地膜覆盖滴灌棉田土壤上水分动态的数值模拟

Drip irrigation under plastic mulch has been widely applied in arid Northwest China as a water-saving irrigation technology.A comprehensive knowledge of the distribution and movement of soil water in root zone is essential for the design and management of irrigation regimes.Simulation models have been proved to be efcient methods for this purpose.In this study,the numerical model Hydrus -2D was used to simulate the temporal variations of soil water content in a drip irrigated cotton field under mulching.A concept of partitioning coefcient,calibrated to be 0.07,was introduced to describe the efect of plastic mulch on prevention of evaporation.The soil hydraulic parameters were optimized by inverse solution using the field data.At the optimized conditions,the model was used to predict soil water content for four field treatments.The agreements between the predictions and observations were evaluated using coefcient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE).The results suggested that the model fairly reproduced the variations in soil water content at all locations in four treatments,with R2 ranging from 0.582 to 0.826 and RMSE from 0.029 to 0.050 cm3 cm-3,indicating that the simulations agreed well with the observations.     

Effects of bentonite on water infiltration in a loamy sand soil

Water loss as deep percolation is considerable in furrow irrigation in light soils due to the high infiltration rate. Application of soil conditioners such as bentonite reduces the infiltration rate and improves irrigation application efficiency (E_a) in these soils. The effects of bentonite application rates (BAR) of 0, 2, 4 and 6 g L^?1 on infiltration of a loamy sand soil were determined in a soil column in the laboratory. The exponent of the Kostiakov infiltration equation was not influenced by BAR. Maximum reduction in infiltration equation coefficient and final infiltration rate (i _f) occurred with 2 g bentonite L^?1 and this reduction was lower on increasing BAR from 2 to 4 and 4 to 6 g L^?1 compared with control. The effect of 2 g L^?1 BAR on infiltration and its effect on the design of furrow irrigation in a field with a loamy sand soil indicated that in the first irrigation after field ploughing and seed planting, longer furrow length, lower deep percolation and higher E_a are obtained.     

夏玉米生长期黄淮海平原土壤水氮利用效率模拟分析

以黄淮海平原为研究区域,建立并验证了基于地理信息系统(GIS)的土壤水、热、氮和作物生长联合模型。在1999年黄淮海平原的农村社会经济条件和土壤、气候等条件背景下,运用基于GIS的联合模型对夏玉米生长期土壤水氮利用效率和氮素损失量的区域分布规律进行评价。结果表明,由于自然条件和农田管理措施的差异,水分利用效率(WUE)、氮素利用效率(NUE)及土壤氮素淋失情况的空间分布在各地貌区划区之间有明显差异。多元线性逐步回归分析表明：1 m土体的氮素淋失量与施氮量、饱和导水率(Ks)、积温、降水和灌水量均呈极显著的正相关;WUE与施氮量呈极显著的正相关,而与积温呈极显著的负相关;NUE与降水和灌水量呈极显著的正相关,而与施氮量和土壤有机质含量呈极显著的负相关。     

波涌灌间歇入渗饱和-非饱和土壤水分运动数值模拟及试验

考虑到地下水浅埋对上层包气带水分分布造成一定影响,该研究结合波涌灌技术,对地下水浅埋下间歇入渗的土壤水分分布特征和运动规律进行了分析,建立了基于饱和-非饱和土壤条件下一维间歇入渗水分运动模型,根据试验实测资料采用Hydrus-1D软件反推土壤水分运动参数,并对入渗过程进行了模拟。在此基础上,确定了饱和导水率的估算模型。结果表明:所建参数估算模型较好地反映了饱和导水率与间歇周期数、循环率以及周期时间之间的相关关系,所建水分运动模型模拟值与实测值比较,累计入渗量、土壤含水率以及湿润体运移距离总体相关系数高于0.96,均方差在0.5以内,吻合度较高,能够较好地描述了地下水影响条件下波涌灌间歇入渗饱和-非饱和土壤水分运动特征。该研究为波涌灌技术进一步发展奠定了科学基础。     

Grazing‐induced alterations of soil hydraulic properties and functions in Inner Mongolia,PR China

