鸡白细胞介素-2分子生物学和疾病防治应用研究进展

白细胞介素-2(IL-2)是鸡体内一类重要的细胞因子,参与机体的各项免疫应答作用。近年来,随着鸡IL-2基因克隆的成功,其分子生物学和疾病防治应用等方面的研究也进一步加深。文章对其分子生物学特性和疾病防治应用研究进行了综述。     

鸡白介素的分子生物学和应用研究进展

白介素(IL)是鸡体内一类重要的细胞因子,在机体的免疫应答中起重要作用,近几年随着鸡白介素基因(IL-1、IL-2、IL-6、IL-15、IL-18等)相继克隆成功,其分子生物学和应用等方面的研究也逐步展开.白介素还可以作为免疫治疗剂、免疫增强剂、构建新型基因工程苗等.文章对其应用研究进行了综述,对其未来的发展进行了展望.     

鸡IL-1β、IL-16基因真核表达质粒对IBV DNA疫苗的免疫增强效应研究

为研究鸡IL-1β、IL-16基因真核表达质粒对鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)DNA疫苗免疫效果的影响,根据GenBank登录的鸡IL-1β和IL-16序列设计两对引物,采用RT-PCR方法从四川山地乌骨鸡外周血淋巴细胞RNA中克隆IL-1β和IL-16基因,与真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1(+)连接构建了pDNAIL-1β和pDNAIL-16。分别将两种重组质粒与IBVDNA联合免疫SPF雏鸡并进行攻毒试验。结果表明,pDNAIL-1β和pDNAIL-16均能促进血清中特异性抗体水平和外周血T淋巴细胞亚群数量的增加(p<0.05),增强IBV DNA疫苗对同型强毒的保护率15%～25%,pDNAIL-1β提升DNA疫苗的抗体水平的时间比pDNAIL-16多7d。试验表明,鸡IL-1β、IL-16基因真核表达质粒对IBV DNA疫苗的免疫具有增强作用。     

粤黄鸡IL-15基因真核表达及其多克隆抗体的制备

本研究参照GenBank登录的鸡白细胞介素15(ChIL-15)基因序列自行设计一对特异性引物,以RT-PCR、基因克隆,重组真核表达质粒构建、表达及试验兔免疫等技术,成功获得粤黄鸡IL-15基因:全长564 bp,编码187个氨基酸,与GenBank上已发表的其它品种鸡IL-15基因序列及其推导的氨基酸序列相似性为99.1％～100％;成功构建鸡IL-15基因重组真核表达质粒pcDNA-ChIL-15；成功制备兔抗鸡IL-15多克隆抗体.为进一步研究粤黄鸡IL-15的生物学功能,试验pcDNA-ChIL-15作鸡的各种新型DNA疫苗的分子免疫佐剂等奠定基础.     

海兰鸡IL-18全基因的克隆与序列分析

IL-18是一种能诱导产生IFN-γ的新型细胞因子,在调节Th1型细胞免疫应答中起重要作用。根据GenBank发表的鸡IL-18cDNA基因序列,自行设计一对引物,经植物血凝素(PHA)活化60日龄海兰鸡的脾淋巴细胞后,提取其总RNA,经反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增,扩增产物进行了T-A克隆、测序,获得了中国海兰鸡IL-18基因全序列,其大小为597 bp,与GenBank中查得的鸡IL-18基因进行比较发现,中国海兰鸡IL-18基因与Schneider报道的鸡IL-18基因序列完全一致,为进一步研究鸡IL-18基因表达、生物学活性和应用奠定了基础。     

鸡IL-4和IL-2重组融合基因佐剂对鸡球虫活疫苗的增效作用研究

为了研究鸡白细胞介素4(IL-4)和IL-2重组基因佐剂pCI-chIL-4-chIL-2-EGFP对鸡球虫活疫苗的增效作用,试验采用基因佐剂配合鸡球虫活疫苗对雏鸡进行免疫攻毒试验,测定该基因佐剂的最小有效剂量、给药途径,使用该基因佐剂对鸡球虫活疫苗的最短免疫间隔时间和免疫产生期的影响。结果表明：抗球虫指数(ACI)和相对增重率(RWG)随着基因佐剂剂量增高而升高,肌肉注射100μg/只时,ACI(189.32)和RWG(90.35%)达到高峰;口服基因佐剂300μg/只组的ACI(188.41)与肌肉注射基因佐剂100μg/只组接近;肌肉注射佐剂免疫攻毒组的两次免疫最短间隔时间(6 d)较不加基因佐剂组(7 d)缩短1 d;肌肉注射佐剂免疫攻毒组的免疫产生期为二免后第5天,较无基因佐剂免疫攻毒组提前1 d。说明肌肉注射IL-4和IL-2重组基因佐剂pCI-chIL-4-chIL-2-EGFP 100μg/只可提高鸡球虫活疫苗的免疫效果,缩短免疫产生期和免疫间隔。     

