几种蔬菜对硝态氮、铵态氮的相对吸收能力

采用溶液培养方法探讨了莴笋、菠菜、小白菜和大青菜 4种蔬菜作物对硝、铵态氮的相对吸收能力以及这两种氮源对它们生长发育的影响。结果表明 ,单独供给NO3-N ,4种作物均生长发育良好 ;供给NO3--N +NH4+-N(NO3-∶NH4+=1∶1) ,生长量均有所下降 ,而单独供给NH4+-N时 ,生长量则大幅度下降。莴笋单独供给NO3--N时 ,其吸氮量显著高于供给NO3--N +NH4+-N的处理 ,大青菜、菠菜供给NO3--N +NH4+-N与单独供给NO3--N相比吸氮量大体相当 ;小白菜同时供应NO3--N +NH4+N时吸氮量最高 ,供给NO3--N时次之 ,供给NH4+-N时显著降低。供给NH4+-N时 4种作物吸氮量均比其它氮源显著降低。 4种作物对NO3--N与NH4+-N的吸收具有明显的偏向性。供给等氮量铵、硝态氮 (NO3--N +NH4+-N处理 )时 ,菠菜、小白菜吸收的NO3-N显著多于NH4+-N ,表现出喜硝性 ,莴笋则与此相反 ,表现出喜铵性 ;而大青菜对两种形态氮素的吸收量相差不多 ,表现出兼性吸收的特点。但上述偏向性具有阶段特点 ,即喜硝作物可能在某一阶段表现出喜铵性状     

不同形态氮肥对玉米产量和土壤浸提性有机质的影响

田间条件下,研究了不同形态氮肥(尿素、NH4+-N和NO3--N)对玉米产量、根际和非根际土壤氮和浸提性有机质的影响.结果表明,施氮处理的产量和吸氮量明显高于不施肥处理;施氮处理中,NO3--N和尿素处理开花前吸氮量显著高于NH4+-N处理,产量也略高于NH4+-N处理,但未达到显著水平;不同氮形态处理之间的土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N和浸提性有机碳(EOC)、氮(EON)没有差异;抽雄期EOC最高,与根系生长发育一致,而EON苗期相对最高.可见,在基础肥力较高的黑土上,不同形态氮肥对玉米产量、土壤养分影响不明显.     

不同NH_4~+/NO_3~-配比对红松幼苗生长的影响

对NH4+-N,NO3--N不同配比盆栽试验条件下红松幼苗生物量,NPK养分的吸收,培养基质中的NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度及pH作了比较研究。结果表明,红松幼苗在以NH4+-N为主的营养液中生长好。营养液中NO3--N比例增加则幼苗生长下降,过量的NO3--N可抑制幼苗根系生长。NH4+-N为主的营养液对红松幼苗NO3--N的供应无明显效果。营养液中NH4+-N比例增加,植株体内P浓度增加,K浓度下降。NH4+-N/NO3--N配比显著影响基质的pH值,NH4+-N比例增加,基质pH下降;NO3--N比例增加,基质pH升高。     

增设回流提高厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮效能

采用2套上流式反应器接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了高基质浓度下增设回流对厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能影响.研究结果表明,增设出水回流的反应器1经过116 d的运行,进水NH4+-N和NO2--N质量浓度由初始100、130 mg/L达到602、782 mg/L时,出水质量浓度仅增加到44、60 mg/L,氮容积去除负荷最高达到7.87 kg/(m3·d).NO2--N与NH4+-N的转化比维持在1.303,NO3--N生成量与NH4+-N转化量之比维持在0.24.无回流的反应器2经过67 d运行,进水NH4+-N和NO2--N质量浓度由最初100、130 mg/L分别增加到456和600 mg/L,相应出水质量浓度达到174和253 mg/L,氮容积去除负荷最高达到4.31 kg/(m3·d).NO2--N与NH4+-N的转化比维持在1.298左右, NO3--N生成量与NH4+-N转化量之比维持在0.21.说明回流对进入反应器的基质具有较强稀释作用,有助于避免高基质浓度对厌氧氨氧化活性的影响,同时对厌氧氨氧化反应过程中氮素转化比不产生影响.增设出水回流后的反应器1污泥粒径主要分布在1.25~2 mm之间,而反应器2污泥粒径主要分布在0.9~1.6 mm.说明在反应器运行过程中增设回流有助于反应器内液体上升流速的增加,颗粒污泥具有良好的流态,能够更好地与底物接触,有利于微生物增长.     