Increasing grazing intensities of sheep and goats can lead to an increasing degradation of grasslands. We investigated four plots of different grazing intensities (heavily grazed, winter‐grazed, ungrazed since 1999, and ungrazed since 1979) in Inner Mongolia, PR China, in order to study the effects of trampling‐induced mechanical stresses on soil hydraulic properties. Soil water transport and effective evapotranspiration under “heavily grazed” and “ungrazed since 1979” were modeled using the HYDRUS‐1D model. Model calibration was conducted using data collected from field studies. The field data indicate that grazing decreases soil C content and hydrophobicity. Pore volume is reduced, and water‐retention characteristics are modified, the saturated hydraulic conductivity decreases, and its anisotropy (vertical vs. horizontal conductivity) is influenced. Modeling results revealed higher evapotranspiration on the ungrazed site (ungrazed since 1979) compared to the grazed site (heavily grazed) due to wetter soil conditions, more dense vegetation, litter cover, and decreased runoff and drainage, respectively. Grazing modified the partitioning of evapotranspiration with lower transpiration and higher evaporation at the grazed site owing to reduced root water uptake due to reduced evaporation and a patchy soil cover.     

Simulation of nitrogen dynamics in an alluvial sandy soil with drip fertigation of apple trees

Abstract. In order to optimize the management of the N-fertilizer inputs with drip fertigation on sandy-silt soil under apple tree orchard cultivation, we observed in situ: (i) the N and water soil transfers, (ii) the N levels in all leaves, fruits and annual shoots, and (iii) the root distribution. Then we used a mechanistic one-dimensional model (WAVE, Vanclooster et al. , 1994) to quantify the annual parameters of the water and nitrogen balance on a daily basis. The horizontal heterogeneity along the row of the tree-soil-dripper system has been treated with two adjacent compartments: one under the dripper and receiving fertigation and the other outside this zone. N transfers in the tree make it impossible to estimate directly N uptake by roots over time.
The simulated N losses were due to equal amounts of N leaching below 0.9 m deep (9 g N tree⁻¹year⁻¹ and denitrification (7 g N tree⁻¹year⁻¹. The simulated losses of gaseous N were localized predominantly in the compartment under the dripper and showed a higher rate of leaching during the period of N input when the wet conditions and the high NO₃⁻ concentrations were favourable to denitrification. The N-leaching at 0.9 m depth was greatest outside the growing season and was caused by the extension of the N-inputs after the harvest date. This practice, based on the objective to store nitrogen before the period of dormancy does not seem to be justified.     

华北半湿润地区微咸水滴灌番茄耗水量和土壤盐分变化

该文利用3 a试验资料研究了华北半湿润地区滴灌条件下,不同盐分浓度微咸水和土壤基质势对番茄耗水量、水分利用效率和土壤盐分的影响。研究发现总体上番茄整个生育期累计耗水量随着灌溉水盐分浓度的增大而降低,随着土壤基质势控制的降低而降低;而水分利用效率随着灌溉水盐分浓度的增大略微有增大的趋势,随着土壤基质势控制的降低明显升高;3 a微咸水灌溉后,整个土体0～90 cm深度土壤盐分没有明显增加。     

水肥一体化施磷对滴灌玉米磷素、磷素营养及磷肥利用效率的影响

【目的】在新疆大规模的节水滴灌农业生产中,根据作物不同生育阶段对磷素营养吸收特性,按比例通过水肥一体化以水施磷是满足作物磷素营养需求、减少磷的固定及提高磷肥利用效率的有效途径。【方法】本文在田间条件下设置不施磷 (CK)、固体磷酸二铵60%基施+40%追施(T1)、液体磷酸60%基施+40%追施(T2)、液体磷酸全部追施(T3)处理,研究了不同磷肥及施肥方式对滴灌玉米磷素吸收、产量及磷肥利用率的影响。【结果】液体磷酸全部追施处理可显著提高玉米的生物量、穗粒数和千粒重 (P0.05),玉米产量达20622 kg/hm2,其产量比CK、磷酸二铵60%基施+40%追施和液体磷酸60%基施+40%追施处理分别提高了37%、25%、10%;在抽雄期和成熟期不施磷对照、T1、T2、T3处理的玉米吸磷量分别为14.0、22.7、21.0、18.3 kg/hm2 和 68.4、77.8、87.2、91.9 kg/hm2,在成熟期全部追肥处理植株的吸磷量显著高于其他处理,说明磷肥随水追施可显著改善玉米磷素营养(P0.05);T1、T2、T3处理磷肥利用率（REP）和农学效率（AEP）分别为16.6%、32.6%、40.6% 和 7.9 kg/kg、22.7 kg/kg、40.6 kg/kg,T3处理的REP和AEP分别比其它处理提高了8个百分点~24个百分点和17.9~32.7 kg/kg,液体磷酸全追可显著提高磷肥利用效率 (P0.05)。【结论】液体磷肥100%以追肥的方式随水滴施可显著改善玉米生育中后期的磷素营养并提高产量。提高石灰性土壤玉米对磷肥的吸收利用效率,磷肥利用率可达40.6%。     

