食用菌SJ-1漆酶酶学性质及降解黄曲霉毒素B_1的研究

为了进一步掌握高效降解黄曲霉毒素B_1的食用菌SJ-1的特性,考察了温度、pH以及金属离子对食用菌SJ-1漆酶酶活的影响,同时研究了该漆酶降解黄曲霉毒素B_1的降解曲线和降解方程。结果表明,食用菌SJ-1漆酶的最适反应温度为35℃,最适pH值为3.0。Cu~(2+)对该漆酶酶活有一定的激活作用,而Fe~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、K~+对其酶活都有较强的抑制作用。食用菌SJ-1漆酶降解黄曲霉毒素B_1的方程为y=-0.1712x~(2+)20.107x-76.587,其中x为反应时间,范围为0~48 h,y为黄曲霉毒素B_1降解量(ng),该方程在0~48 h内,能够推算出食用菌SJ-1漆酶降解黄曲霉毒素B_1的降解量。本研究结果为食用菌漆酶降解黄曲霉毒素的应用提供了理论指导和技术支持。     

Photo-Assisted Degradation,Toxicological Assessment,and Modeling Using Artificial Neural Networks of Reactive Gray BF-2R Dye

This work investigates the degradation of Reactive Gray BF-2R dye (a blend of reactive yellow 145, reactive orange 122 and reactive black 5 dyes) using UV/H₂O₂, Fenton, and photo-Fenton-advanced oxidative processes, with artificial sunlight and UV-C radiations. The photo-Fenton process employing UV-C radiation was the most efficient under the conditions studied. The ideal conditions for the degradation of the dye, determined using a factorial design 2³ and a study of the concentration of hydrogen peroxide ([H₂O₂]), were [H₂O₂] equal to 40 mg L^?1, iron concentration [Fe] of 1 mg L^?1, and pH between 3 and 4. The Chan and Chu non-linear kinetic model predicted the kinetic data with a degradation of over 98% for color and 68% for aromatics after 60 min. The behavior of the chemical oxygen demand fitted the first-order kinetic model well, with a degradation of 64% after 60 min. The Multilayer Perceptron 7-11-2 artificial neural network model enabled to model the degradation process of the aromatics and accurately predict the experimental data. Toxicity tests indicated that the post-treatment samples were non-toxic for Escherichia coli bacteria, and Portulaca grandiflora and Basil sabory seeds. However, they inhibited the growth of Lactuca sativa seeds and Salmonella enteritidis bacteria. The photo-Fenton process with UV-C radiation degraded the dye studied efficiently and the degradation percentages were, on average, 7% and 5% higher for color than those observed when employing the Fenton and UV/H₂O₂ processes, respectively. With the aromatic, however, they were 84% and 62% higher, thus justifying the use of this process.     

草本生物量与立地条件关系的研究

本文通过对11个草本(丝茅、黄茅)生物量样方的测定表明:丝茅生物量为14.26t/ha,黄茅生物量为9.16t/ha。并应用数量化理论的方法,建立了草本生物量的预测方程。     

玉米秸秆降解真菌的筛选鉴定

为筛选适宜的玉米秸秆纤维素降解菌株作为玉米秸秆腐熟菌剂菌株资源储备,通过采用腐殖玉米秸秆土壤微生物培养筛选、刚果红水解圈测试及酶活测定等多种方法的应用,筛选得到2株具有纤维降解能力的真菌1#菌株和2#菌株。经形态学和分子生物学鉴定,初步确定1#菌株为长枝木霉,2#菌株为聚多曲霉。真菌1#菌株和2#菌株在刚果红培养基上均呈现比生长圈大2倍的水解圈。2个菌株在液体、固体2种酶液发酵情况下均表现内切酶活较强(65.202～217.614 U/mL),均高于外切酶活(55.398～85.322 U/mL)和滤纸酶活(46.074～141.366 U/mL),认为这2个菌株可作为玉米秸秆专用腐熟菌剂研发的储备菌株。     