铁和不同形态氮素对玉米植株吸收矿质元素及其在体内分布的影响——Ⅰ.对氮、磷、钾、钙、镁等营养元素的影响

用营养液培养方法研究了铁和两种形态氮素(NO3--N和NH4+-N)对玉米植株吸收氮、磷、钾等大量元素和钙、镁等中量元素及其在体内分布的影响。结果表明:与NO3--N相比,供应NH4+-N促进了玉米对氮的吸收,在缺铁条件下,降低了对磷、钾、钙及镁的吸收。铁和NH4+-N都显著提高了玉米植株各器官中氮的含量。与NH4+-N处理相比,NO3--N处理的新叶中磷含量显著增加,但铁的供应对植物体内磷的含量无显著影响。使用NO3--N显著提高了玉米新叶和老叶中钾的含量,根和茎中钾的含量无明显影响。铁的供应降低了新叶和老叶中钾的含量。供铁时,NH4+-N处理的玉米新叶中钙和镁的含量显著低于NO3--N处理,而在缺铁时则无显著差异。     

青岛大气氮湿沉降动态变化

利用雨量器定点采集雨样的方法,研究青岛市城阳区2007-2010年间降水中不同形态氮浓度、氮沉降量的月、季动态变化。结果表明:降水中NH4+-N、NO3--N、DON月均浓度差异较大。DIN浓度在12月-翌年1月份较高,在7-8月份较低,DON浓度表现为11月份最低;NH4+-N、NO3--N、DON月平均浓度分别为1.26,1.11,1.37mg/L,且均存在冬、春季>夏、秋季的特点。NH4+-N和NO3--N沉降量与降水量呈乘幂型正相关,相关系数(r)平均为0.607,DON沉降量与降水量呈线性正相关(r=0.674),且均达到显著水平(P<0.05)。监测期内各形态氮沉降量月份间变化幅度较大,7-8月份的NH4+-N、NO3--N和DON沉降量分别为4.17,3.00,3.26kg/hm2,约占全年相应形态氮沉降量的44.2%,35.6%,48.6%,且各形态氮沉降量均表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。该区域NH4+-N、NO3--N、DON年沉降量依次为10.14,8.72,6.33kg/hm2,分别占DTN沉降量的40.3%,34.7%,25.0%。     

铵、硝营养对水稻叶细胞膜H+-ATPase和质子泵活性的影响

用两相法分离铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)培养的水稻苗期叶细胞膜,并测定了细胞膜H+-ATPase水解活性和质子泵活性,以期阐明铵、硝营养对水稻叶细胞膜H+-ATPase的影响。结果表明,叶细胞膜H+-ATPase活性最佳pH值均为6.2。 NO3--N培养的水稻叶细胞膜H+-ATPase的水解活性、Vmax和Km均显著高于NH4+-N培养的水稻叶;Western Blot分析结果看出,NO3--N培养的水稻叶细胞膜H+-ATPase酶浓度也高于NH4+-N培养的水稻叶,说明NO3--N培养的水稻叶中单位细胞膜上的H+-ATPase酶分子数量大于NH4+- N培养的水稻叶,这与细胞膜上H+-ATPase蛋白的表达量升高有关。此外,NO3--N培养的水稻叶质子泵初速度和膜囊体内外H+浓度梯度均高于NH4+- N培养。由于NO3-的跨膜运输是与细胞膜上H+-ATPase紧密联系的主动运输过程,NO3--N培养的水稻叶片细胞膜H+-ATPase活性和质子泵活性高可能与水稻叶细胞吸收大量NO3-有关。     