鸡GM-CSF基因对传染性法氏囊病病毒VP2 DNA疫苗的免疫调节作用

为了探讨鸡粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)基因对鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)VP2 DNA疫苗诱导的免疫反应的影响,将pTriEx-4-VP2-GM-CSF质粒免疫SPF鸡,加强免疫2周后,进行IBDV强毒攻击,检测机体免疫相关指标。结果表明:鸡GM-CSF基因能够增强VP2 DNA疫苗诱导的特异性免疫反应,影响细胞因子TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-10的表达水平,对外周血淋巴细胞的增殖没有显著影响。这一结果提示鸡GM-CSF基因对IBDV VP2 DNA疫苗具有一定的免疫调节作用。     

雏鸡免疫鸡IL-15基因质粒和新城疫病毒F基因质粒后免疫细胞数量的动态变化

鸡白细胞介素15(ChIL-15)是一种新发现的细胞因子,在禽类疫苗领域中具有很大的研究潜力。本试验以新城疫病毒(NDV)F基因质粒为参照对象,借助酸性α-醋酸萘酯酶(ANAE)染色法及甲基绿-派络宁染色法(PMG)对ChIL-15基因质粒与NDV F基因质粒联合免疫组(I组)以及NDV F基因质粒单独免疫组(F组)试验鸡免疫细胞数量进行检测,以研究ChIL-15是否具有免疫增强作用。试验结果表明:不同质粒免疫后,28日龄时I组鸡免疫器官中的ANAE+T细胞数量及PMG+浆细胞数量均高于F组试验鸡,说明ChIL-15对于T淋巴细胞及浆细胞具有增强作用。     

胸腺素α_1对鸡脾脏淋巴细胞增殖转化及IL-2基因表达与分泌的影响

为进一步阐明胸腺素α1(Tα1)的作用机制,采用MTT比色法、RT-PCR相对半定量法和RIA法研究了不同浓度的Tα1对离体培养的鸡脾脏淋巴细胞增殖转化、IL-2基因表达及其分泌的影响。结果表明,10μg/mL和1μg/mL Tα1处理鸡脾脏淋巴细胞能显著提高由ConA诱导的淋巴细胞增殖转化率(P<0.05),显著提高鸡脾脏淋巴细胞IL-2基因表达水平以及细胞培养上清液中的IL-2含量(P<0.05),且以10μg/mL浓度的效果最佳。0.1μg/mL的Tα1对脾脏淋巴细胞增殖转化和IL-2基因表达与分泌无显著作用(P>0.05)。提示,Tα1对鸡免疫功能的调节同其剂量有关,并可能在基因转录水平上调节IL-2的分泌。     

鸡白介素10(chIL-10)单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

为制备鸡白介素10(chIL-10)单克隆抗体,以常规分子生物学技术从禽细胞系MDCC-MSB1克隆chIL-10基因,将去信号肽chIL-10基因亚克隆至原核表达载体p ET-30a,并在大肠杆菌中表达,纯化后作为免疫原免疫BALB/c小鼠。经4次免疫后,取小鼠脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞(SP2/0)融合。将原核表达的GST-chIL-10融合蛋白作为包被抗原,利用间接ELISA筛选阳性克隆。阳性细胞株经3次亚克隆后,获得3株稳定分泌chIL-10抗体的杂交瘤细胞克隆,分别命名为4B2、4F3以及1E3。经间接ELISA测定,以上3株杂交瘤细胞腹水效价为1∶3.2×10~6,亲和力解离常数(Kd)分别为1.05×10~(-9)、5.01×10~(-10)以及7.59×10~(-10)。抗体重链类型分别为Ig G2a、Ig G2a以及Ig G1。经Western Blot试验证明,3株单抗均能特异地识别原核或真核表达的chIL-10蛋白,4B2、4F3单抗识别的抗原表位区域为chIL-10 N端的1 aa~52 aa,1E3识别的是N端的52 aa~102 aa。这些单抗为鸡IL-10的检测及生物学功能研究奠定了基础。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -