基于电驱动系统的农业车辆牵引负荷车设计与试验

针对传统农业车辆牵引负荷车机械结构复杂、存在加载死区导致无法实现全范围加载，采集系统功能单一无法实时评估被试车辆牵引性能的问题，设计了一种基于电驱动系统的农业车辆牵引负荷车。负荷车以最大加载牵引力150 kN为设计目标，结合对驱动轮的受力分析，完成了其整机关键部件的选型设计，采用集成发动机-电动桥的电驱动系统为核心单元，使用转向牵引架实现前桥平台的自动跟随转向。在LabVIEW RIO架构基础上，通过FPGA搭建高算力、高性能的测控系统，实现对电驱动系统电流、电压、被试车辆牵引力、油耗等多种信息的采集、无线传输与存储，并使用模糊自适应PID控制算法对牵引力加载进行闭环控制。最后开展整机性能验证试验，负荷车实现了0～150 kN范围内的负荷加载，加载系统最大响应时间为3.6 s,最大超调量为1.61%,实际加载牵引力与目标牵引力最大误差为4.5%。整机性能验证试验表明，负荷车具备良好的牵引负荷加载性能，其测控系统可实现被试车辆牵引性能多参数的实时准确监测，能够完成对农业车辆牵引性能的全面评估。     

悬挂装置调节的改进

<正> 拖拉机方面的要求 与悬挂农具配套时,拖拉机不仅要提供所需的驱动功率,而且要能在水平和垂直方向上操纵农具。对仅与牵引力有关的农具,重要的是要通过选定车轮尺寸并正确配备轮胎,使拖拉机驱动轮承受适当的载荷,才能有效地发挥其牵引力。力调节式悬挂装置可利用牵引阻力实现重量转移,把机具重     

现代化拖拉机液压转向系统分析

现代化拖拉机的标准液压转向系统,是以液压转向机为中心的带有负荷传感信号通道的负荷传感伺服控制系统,在此基础上,衍生出双计量马达转向系统和流量放大转向系统,实现了减轻驾驶员操纵力的目的 ,满足大流量快速转向的要求.基于详细的液压转向系统原理图和转向机结构图,分析了液压转向系统的组成和工作原理.     

基于虚拟仪器的应变测试静态标定系统

为了将虚拟仪器技术应用于所设计牵引力测量传感装置中,基于虚拟仪器技术设计开发了在线应变测量的静态标定系统。阐述了该系统软件和硬件结构、试验方法、静态特性标定及分析程序设计等,并通过应变传感装置及加载装置进行试验分析。试验结果表明,基于虚拟仪器技术设计的应变测试静态标定系统比传统标定系统结构简单、操作简捷,能够较精确地在线对应变传感器进行标定及静态特性分析。      

水田拖拉机下悬挂点通用球头的设计

<正> 拖拉机和悬挂农具三点联结的国家标准规定:拖拉机额定牵引力大于500公斤力、小于或等于1000公斤力的配用Ⅰ类联结;大于1000公斤力、小于或等于2500公斤力的配用Ⅱ类联结。新水田650拖拉机牵引力值大于1000公斤力,配带旋耕机或铧式犁时,根据     

飞毛腿XC系列拖拉机的正确使用与操作维修（四）

悬挂机构是把农具悬挂在拖拉机上的装置。它传递拖拉机对农机具的升降力和牵引力,并保证悬挂农具工作时保持正确的位置。它主要由提升油缸、左右提升臂、左右下拉杆、左右提升杆、左右限位拉杆、上拉杆、安全撑杆等组成。为保证强度和犁地时具有足够的牵引力,上提升杆通过固定底座固定在机架后横梁上,而悬挂机构的左右下拉杆的一端固定在后桥壳上,以充分保证农田作业的需要。     

Fe-Ga合金磁致伸缩力传感器磁化模型建立与特性分析

磁致伸缩力传感器依靠材料磁化强度的改变来表征外部力载荷的大小,研究了基于Fe-Ga合金磁致伸缩逆效应的力传感模型,采用三维有限元方法对力传感磁路进行了优化与设计。为了研究不同磁场和负载对材料磁化强度的影响,以均质能量公式为基础,在均质能量公式中引入以应力和磁场为自变量的吉布斯自由能函数,建立了描述合金磁化强度随应力变化关系的模型。为对模型进行验证,建立了一套磁致伸缩力传感特性测试系统,分别对Fe-Ga合金和Terfenol-D力传感特性进行测试与对比,验证试验表明所建立的模型可以较好预测磁化强度的变化,并且可以预测偏置磁场的影响。在Fe-Ga合金与Terfenol-D的对比试验中发现,Fe-Ga合金对偏置磁场更为敏感,并且磁滞非线性较Terfenol-D更小,由于无退火应力,Terfenol-D在偏置较低时出现负方向的磁化强度。     

混合动力汽车牵引力分层控制与硬件在环试验

传统内燃机汽车牵引力控制系统发出的控制命令无法直接给混合动力汽车,需要重新设计混合动力汽车的牵引力控制系统。提出ISG型混合动力汽车牵引力分层控制体系,上层控制采用基于动态滑模的整车期望驱动总力矩制定策略;中层控制采用基于低通滤波的发动机目标转矩设计算法和基于模型匹配二自由度控制的转矩动态协调控制策略;底层控制采用基于动态补偿的系统退出策略。对控制系统进行了仿真和硬件在环试验验证,结果表明提出的混合动力汽车牵引力控制方法能够快速、准确地抑制车轮的过度滑转,有效地实现了ISG型混合动力汽车牵引力控制功能。     

TYS-641型液体拉力自动记录仪

本仪器用于测量拖拉机、车辆、畜力机械的牵引力。所测之力自动记录在纸带上,既能观察数据,又能记录变化过程。 仪器由记录仪、拉力油缸、连接油管、软轴传动器等组成(图1)。     

一种拖拉机作业信息在线采集系统

介绍了拖拉机牵引力信息采集系统的研发和在线监测。该设备主要用于拖拉机田间作业的牵引力信息采集，实现作业数据和试验工况的无线远程传输，设备连接方便，自动化程度高，极大降低了试验成本，准确的掌握了拖拉机实时作业信息。     

拖拉机悬挂机组动态性能的计算机模拟

从力调节犁耕机组的实际外载出发,对机组的动态工况进行计算机模拟,并提出了评价机组性能的几项主要指标。经过试验对比,考核方法的可行性,并通过算例,对拖拉机牵引性能的预测进行初步尝试。     

Tillage Tool Design by the Finite Element Method: Part 2. Experimental Validation of the Finite Element Results with Soil Bin Test

Laboratory soil bin tests of subsoiler cutting in a sandy loam soil were carried out in order to validate the results obtained from the finite element calculations reported in Part 1 of this study. Measured results of subsoiler draught force and soil failure dimension taken on the surface were presented for four combinations of the subsoiler shank rake angle and chisel angle. Soil bin tests also measured the variation of draught force with subsoiler displacement. It was observed that the angle of both the subsoiler parts affected the dimensions of the surface soil failure and the magnitude of subsoiler draught force.Finite element method predictions of the subsoiler draught force as well as the extent of surface soil failure agreed well with measurements made in the soil bin. The predicted draught force for all subsoiler types exceeded the measured ones. The overprediction error ranged from 11·76 to 20·04%. The finite element model provided a good approximation to the maximum upward soil movement for the experiments. Better finite element method predictions of the front soil failure was obtained for the two subsoiler designs with a small chisel angle of 15° than for the designs with chisel angles of 23 and 31°. Among the four investigated subsoiler types the best subsoiler design was devised, which required the lowest draught and developed good soil loosening qualities as estimated by soil volume change. This subsoiler had a shank of 75° rake angle and an inclined chisel of 15° angle. Keeping a good soil loosening performance was attributed to the smaller shank rake angle of 75°, which indicated that the shank played an important role for the determination of the quality of soil loosening.     

A Novel Approach to the Prediction of Tillage Tool Draught using a Standard Tine

An investigation was conducted to develop and validate a novel approach to the prediction of the draught required by primary tillage implements op- erating in field conditions. A methodology was developed based upon an existing force prediction model which describes the draught of a standard tine as the product of two factors, related to soil strength and tool geometry respectively. The methodology results in a two-step prediction procedure, which consists of (1) establishing, in a reference soil condition, some comparative draught relationships (tool index I) be- tween the standard tine and each tillage implement and, (2) measuring the draught of the standard tine in the field. The tool index relationships were determined under laboratory conditions for a number of single tillage tools over a range of working depths, and the methodology was validated in four field conditions, namely: two friable sandy-loams, a compact clay and a plastic clay soil. Predicted draughts were on average within 18% of the measured values. In the friable soil conditions, the average prediction errors for the tine tools, mouldboard body and disc tool were 14%, 16% and 30% respectively. The corresponding errors for the same tools in the plastic clay were 18%, 26% and 26% respectively.     

拖拉机阻力控制系统的辨识建模

建立了拖拉机阻力控制系统的室内模拟实验系统,通过分析与实验确立了系统模型结构,并进而运用系统辨识的方法建立了其完整的的模型,从而认定了该系统是一个含死区非线性环节的三阶闭环系统。     

Improvement of Planosol Solum: Part 1, Experimental Equipment,Methods and Preliminary Soil Bin Experiments with Ploughs

Based on field cultivation tests by Zhao and soil investigations by Araya, a one to one mixing of the second (Aw) and third (B) horizons was conducted to improve the planosol solum in China, leaving the first (Ap) horizon undisturbed. This paper deals with basic soil bin tests of soil mixing with half size model ploughs in Japan.The results showed that stand-up and drop-down ploughs produced good soil mixing and required low draught forces. On the other hand, a fold-up plough could not mix the soil and required a high draught force because the furrow slices did not move smoothly over the plough.     

仿生非光滑筛面近筛层微观气流场研究

以入风口角度和筛面形态为试验因素,对仿生非光滑筛面近筛层微观气流场进行了数值模拟研究,并对仿生非光滑清选筛和普通光滑清选筛进行了田间对比验证。试验结果表明：入风口角度对清选筛面上近筛层内的微观气流场基本没有影响;仿生非光滑筛面形态将筛孔间近筛层内的单个小漩涡分解为2个小漩涡,致使漩涡流线不能完全地从筛面经过,使得细小油菜物料难以与仿生非光滑筛面充分接触,起到了减粘作用;仿生凸包的减粘作用较仿生凹坑明显。     

Determination of the Reaction of Heart Rate of Oxen to Draught Work with a Portable Data-Acquisition System

The reaction of heart rate of six Simmental oxen to draught work was recorded continuously with a portable data-acquisition system. A pulse sensor is described which enables detailed recordings to be made of the response of the heart to physical parameters without interference while the animal is standing or working. The mean draught force (N) exerted by the oxen was numerically equal to between 0·38 times and 1·02 times the body weight (kg) of the animals. Heart rate for animals standing was between 54 and 62 beats/min and reached peaks of 186 beats/min during exercise trials.     

设施农业的高分辨率遥感影像信息提取方法的研究

以SPOT5高分辨率遥感影像作为基础底图,结合设施农业空间位置分布规律及其纹理特征在高分辨率遥感影像上的体现,设计了批量设施自动生成算法,重点研究了设施对象坐标的计算方法。同时,通过实际应用验证了该方法的准确性。     

遥感植被指数在农业生态环境监测中的应用

遥感是现代环境监测的一个先进技术手段，植被指数是利用遥感图像进行植被、生物量等监测重要指标。在总结相关研究的基础上，对植被指数的种类及在农业生态环境中的适用条件进行了总结和归纳，并对此项研究今后在环境监测中的应用前景进行了展望。     

Force Measurements on Driven Discs

Experiments were carried out under controlled conditions in a soil bin containing sandy-loam soil to study the effects of varying the speed ratio (ratio of peripheral disc speed to forward speed), disc angle and tilt angle settings, on the performance of adriven disc. The hydraulically powered disc provided speed ratios from −3 (backward) through approximately 1 (free wheeling) to 6 (forward). Disc angles were varied from 20 to 65°, from the direction of travel, and tilt angles from −15 to 30° with respect to the vertical. It was observed that there was a major reduction in draught force and specific draught resistance in all cases when disc speed increased from freely rotating to forward speed ratios of approximately 3. Driving a disc in the reverse direction reduced penetration resistance at certain angle settings. Backward-driven discs were also found to reduce side forces on the concave side of the disc and increase those on the convex side. Total power consumption and specific total power increased significantly when the disc was driven in either direction. The angle setting also affected the driven-disc performance. The optimum angle setting in terms of minimizing force and power requirements occurred at a disc angle between 35 and 50° with approximately 0° tilt angle. Observations of soil disturbance showed that driving a disc either backward or forward improved soil mixing and pulverization characteristics.