灌排调控的稻田排水中氮素浓度变化规律

基于农田排水氮素浓度及湿地进出口断面总氮（TN）、氨态氮（NH4+-N）、硝态氮（NO3--N）浓度的监测,研究了灌溉排水措施以及沟塘湿地对农田排水中氮素浓度变化的影响。结果表明,控制灌溉的水稻全生育期稻田排水中TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度分别较常规灌溉处理低12.08%、20.33%和13.51%;控制排水处理下稻田排水中TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度分别较常规排水处理低2.21%、7.08%和20.92%;湿地出口水体中TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度分别比入口降低了16.8%、14.4%和50.9%,湿地水体中TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度随时间近似服从指数函数衰减趋势。控制灌溉、控制排水及沟渠塘湿地系统的调控措施对农田排水中氮素的净化效果比较显著。     

供氮方式对黑土土壤无机氮浓度的影响

采用好气恒温培养法,通过一次和分次供氮的方式,研究不同尿素施用量对黑土土壤无机态氮浓度的短期效应。结果表明:CK处理(不供氮方式)在培养期间,NH4+-N的浓度始终保持较低水平,而NO3--N浓度则呈稳步上涨的变化态势;pH值稳定在6.0～6.3之间;硝化率则稳定在90%左右。一次供氮方式各处理NH4+-N的浓度,在施氮后第3d时达到最大,第20d后趋于稳定;NO3--N的浓度则呈稳步增长的态势;土壤的pH值与NH4+-N的浓度的变化规律相似,在培养后的第3d达到峰值,而后开始下降,在培养第10d时,各处理的pH值趋于稳定,且明显低于CK;而硝化率则随着培养时间的延长,呈逐渐增加的变化趋势,在第20d时已与CK无显著差异,趋于平缓。分次供氮各处理在第1次施氮1d后,NH4+-N浓度达到峰值,之后开始呈下降的变化趋势,另外3次施氮后NH4+-N浓度变化与此类似,且每次施肥后第3d和第10d土壤NH4+-N浓度之间差异不显著;NO3--N浓度在第1次施氮1d后,各处理差异不明显,第3d达到最大,但整体上是呈稳步增长的变化趋势;各处理的pH值的变化情况与一次供氮的情况相似;土壤硝化率硝化率呈先下降后上升的趋势,整体呈逐步上升的变化趋势。     

不同氮形态对两种基因型水稻根系形态及氮吸收效率的影响

为了探索不同铵硝配比对水稻根系形态和地上部N累积量的影响及其与根系吸N量的关系,以苗期N高效品种桂单4号和N低效品种南光为材料,设置1.0mmol/L NO3--N、0.5mmol/L NH4NO3、1.0mmol/L NH4 -N 3个N处理开展了研究.结果表明:含有NO3--N的处理总根长、总根数和总根表面积均明显高于NH4 -N的处理,且桂单4号和南光两种基因型水稻之间存在差异.两品种均在0.5 mmol/L NH4NO3处理中根系吸N量最高,其次是1.0 mmol/L NH4 -N处理,1.0 mmol/L NO3--N的处理根系吸N量最少.     

