少,其中以薄膜覆盖效果显著,保墒能力最强,枯枝落叶和石面覆盖次之;但实地人工造林试验证明,石面及枯枝落叶覆盖下存活率很高,而薄膜覆盖较差。因此,薄膜覆盖在喀斯特峡谷区人工造林中的运用值得进一步研究。     

The response of Aporrectodea rosea and Aporrectodea trapezoides (Oligochaeta: Lubricidae) to moisture gradients in three soil types in the laboratory

The question of whether the response of earthworms to soil moisture is governed by their reaction to soil wetness (moisture content) or to soil water energy (matric suction) was examined in two species of earthworm using moisture gradients in three contrasting soil types with clay contents varying from 4 to 39%. Gravimetric moisture gradients ranging over 5–30% were established in horizontal cores comprising 12 or 14 sections containing loosely packed soil. Earthworms were introduced to each section at the beginning of each experiment. The earthworms moved from sections containing dry soil into adjacent sections containing moister soil. Clear effects were evident after 6 h but these became more obvious after 96 h. For the earthworm Aporrectodea rosea, the threshold soil mositure level at which earthworms were induced to move away from dry soil was a matric suction of about 300 kPa (pF 3.4) and was independent of soil type. In contrast, for A. trapezoides, the threshold soil moisture varied with soil type (sandy loam 15 kPa, loam 25 kPa, clay 300 kPa). We conclude that, for the earthworm A. rosea, matric suction and not water content of soil provided the cue by which the earthworm recognized dry soil. For A. trapezoides, there was an interaction between matric suction and soil type in which the response of A. trapezoides to soil moisture varied with soil texture and the threshold for avoidance of dry soil ranged from a matric suction of 300 kPa (20% w/w) in clay to 15 kPa (10% w/w) in sandy loam.