饲料配方与制粒工艺对水产饲料质量的影响

实验旨在研究加工工艺及配方对水产饲料质量的影响。采集相同生产日期的鲤鱼饲料(LY颗粒饲料和LYF膨化饲料)和草鱼饲料(CY颗粒饲料和CYF膨化饲料),进行硬度、含粉率、漂浮性、水中稳定性、容重、淀粉糊化度、粒度分布测定,分别比较相同配方不同制粒工艺及相同制粒工艺不同配方所制饲料间质量差异。结果表明:1配方相同,膨化制粒工艺生产饲料颗粒质量优于普通制粒工艺生产饲料(P0.01);2制粒工艺相同,淀粉含量高、蛋白含低的配方生产饲料颗粒糊化度极显著优于淀粉含量低、蛋白含量高的配方生产饲料(P0.01)。综上,配方及制粒工艺的不同均对所制饲料有一定影响,其中淀粉含量高、蛋白含量低所生产的膨化饲料质量最好。     

膨化技术在饲料工业中的应用

膨化颗粒饲料技术是近几年在饲料行业发展起来的一项新技术。膨化饲料除具有硬颗粒饲料的一般特点,如适口性好、避免产品自动分级、便于运输、饲喂及减少采食过程中的饲料浪费等外,还具有独特的优点: ①经膨化处理后,饲料中的淀粉糊化度高、粗纤维性物质的结构遭到破坏,蛋白质更易消化吸收,提高了动物对饲料的利用率。     

干法膨化宠物饲料技术参数关系的研究

采用双螺杆膨化机干法工艺对宠物全价粉状饲料进行膨化并制粒,研究所得产品的容重与淀粉糊化度、硬度指标之间的关系,以及设备参数和配方特性对颗粒饲料容重的影响。结果表明:容重与淀粉糊化度、硬度密切相关;设备参数与配方特性均对产品容重有极显著影响;通过容重的测定估测其熟度和硬度具有可行性;可以通过调节喂料速度和膨化玉米比例控制产品容重。     

哺乳期母猪熟化软颗粒饲料加工工艺参数的优化

为降低哺乳期母猪饲料的颗粒硬度,提高饲料中淀粉的糊化度,本试验采用熟化加工工艺,首先以水的添加量(25%~37%)、调质温度(100~120℃)和螺杆转速(150~350 r/min)为试验因素,以颗粒饲料的硬度和凝胶成型状况为试验指标,对饲料的加工工艺参数范围进行初步探索;再通过单因素试验研究各个因素对饲料中淀粉糊化度的影响,确定各因素的适宜范围;最后,采用正交试验分析3因素对淀粉糊化度的影响显著性及主次顺序,确定哺乳期母猪熟化软颗粒饲料部分加工工艺的最优参数。优化的工艺参数组合:水的添加量为31%、温度为120℃和螺杆转速为310 r/min,此时饲料的淀粉糊化度可达90.1%,颗粒硬度仅为486 g。     

饲料膨化技术在动物生产中的应用

膨化技术是现代饲料加工中普遍应用的一项技术。饲料通过膨化技术加工后,可以使饲料中的淀粉糊化和降解、蛋白质变性、降低抗营养因子、增加适口性等诸多优点：但也存在生成不易消化物质、破坏维生素、增加成本等不利因素。文章概述了饲料膨化技术及其优缺点。     

储存时间对α-淀粉黏弹度的影响及黏度测定方法比较

预糊化淀粉的英文是“pregelatinized starch”,直译是“预凝胶淀粉”,由于淀粉呈凝胶状态前必经糊化,因而又将其译为“预糊化淀粉”,天然原淀粉通常称为β-淀粉,为区别起见,又称预糊化淀粉为α-淀粉。预糊化淀粉可提高饲料的耐水性,作为黏合剂具有许多优点：溶于冷水、复水性好、糊液透明、具有较高的黏结力,有一定的黏弹性;无毒、易消化、有营养;在水中一定时间内仍能保持饲料的整体形状,直至鱼把饲料吃完;不被水中的溶质溶解、不黏设备;具有冷水可溶的特点．在饲料制粒膨化过程中不必担心产品中淀粉糊化不完全。基于以上的优点,预糊化粉糊才得以广泛地应用于水产饲料中,特别是鳗鱼和甲鱼饲料。     