Effects of Molybdenum,Nickel, and Nitrogen Sources on the Mineral Nutrition and Growth of Rice Plants

Upland rice plants, cultivar ‘IAC 202,’ were grown in nutrient solution until full tillering. Treatments consisted of ammonium nitrate (AN) or urea (UR) as nitrogen (N) source plus molybdenum (Mo) and/or nickel (Ni): AN + Mo + Ni, AN + Mo ? Ni, AN ? Mo + Ni, UR + Mo + Ni, UR + Mo ? Ni, and UR ? Mo + Ni. The experiment was carried out to better understand the effect of these treatments on dry‐matter yield, chlorophyll, net photosynthesis rate, nitrate (NO₃ ^?‐N), total N, in vitro activities of urease and nitrate reductase (NR), and Mo and Ni concentrations. In UR‐grown plants, Mo and Ni addition increased yield of dry matter. Regardless of the N source, chlorophyll concentration and net photosynthesis rate were reduced when Mo or Ni were omitted, although not always significantly. The omission of either Mo or Ni led to a decrease in urease activity, independent of N source. Nitrate reductase activity increased in nutrient solutions without Mo, although NO₃ ^?‐N increased. There was not a consistent variation in total N concentration. Molybdenum and Ni concentration in roots and shoots were influenced by their supply in the nutrient solution. Molybdenum concentration was not influenced by N sources, whereas Ni content in both root and shoots was greater in ammonium nitrate–grown plants. In conclusion, it can be hypothesized that there is a relationship between Mo and Ni acting on photosynthesis, although is an indirect one. This is the first evidence for a beneficial effect of Mo and Ni interaction on plant growth.     

Effects of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide on uptake and assimilation of ammonium in soybean plants

Twelve‐day‐old soybean plants were supplied with 1 mM ammonium chloride (NH₄C1) to roots and exposed to 0.2–0.25 μL.L^‐1 nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for seven days. Amount and rate of ammonium uptake were decreased by NO₂ exposure. However, the ammonium concentration in leaves and leaf pH of exposed plants were increased by NO₂ exposure. These results suggest that the decrease in ammonium uptake may be due to the decline in hydrogen (H⁺) ion concentration in exposed plants which resulted from the reduction of the nitrate and nitrite from NO₂ absorption. They also suggest that the decrease in ammonium uptake and the competition for energy between nitrate reduction and ammonium assimilation may limit ammonium assimilation to organic nitrogen (N) which would further inhibit acidity increase in exposed plants and ammonium uptake by roots.     

Induction of high affinity nitrate and ammonium uptake systems in wheat

Abstract

The ability of 7 day old wheat seedlings to take up nitrate or ammonium from hydroponic solution was measured. Seedlings were grown under fully aerated hydroponic conditions. The growth solution consisted of either 0.5 mM CaSO₄ alone or in combination with high nitrate (5 mM NO₃ ^‐ ), high ammonium (2 mM NH₄ ⁺) or modified 1/10 Hoaglands solution with nitrate N only (14 mM) or ammonium N only (2 mM). After washing the roots for one hour in CaSO₄, nitrate or ammonium uptake was measured with an ion selective electrode. Plants grown in high nitrate were unable to take up nitrate from a 0.1 mM external solution. Those grown in CaSO₄ were able to take up nitrate at the same external concentration (flux = 10.2 +/‐ 3.0 μmol nitrate/g dry wtlbh). The same result was seen for plants grown in high ammonium vs those grown in CaSO₄ (flux = 21.0 +/‐ 10.0 μmol/g dry wtlbh). Similar results were obtained when modified Hoagland's solution was substituted for the high N solutions. These data indicate that wheat roots possess both high and low affinity nitrate and ammonium uptake systems. The data further indicate that, for a given ion, the high and low affinity systems do not operate simultaneously under high N conditions. The high affinity system is switched off in the range of 1 mM for both ionic forms of N. Developmental studies show that the expression of the high affinity trait is reversible and may be induced (repressed) by conditioning for 24 h in low (high) N media. Plants grown in high N solutions showed efflux of the ion under assay conditions. Neither ion interfered with the induction/repression of the high affinity trait for the other under the conditions used in this study.     