Lysimeter study of water and salt dynamics in a saline metallurgical waste

In Germany, mounds of solid wastes (mainly rock salt, NaCl) from potash mining produce large amounts of briny runoff which are frequently conveyed into surface waters. This study was conducted to evaluate a saline, fine‐grained aluminum recycling by‐product as soil substitute in a surface barrier over potash mining waste mounds. Four free‐drainage lysimeters were monitored for three years under field conditions. Two lysimeters were filled with a by‐product from aluminum recycling, and the other two with a mixture of this by‐product and a coal combustion waste. Precipitation, evaporation, discharge, as well as pressure head in three depths were measured continuously. Electrical conductivity in the discharge and in suction cup solutions from four depths was used to monitor desalinization. It was found that mean annual discharge from the pure metallurgical waste and from the mixture was 39% and 24% of rainfall. Materials were sufficiently leached to support growth of ryegrass (Lolium perenne, L.) after 444 (pure metallurgical waste) and 281 mm (mix) of seepage, or 28 months of lysimeter operation. We conclude that the mix seems the better material for an engineered mine‐waste surface barrier.     

Hydrus-1D模型在田间水循环规律分析中的应用及改进

为分析农田水分运移规律,以华北平原位山引黄灌区典型田间为研究对象,应用Hydrus-1D模型连续模拟了 2006－2009年的田间水分运移过程。对模型中表面阻抗的计算方法进行了改进,从而改善了蒸散发的模拟结果,与涡度相关系统的实测蒸散发数据对比表明了改进的合理性。对蒸散发的分析表明,对于种植季节性作物的农田,叶面积指数（leaf area index,LAI）是影响蒸散发季节变化过程的重要因素,而气象条件主要决定其在较短时间尺度（如一周）内的波动。与时域反射仪（time domain reflectometry,TDR）实测土壤含水率的对比表明,模型对土壤含水率的模拟精度较高。水量平衡分析结果表明,降雨和灌溉的80%由蒸散发消耗,在汛期农田通过排水发生田间渗漏损失。     

苏北滩涂水稻微咸水灌溉模式及土壤盐分动态变化

为研究微咸水灌溉对水稻水分利用效率和土壤盐分动态的影响,利用田间试验资料对SWAP(Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant)模型进行了率定和验证。用验证认可的模型模拟并分析了水稻生育期水盐运移规律和水稻水分利用效率,并预测了长期微咸水灌溉对土壤盐分的影响。结果表明:1.5 mg/cm3矿化度微咸水足量灌溉可以获得较高的产量和水分利用效率;各微咸水处理在60~90 cm土层均出现不同程度的盐分累积现象,具体累积深度和土壤盐分浓度与灌水量和灌水矿化度有关;采用1.5 mg/cm3矿化度微咸水进行微咸水长期灌溉研究,10 a的模拟结果显示此灌溉制度不会引起0~100 cm土层土壤次生盐渍化。该研究为滨海地区微咸水合理利用提供了理论依据。     

基于HYDRUS-1D模型的荒漠绿洲水盐运移模拟与评估

针对河套灌区引水量逐年减少、荒漠绿洲农业生态环境恶化等问题,该研究以沙丘-荒地-海子系统为研究对象,通过2a定点观测,利用HYDRUS-1D模型对沙丘、沙丘-荒地交界和荒地进行了不同时期水盐动态模拟,揭示了荒漠绿洲水盐运移特征,评价了荒漠绿洲农业生态状况.结果表明:1)沙丘、沙丘-荒地交界和荒地土壤水分和盐分率定与验证...     

