一株根际好氧反硝化菌的筛选及其反硝化条件研究

为丰富好氧反硝化菌株种类,本文从不同环境样品中富集筛选好氧反硝化细菌,最终得到一株高效根际菌株RWX31,其在初始NO3--N浓度140 mg/L时24 h去除率为82％,并在好氧条件下可进行反硝化作用产生N2O.通过单因素试验研究该菌株进行反硝化作用的条件和特性,结果表明,菌株RWX31最适培养基条件分别为:以柠檬酸钠为碳源,接种量为1％,Mg2+浓度为0.05 g/L,反硝化初始氮源中NO2--N比例为0.最适培养条件为:温度28℃～32℃,pH为7.0～7.5,C/N为8～ 12,DO浓度约6.5 ～ 7.0 mg/L.在这些培养条件下菌株NO3--N去除率可增至90％以上.菌株RWX31的NO3--N去除能力高于以往报道的反硝化菌株,是一株具有实际应用价值和潜力的菌株.     

Effect of Graphene Oxide on the Characteristics and Mechanisms of Phosphorus Removal in Aerobic Granular Sludge: Case Report

Effects of graphene oxide (GO) on phosphorus removal characteristics and mechanisms of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) were investigated in controlled batch tests. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) image results showed that the surface of AGS appeared wrinkled with coccus and bacillus brevis being wizened and the fungal mycelium being cut into pieces in AGS with 0.06 g/L GO. The anaerobic and aerobic batch tests suggested that the net phosphorus uptake of AGS was 2.60 mg/L for AGS with GO, compared with the value (4.38 mg/L) without GO, and the maximum release and uptake phosphorus rates also remarkably decreased. Intracellular and extracellular phosphorus contents were reduced to 64.67 and 19.74% of that without GO, indicating the nanoparticle might have great effects on extracellular phosphorus. The standards, measurements, and testing (SMT) analysis suggested that the inorganic phosphorus (IP) and organic phosphorus (OP) content decreased compared with the values without GO. The summation of phosphorus fraction associated with Ca (Ca-P) and the phosphorus fraction associated with Al, Fe, and Mn (Fe/Al-P) were 82.09% (without GO) and 94.27% (with GO), suggesting the presence of GO resulted in the decrease of content and species of IP. The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were reduced from 173.68 mg/g MLVSS to 137.55 mg/g MLVSS when AGS contacted with GO. The results of this assay had uncovered that 0.06 g/L GO could inhibit the bioactivity of phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs), which resulted in the decrease of Ca-P, Fe/Al-P, and OP. EPS played an essential role on the phosphorus removal and granular stability. The decrease of EPS, which was produced by microorganisms, was contributed to decrease of extracellular phosphorus. This study provided an extensive insight into the influence of GO on phosphorus removal mechanism by AGS.

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Graphical Abstract The influence of graphene oxide on the extracellular polymeric substances and phosphorus species

     

Electrokinetic Copper and Iron Migration in Anaerobic Granular Sludge

The application of low-level direct electric current (0.15 mA cm^?2) as an electrokinetic technique to treat copper-contaminated mesophilic anaerobic granular sludge was investigated. The sludge was obtained from a full scale UASB reactor treating paper-mill wastewater and was artificially contaminated by Cu(NO₃)₂ or CuEDTA^2? with initial copper concentrations of 1000 mg . kg^?1 wet sludge. The effect of different electrokinetic cell layouts, pH and EDTA concentrations on the migration of copper and iron during electrokinetic treatment were evaluated. Both, the pH of the sludge cake or the copper complexation with EDTA significantly affected the migration direction of copper. In an ‘open’ cell (sludge cake in direct contact with air), the highest copper mobility was observed at pH 2.5 in both Cu(NO₃)₂ or CuEDTA^2? amended sludge. The highest copper accumulation was at the cathode (22 ± 2)% with CuEDTA^2? as contaminant. In a ‘closed’ cell (sludge cake not in contact with air), the highest accumulation was obtained for CuEDTA^2? at the anode and amounted to 4(± 0.5)% and 2(± 0.05)%, respectively, at a final pH of 4.2 and 7.7 in the sludge cake.     

城市污泥与玉米秸秆堆肥中多环芳烃(PAHs)的研究

将城市污泥与玉米秸秆进行自然通风堆肥处理，应用GC/MS检测方法对污泥堆肥中的多环芳烃化合物(PAHs)进行了分析。污泥堆肥中PAHs的含量较低，ΣPAHs和ΣPAHs_carc分别为0.561 mg/kg和0.107 mg/kg，绝大部分PAHs化合物的含量低于0.050 mg/kg，含量较高的主要是中、低分子量的化合物。PAHs的降解效果显著，ΣPAHs和ΣPAHs_carc的降解率在80%左右，绝大部分化合物的降解率在50%以上，中等分子量的3个和4个苯环的化合物的降解效果相对较好。污泥堆肥中PAHs的含量、分布模式及其降解效果与原污泥中PAHs的特征密切相关。     

有机黏土矿物修复有机污染研究进展

本文综述了有机黏土矿物对环境中有机污染物吸附的研究进展.具体介绍了黏土类型,改性剂种类,改性条件以及有机污染物性质对吸附性能的影响,有机黏土矿物对有机污染物的吸附机理,并就溶液pH和温度的影响机制进行了分析.文章最后对有机黏土在环境污染治理方面的作用研究作了展望.     