Diurnal variations in uptake,transport and assimilation of NO3 ‐and efflux of OH‐ in maize plants

Maize plants, grown for 7 and 21 days on a nutrient solution with NO₃ ^‐ as the sole nitrogen source showed a clear diurnal pattern with respect to the in vivo NRA. Especially in roots dark/light fluctuations of the enzyme activity were high. Also in NO₃ ^‐ uptake, OH^‐ efflux and endogenous content of water soluble carbohydrates a diurnal variation was found. The plant age did not significantly affect the daily rhythm.

Because day/night changes of the in vivo root NRA and nitrate uptake were proportional, the relative content of reduced N in the xylem sap of the plants was constant during a day/night interval. At both day 7 and day 21 about 40–50% of the N was transported via the xylem as amino N. As a result of non‐synchronous variation of the specific root and shoot NRA, root reduction capacity showed a great within‐day variation. It varied between 20 and 40% of the whole plant reduction capacity. Since the ratio N‐organic to N‐total in the xylem sap was about 0.5, cycling of organic nitrogen was very likely in these maize plants.     

Influence of photosynthetic irradiance on nitrate reductase activity,nutrient uptake and partitioning in tomato plants

The objective of the present work was to study the nutritional behavior of tomato plants (Lvcopersicon esculentum Mill.) subjected to high pressure sodium (HPS) supplementary lighting in relation to nitrate reductase activity (NRA). Tomato plants were grown with or without HPS supplementary lighting at 2 different root‐zone temperatures (RZT). Supplementary lighting combined with low RZT promoted NRA and cation uptake. Magnesium uptake appeared particularly related to the NRA daily pattern. Effects of photosynthetic irradiance (PI) at two growth stages on partitioning of 45Ca and 86Rb were also investigated. Low light level stimulated 45Ca uptake in fruiting plants but depressed 86Rb uptake. A hypothetical mechanism involving the influence of NRA and K cycling on HCO₃‐ excretion by root is proposed to explain the effects of treatments on mineral uptake.     

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Forms on Growth,Photosynthesis, and Yield of Rice Under Cadmium Stress

ABSTRACT

A pot experiment was conducted to study the influence of four nitrogen (N) fertilizer forms [Urea; calcium nitrate, Ca(NO₃)₂; ammonium sulfate, (NH₄)₂SO₄; and organic N] on growth, photosynthesis, and yield of rice under two cadmium (Cd) levels (0 and 100 mg Cd kg^?1 soil). Cadmium addition significantly reduced photosynthetic rate, and the reduction varied with N fertilizer form, with ammonium (NH₄ ⁺)-N and urea treated plants having more reduction. Nitrogen form had a distinct effect on SPAD value, and the effect was also dependent on Cd level and growth stage. Cadmium-stress significantly reduced flag leaf area, but for the second leaf, only the plants supplied with organic N showed the reduction. There was a significant difference in plant height among four N forms, with NH₄ ⁺- and nitrate (NO₃ ^?)-treated plants having the highest and lowest height, respectively. Cadmium stress caused significant reduction in grains per panicle and total plant weight, and the reduction varied with N form, with organic N treatment showing more reduction. There were significant differences among N forms in N and Cd concentrations of the plants subjected to Cd stress, with NH₄ ⁺-N treated plants having highest N and lowest Cd concentrations and NO₃ ^?-treated plants having lowest N and highest Cd uptake. The results showed that the inhibition of Cd stress on growth and yield formation of rice is closely related to N fertilizer form.     

Effects of supplemental nitrogen on nitrogen‐assimilation enzymes,free amino nitrogen,soluble sugars,and crude protein of rice