Fodder production and soil health with conjunctive use of saline and good quality water in ustipsamments of a semi‐arid region

Food and fodder shortage in arid and semi‐arid regions force farmers to use marginal quality water for meeting the water requirement of crops which result in low quality, reduced production and an adverse impact on soil properties. A field study on loamy‐sand (Hyperthermic Typic Ustipsamments) saline soil was conducted during 1999–2001 at Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar. This involved assessment of effects of conjunctive use of saline water, EC = 4·6–7·4 dSm⁻¹, SAR = 14–22 ((mmol⁻¹)^½ with good quality water on five fodder crop rotations: oat‐sorghum (Avena sativa‐–Sorghum bicolor), rye grass–sorghum (Loleum rigidum—Sorghum bicolor), Egyptian clover—sorghum (Trifoleum alexandrinum—Sorghum bicolor), Persian clover—sorghum (Trifoleum resupinatum—Sorghum bicolor) and Indian clover–sorghum (Melilotus indica—Sorghum bicolor) and certain soil properties associated with it. Leguminous winter fodder crops were more sensitive to poor quality water use. Reductions in fodder yield with use of saline water alone throughout season were 85, 68, 54, 42, 36 and 26 per cent in Indian clover, Egyptian clover, Persian clover, oat, rye grass and sorghum respectively as compared to good quality water. Leguminous fodder crops produced protein rich (12–14 per cent) and low fibre (18–20 per cent) fodder as compared to poor quality grassy fodder under good quality water irrigation but their quality deteriorated when saline water was used. These leguminous crops accumulated proportionately higher Na⁺ (1·58 per cent) resulting in adverse impact on their growth as compared to grassy fodder crops. Higher soil salinity (12·2 dSm⁻¹), SAR = 20 (mmol⁻¹)^½ was recorded with saline water irrigation; and slight adverse impact was noticed on infiltration rate and contents of water dispersible clay. Alternate cyclic use of canal and saline water could be an option for fodder production under such conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Short‐term effect of biochar and compost on soil fertility and water status of a Dystric Cambisol in NE Germany under field conditions

Crop growth in sandy soils is usually limited by plant‐available nutrients and water contents. This study was conducted to determine whether these limiting factors could be improved through applications of compost and biochar. For this purpose, a maize (Zea mays L.) field trial was established at 1 ha area of a Dystric Cambisol in Brandenburg, NE Germany. Five treatments (control, compost, and three biochar‐compost mixtures with constant compost amount (32.5 Mg ha^–1) and increasing biochar amount, ranging from 5–20 Mg ha^–1) were compared. Analyses comprised total organic C (TOC), total N (TN), plant‐available nutrients, and volumetric soil water content for 4 months under field conditions during the growing season 2009. In addition, soil water‐retention characteristics were analyzed on undisturbed soil columns in the laboratory. Total organic‐C content could be increased by a factor of 2.5 from 0.8 to 2% (p < 0.01) at the highest biochar‐compost level compared with control while TN content only slightly increased. Plant‐available Ca, K, P, and Na contents increased by a factor of 2.2, 2.5, 1.2, and 2.8, respectively. With compost addition, the soil pH value significantly increased by up to 0.6 (p < 0.05) and plant‐available soil water retention increased by a factor of 2. Our results clearly demonstrated a synergistic positive effect of compost and biochar mixtures on soil organic‐matter content, nutrients levels, and water‐storage capacity of a sandy soil under field conditions.     

Behavior of iodine in a forest plot,an upland field and a paddy field in the upland area of Tsukuba,Japan: Seasonal variations in iodine concentration in precipitation and soil water and estimation of the annual iodine accumulative amount in soil horizons