土壤矿物对有机质的吸附与固定机制研究进展

鉴于土壤有机质在生态系统及碳储存方面的重要性,关于土壤矿物对土壤有机质的吸附与固定机理方面的研究越来越受到了学术界的广泛关注。本文综述了近年来报道较多的土壤矿物对土壤有机质的吸附机制,以及主要影响因素。在众多矿物类型中,水合铁、铝氧化物及黏土矿物对有机质的吸附性较强,配体交换、络合、氢键、阳离子桥接、缩合及范德华力作用是土壤矿物与有机质之间的主要作用机制。土壤pH是影响矿物表面电荷及吸附位点的关键因素,进而影响矿物对有机质的吸附。土壤矿物表面的有机质含量对其继续吸附有机质具有一定的影响。吸附态有机质大多呈层状结构,越接近矿物表面的有机质与土壤矿物的结合越紧密。土壤有机质的稳定性受有机质与矿物间的作用力影响,一般而言,以化学键合吸附在矿物表面的有机质最稳定,其次为直接与矿物表面作用的电子"供体-受体"机制,范德华力和静电作用稳定性较差。近年来,随着分析设备和技术的进步,一些新的表征与探测方法(如热重分析、差示扫描量热法、傅里叶转换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、扫描透射X射线显微镜、中子散射技术等)被用于"矿物-有机质"结合机制的研究中,这些新手段毫无疑问会帮助更好地认识矿物与有机质间的作用机理。关于微生物在矿物吸附有机质、"矿物-有机质"复合体形成和演化过程中所起的作用,研究相对较少,但很明显这是至关重要的。     

城市河流淤泥中重金属释放规律的研究

研究了哈尔滨何家沟淤泥中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd释放的动力学过程及其影响因素,并用二级反应动力学等方程对其进行描述。结果表明,二级反应动力学方程拟合效果最好(r>0.9,n=17,p=0.001),释放速率为Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb,最大释放量为Zn>Cu>Cd>Pb,释放程度为Cu>Zn>Cd>Pb。影响因素实验结果显示,pH值对重金属的释放影响最大,而温度、盐度、泥水比的影响相对较小,且随着温度、盐度、泥水比的升高,淤泥中重金属的释放量呈增加趋势。     

好氧条件下环氧虫啶在土壤中的快速降解研究

为明确环氧虫啶异构体在土壤环境中的迁移转化及代谢降解规律,本试验以14C标记外消旋环氧虫啶为示踪剂,综合运用核素示踪与高效液相色谱分离技术,研究了好氧条件下环氧虫啶在3种土壤中的快速降解动态规律,并分析了其形成结合残留和母体降解可能的对映体选择特性。结果表明,好氧条件下环氧虫啶在整个培养期(120 h)内,未发现其2种对映异构体的结合残留形成和母体降解具有手性差异。环氧虫啶在3种土壤中均迅速形成结合残留,其结合残留量由高到低依次为中性黄松土、碱性滨海盐土、酸性红砂土。环氧虫啶属于易降解农药,好氧条件下环氧虫啶在3种土壤中的降解动态显著符合一级动力学方程,其降解速率由快到慢依次为酸性红砂土(半衰期为23.10 h)、中性黄松土(半衰期为53.32 h)、碱性滨海盐土(半衰期为77.02 h)。数据分析还表明,土壤p H对环氧虫啶的降解速率影响最大。本研究为环氧虫啶的登记注册奠定了基础,为环氧虫啶的正确、合理使用提供了科学依据。     

土壤磁性的应用研究进展

土壤磁性作为环境变化指示体,具有诸多易于观察的特征和可以统计测量的属性.本文简述了土壤磁性常用的参数、来源(自然、生物、人为因素);参考最新文献,重点介绍了土壤磁性在土壤污染、土壤侵蚀、水体污染、大气污染等方面的应用进展:针对多学科相互交叉领域的问题进行讨论:①生态学与环境科学相结合,探索不同生态系统、生态交错带土壤磁性的空间格局;②通过分析不同时空尺度土壤磁性特征,探索物质组分及其相互转化规律、作用机制及环境内涵;③结合"3S"与常规地球物理化学分析,建立区域磁数据库,快速简便评价生态环境质量.