Abstract

An upland rice variety IAC‐47 was grown in a greenhouse to determine the effect of foliar nitrogen (N) supplementation during grain development on the activity of the N assimilation enzymes, nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS), on free amino‐N content and leaf soluble sugars, and on grain crude protein content. At 10 and 20 days after anthesis (DAA), the leaves were fertilized with a liquid fertilizer containing 32% N as 12.8% urea, 9.6% ammonium (NH₄), and 9.6% nitrate (NO₃) in increasing rates corresponding to 0,20+20, 40+40, and 60+60 kg N ha^‐1. Leaves were collected twice (at 12 DAA and 14 DAA for GS activity, sugar and amino‐N content, and at 11 and 13 DAA for NRA) after each application of leaf N. The late foliar application of N increased significantly grain crude protein without a corresponding decrease in grain weight. The NR activity (NRA) increased after the foliar application of N. In the flag leaf, 60+60 kg N ha^‐1 (21 DAA) resulted in higher NRA (20x over the control), while GS activity was smaller than the control. At 22 DAA there was an increase in GS activity in the flag leaf at 20+20 N level. However, the GS activity decreased as applied N levels increased. Also at the 20+20 level, there were increases in free amino‐N in the flag leaf and second leaf at the final harvest. Throughout the experiment, plants at the 60+60 N level had the lowest levels of soluble sugars. Increases in crude protein were highest at 40+40 N level (27.9%), followed by 60+60 (18.7%).     

Effect of sewage sludge and ammonium nitrate on wheat yield and soil profile inorganic nitrogen accumulation 1

The beneficial effect of sewage sludge in crop production has been demonstrated, but there is concern regarding its contribution to nitrate (NO₃) leaching. The objectives of this study were to compare nitrogen (N) rates of sewage sludge and ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) on soil profile (0–180 cm), inorganic N [ammonium nitrate (NH₄‐N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃‐N)] accumulation, yield, and N uptake in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). One field experiment was established in 1993 that evaluated six N rates (0 to 540 kg·ha^‐1·yr^‐1) as dry anaerobically digested sewage sludge and ammonium nitrate. Lime application in 1993 (4.48 Mg ha^‐1) with 540 kg N ha^‐1·yr^‐1 was also evaluated. A laboratory incubation study was included to simulate N mineralization from sewage sludge applied at rates of 45, 180, and 540 kg N ha^‐1·yr^‐1. Treatments did not affect surface soil (0–30 cm) pH, organic carbon (C), and total N following the first (1994) and second (1995) harvest. Soil profile inorganic N accumulation increased when ≥270 kg N ha^‐1 was applied as ammonium nitrate. Less soil profile inorganic N accumulation was detected when lime was applied. In general, wheat yields and N uptake increased linearly with applied N as sewage sludge, while wheat yields and N uptake peaked at 270 kg N ha^‐1 when N was applied as ammonium nitrate. Lime did not affect yields or N uptake. Fertilizer N immobilization was expected to be high at this site where wheat was produced for the first time in over 10 years (previously in native bermudagrass). Estimated N use efficiency using sewage sludge in grain production was 20% (average of two harvests) compared to ammonium nitrate. Estimated plant N recovery was 17% for sewage sludge and 27% for ammonium nitrate.     

Lime,molybdenum, and cultivar effects on molybdenum deficiency of poinsettia

Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotz) cultivars ‘Annette Hegg Brilliant Diamond’ (AH), ‘Gutbier V‐14 Glory’ (GG), and ‘Eckespoint C‐1 Red’ (ER) were grown in a peat‐perlite potting medium to study lime and Mo effects on the occurrence of Mo deficiency. Two rates of dolomitic limestone, 0 and 3 kg/m³of growing medium, and weekly applications of micronutrient solutions containing 0.0 or 1.0 ppm Mo were made in factorial combination. Lime, Mo, or both prevented Mo deficiency symptoms in all cultivars. Without both lime and Mo, Mo deficiency symptoms appeared on AH and GG, but not on ER. Lime and/or Mo reduced NO₃‐N content, increased Mo content and increased nitrate reductase enzyme activity (NRA) in the upper recently matured leaves of all cultivars. Lime and Mo interacted to affect these parameters in all cultivars. Comparing the three cultivars without both lime and Mo, NO‐‐N content was lowest and NRA highest in ER. However, the Mo content of ER leaves was equal to or less than that of AG and GG which showed Mo deficiency symptoms.