Abstract

In the course of a series of studies conducted to investigate the long-term behavior of ¹²⁹I (which has a half-life of 16 million years) in the environment, seasonal variation in the concentration of stable iodine (¹²⁷I) in precipitation and soil water to a depth of 2.5 m in a forest plot, an upland field and a paddy field in the upland area of Tsukuba, Japan, were determined. Iodine concentration in precipitation tended to increase during the summer (high air temperature) season and low-rainfall period, and a positive high correlation was observed between annual rainfall and the annual amount of iodine supplied by precipitation. No seasonal variations in iodine concentration in soil water were observed at any depth in the forest plot and upland field unlike at shallow depths (0.2 and 0.5 m) in the paddy field. In the paddy field, from the beginning of summer irrigation, under flooding conditions, iodine concentration in soil water at shallow depths (0.2 and 0.5 m) continuously increased, and immediately before mid-summer (intermittent) drainage and drainage, the maximum iodine concentration (approximately 50 µg L^?1) and lowest E_h values (approximately ?150 to ?200 mV) were recorded. These high iodine concentration levels and low E_h values were ascribed to high air temperature (approximately > 25°C on average every 10 days) and the continuation of the groundwater level above the ground surface. As for the temporary winter irrigation period (mean daily air temperature 2?4°C), the iodine concentration was low (1.7–3.7 µg L^?1) at all depths, as was the case in the non-irrigation period. After mid-summer drainage, and drainage, the iodine concentration in soil water at depths of 0.2 and 0.5 m decreased drastically as the groundwater level decreased. The mean annual amount of iodine accumulated in the surface soil horizons (0–0.67 m) in the forest plot was estimated to be approximately 2.9 mg m^?2 (7.5 µg kg^?1 dry soil), which coincided with the mean annual amount of iodine supplied to the earth surface by precipitation. A mildly oxidative subsurface 2Bw horizon (0.60–0.89 m) in the paddy field was estimated to illuviate approximately 3.1 mg m^?2 (20 µg kg^?1 dry soil) of iodine annually by retaining iodine in the soil water percolated to this horizon.     

Participatory soil and water conservation planning using a financial analysis tool in the West Usambara highlands of Tanzania

Despite decades of soil and water conservation (SWC) efforts in Tanzania, the adoption of the recommended SWC measures by farmers is minimal. In the past, SWC plans did not incorporate farmers' knowledge, and the economics of SWC was not given much attention at the planning stage. This research evaluated the applicability of two tools for participatory soil erosion mapping using farmers' indicators of soil erosion and financial analysis of SWC measures at the planning stage. The two tools were evaluated in Kwalei catchment in the West Usambara highlands, Tanzania. The participatory soil erosion‐mapping tool uses farmers' indicators of soil erosion to identify, classify and map soil erosion at the catchment level. The financial analysis tool involves farmers in a stepwise analysis of the costs and benefits of SWC measures before the implementation. The erosion‐mapping tool increased farmers' awareness on the severity of soil erosion problems, and they realised the need for SWC plans at both field and catchment scales. With the financial analysis tool farmers participated in the cost and benefits analysis and were able to select SWC options that were feasible under their socio‐economic situation. The two tools were able to demonstrate that farmers' participation in SWC planning increases the acceptance of SWC measures because they solve problems that are perceived by themselves. The financial analysis tool demonstrated how farmers could make selection of SWC measures that are feasible under their biophysical and economic condition if they are informed about the costs and benefits. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于HYDRUS-1D模型的河套灌区典型夹砂层耕地水分利用分析

为研究夹砂层耕地水分利用规律,以河套灌区典型夹砂层土壤耕地为研究对象,利用在春玉米生育期田间监测数据,应用土壤水分运动数值模型,探究对夹砂层土壤田间蒸散发、作物耗水及深层土壤水分的补给与深层渗漏规律。选择2种土壤的夹砂层埋深梯度S1（40～95 cm）、S2（60～110 cm）,设置了3个灌水水平W1（252.5 mm）、W2（315.85 mm）、W3（378.75 mm）开展田间试验,同不含夹砂层处理B作对照,并应用HYDRUS-1D模型模拟春玉米生育期田间蒸散发,土壤水分深层渗漏及地下水补给耕层水量与根系吸水量,与不含夹砂层处理对比分析夹砂层对田间水分利用影响。结果表明：随着砂层埋深增加,棵间蒸发损失减小,叶面蒸腾水量增加;不含夹砂层处理玉米田间毛管向上补给水量较浅埋砂层与深埋砂层处理分别大57.01%、118.53%,灌水量为315.85 mm时含夹砂层处理的土壤水分深层渗漏最小;玉米生育期内根系吸水量随砂层埋深的增加而减少,不含夹砂层处理根系吸水量最大。浅埋砂层与深埋砂层处理分别为蒸散量的55.51%、61.31%,不含夹砂层处理为66.69%;暂时性亏缺水量从大到小依次为：S2、S1、B,水分从大到小依次为：B、S2、S1。综合考虑夹砂层土壤水分迁移、作物水分利用规律,建议在夹砂层耕地春玉米灌溉根据砂层分布因地制宜定灌溉制度,当夹砂层埋深在40～110 cm范围时,推荐春玉米在生育期灌溉定额为315.85 mm。该研究结果可为河套灌区含有夹砂层农田灌溉制度的制定提供理论指导。