利用人工神经网络建立植物电信号与环境因子关系

利用人工神经网络建立植物电信号与环境因子（光、温度、湿度)的关系，表明对植物电信号与环境因子定量研究是可能的；进而将植物电信号作为生理反馈信息，建立了植物电位与环境光、温度、湿度等因子的定量关系，建立与输出温度设置的关系，为温室环境调控提供一种方法。     

菌根真菌影响土壤有机污染物降解机理的研究进展

菌根是植物根系与菌根真菌形成的共生体,它能增强植物的逆境抗胁迫能力,有促进有机污染物降解和转化的作用。近年来很多学者对其进行了研究,然而有关其降解和转化的机理目前仍不是很明确。介绍了国内外涉及菌根真菌对土壤中有机污染物的降解机理的研究成果,为促进菌根真菌在土壤有机污染生物修复中的应用提供了基础信息。     

大学生利用图书馆情况调查分析

通过对河北科技师范学院大学生到馆情况、阅读倾向与需求的统计分析,研究出大学生利用图书馆的规律,为图书馆更好地为读者服务提供参考。     

菌根真菌对有机污染物的降解研究

菌根作为真菌与植物的结合体,有着独特的酶途径,可以降解不能被细菌单独转化的有机物,不仅能从微生物修复角度影响有机物降解,还能从植物修复角度影响有机物的降解。本文综述了近年来菌根真菌对土壤中的石油类、农药、氯代芳香烃类及酞酸脂类污染物的降解研究进展,探讨了菌根降解污染物的内在可能机理,其中包括酶的作用、根际的作用及土壤中其他微生物对降解的贡献。综合菌根真菌在生物修复中的优点,认为其在生物修复中具有良好的应用前景。     

Fungal Bioremediation of Creosote-Contaminated Soil: A Laboratory Scale Bioremediation Study Using Indigenous Soil Fungi

The aim of the study is to determine the efficacy of indigenous soil fungi in removing (PAHs) from creosote-contaminated soil with a view to developing a bioremediation strategy for creosote-contaminated soil. Five fungal isolates, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Pleurotus, were separatelyinoculated onto sterile barley grains and incubated in the dark. Thecolonized barley was inoculated onto creosote-contaminated (250 000 mg kg^?1) soil in 18 duplicate treatments and incubated at 25 °C forseventy days. The soil was amended with nutrient supplements to give a C:N:Pratio of 25:5:1 and tilled weekly. Creosote removal was higher (between 78and 94%) in nutrient supplemented treatments than in the un-supplementedones (between 65 and 88%). A mixed population of fungi was more effective(94.1% in the nutrient amended treatment) in creosote removal than singlepopulations wit a maximum of 88%. Barley supported better fungal growthand PAH removal. Pleurotus sp. removed the creosote more than the other isolates. Two andthree-ring PAHs were more susceptible to removal than the 4- and 5-ringPAHs, which continued to remain in small amounts to the end of thetreatment. Reduction of creosote in the present study was higher than wasobserved in an earlier experiment using a consortium of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, on the same contaminated soil (Atagana, 2003).     

保护地生产条件下的土壤退化问题及其防治对策

通过对保护地土壤退化问题的综合分析可知,退化的根本原因在于:①迄今为止保护地生产上尚未建立完善的耕作制度,因此不能很好地解决保护地轮休时的土壤环境问题。②市场的需求与保护地的轮作没有统一起来,连作造成营养元素的失衡、土传病虫害的发生与蔓延。③肥料的盲目过量使用降低了肥料的利用率,在土壤中积累了大量的盐分,加剧了土壤的次生盐渍化。④多数保护地至今仍沿用大水漫灌的灌溉方法,这样不仅浪费大量的水资源,也是土壤次生盐渍化产生的重要原因之一。针对上述问题,提出对策如下:首先在保护地轮休前大力推行机械方耕、客土、排土等耕作方法,使土壤得到充分的修复。其次,将市场需求与保护地轮作有机地结合起来,建立适宜于保护地的土壤轮作制度。第三,以有机食品生产的技术标准为依据,实施因土、因作物、因设施的运行情况,统一调配,科学施肥。第四,建立健全保护地的节水灌溉制度和节水技术体系,将节约水资源与改善保护地环境统一起来。通过实施上述综合措施来提高保护地的持续生产能力。     