不同颗粒饲料产品的RVA糊化特征研究

颗粒饲料具有营养全面、利用率高、避免动物挑食、缩短采食时间、改善适口性、减少粉尘、防止饲料分级、便于运输等显著优点（王卫国,2003）,因此得到了广泛的发展和应用。饲料成分在制粒过程中存在着复杂的物理化学变化,其中在水分和温度作用下．淀粉颗粒吸水膨胀．直至破裂,成为黏性很大的糊状物,该现象被称为淀粉糊化（甘景镐,1993）。饲料内淀粉经糊化后不仅有助于颗粒内部的相互粘结,     

膨化浮水颗粒鱼饲料

河北涿州威尔斯鱼饲料有限公司生产出一种新型鱼饲料——膨化浮水颗粒鱼饲料。 膨化浮水颗粒鱼饲料是满足鱼类营养需要的全价配合饲料,其特点是可熟化膨化过程,使淀粉得以糊化,并破坏蛋白原料中的有害成分,提高饲料消化率,降低饵料系数;熟化过程起到灭菌作用,减少鱼的应激和发病率,提高鱼产量;膨化熟化后的饲料在水中有很高的稳定性,可以24小时不散不沉,全部被鱼采食,提高饲料利用率。同时不污染水质,达到环保养鱼的目的;浮水     

挤压膨化技术对饲料营养特性的影响

挤压膨化是将物料加湿、加压、加温调质处理,并挤出模孔或突然喷出压力容器,使之因骤然降压而实现体积膨大的操作。目前生产膨化饲料的主要设备是螺杆式挤压膨化机,根据处理原料水分的高低,可分为干法挤压膨化和湿法挤压膨化两类。挤压膨化可使淀粉糊化,蛋白质变性,破坏一些天然存在的抗营养因子(如大豆中的胰蛋白酶抑制因子)和有毒物质(如棉籽粕中的棉酚等),同时高温可杀灭物料中的微生物,并使可引起饲料在储藏期间劣变的各种酶钝化。挤压膨化还可改善饲料的适口性,降低营养物质的损失,提高饲料利用率,延长饲料产品的耐水时间。现将挤压膨化技术对饲料营养特性的影响论述如下。     

不同加工工艺饲料对彭泽鲫生长性能、抗氧化、免疫和消化能力的影响

为探究膨化、颗粒等不同加工工艺的饲料对彭泽鲫长性能、抗氧化、免疫、消化能力的影响,使用同一配方不同加工方式制备的膨化饲料和颗粒饲料,按每日4次投喂初重为（38.71±0.17）g的彭泽鲫56 d,试验分为膨化组、交替组、颗粒组。膨化组全程投喂膨化饲料,交替组第1、3、5、7周投喂膨化饲料,第2、4、6、8周投喂颗粒饲料,颗粒组全程投喂颗粒饲料。结果显示：膨化组增重率较交替组、颗粒组分别增加9.01%和32.34%(P <0.05),交替组增重率较颗粒组增加21.4%(P <0.05)。膨化组特定生长率较交替组、颗粒组分别增长6.86%和23.86%(P <0.05),交替组特定生长率较颗粒组增加15.91%(P <0.05)。膨化组饲料系数较交替组、颗粒组分别降低9.93%和17.58%(P <0.05),交替组饲料系数较颗粒组降低8.48%(P <0.05)。膨化组、交替组的水分较颗粒组分别降低了4.38%和4.06%(P <0.05)。膨化组、交替组的粗蛋白质较颗粒组提高8.49%和9.54%(P <0.05)。膨化组、交替组的粗脂肪...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.