环境条件对麻纤维地膜降解及其土壤微生物量和酶活性的影响

通过设置不同土壤pH、施氮量、季节和作物种植的土壤环境条件,采用盆栽埋袋试验方法研究麻纤维地膜的降解规律变化,并分析其与土壤微生物生物量及酶活性的关系。结果表明:麻纤维地膜的降解过程均服从Olson衰减模型(R~2=0.689～0.996,P0.05)。施氮量和使用季节对麻纤维地膜的降解产生显著影响,在秋冬季节施氮量增加和种植小白菜呈抑制地膜降解的趋势,夏季地膜降解速率显著高于秋冬季,但土壤pH(5.80～8.34)对地膜的降解速率影响较弱。不同土壤环境条件下,试验末期麻纤维地膜的降解率与土壤微生物生物量碳、氮(MBC、MBN)、纤维素酶及过氧化氢酶活性呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。因此,土壤环境条件改变导致的土壤微生物生物量及酶活性变化可能是其影响麻纤维地膜降解速率的重要原因。     

Biomass Accumulation and its Relationship with the Demand and Concentration of Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium in Lettuce

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) has a short cultivation cycle and a rare growth pattern. The nutritional management program of this species must be designed before its establishment in field or greenhouse. There are two scientifically based methods to design its fertilization management: the simplified rational model and the dynamics of nutritional accumulation. There is not much information to input into these methods. The present study reports about the biomass accumulation pattern of lettuce, cv. Coolward, and its relationship with the demand and concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). The study was conducted in a greenhouse with a slightly acidic sandy-loam substrate (pH 6.5) and a medium/high content of organic matter and nutrients. Twenty-one replicates were set in pots with increasing amounts of soil, depending on the time of harvest. Nine samplings were conducted from emergence up to commercial maturity (MC) (0–65 days after emergence, DDE). The plants collected were divided into two parts, aboveground (PA) and root (PR), and their dry weights and concentrations of N, P, and K were measured. With these data, biomass relative accumulation and nutrients were calculated. Total biomass association (BT) with the demand and concentrations of N, P, and K was estimated. The growth of lettuce during the first 35 DDE was slow and only represented 10% of the total accumulation of biomass, N, P, and K, mainly in PA. From the beginning of the rosette formation (IFRO) up to MC, the linear accumulation stage of MS, N, P, and K emerged. Over the last 22 days of its cycle, the crop acquired more than 60% of MS and nutrients measured at harvest. The PA accumulated nearly 90% of MS, N, P, and K, and the remaining 10% was found in PR. A close linear association was established between BT and the demand of N, P, and K in lettuce (R² = 0.99), which leads us to assume that the simplified rational model might be employed to estimate the dose of fertilization in this crop. The concentrations of N, P, and K in BT at MC were 4.0, 0.46, and 4.3%, respectively. These values are similar to those reported as internal requirements for this crop in other countries; on this account, they could be used tentatively to feed the models proposed.     

碳氮源对复合木质素降解菌木质素降解能力及相关酶活的影响

白腐真菌所具有的降解木质素能力源于其所产生的酶系统,碳源和氮源是其降解木质素和产酶的一个极为重要的影响因素。通过室内小麦秸秆固态发酵试验,研究了不同的碳、氮源对两株侧耳属真菌Tf1（P.pulmonarius）和JG1（P.cornucopiae）产酶活力、木质素降解和粗蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,Lip和MnP是参与复合木质素降解菌Tf1＋JG1降解小麦秸秆重要的木质素降解酶。以葡萄糖为碳源,酒石酸铵为氮源能显著提高复合木质素降解菌对木质素的降解能力,发酵9 d后小麦秸秆的失重率为14.87%,木质素含量为8.68%,木质素降解率为22.95%;粗蛋白含量为7.28%,比未发酵麦秸提高了36.84%（P〈0.05）;Lip和MnP活力分别为629.11 U.g-1和622.22 U.g-1。     

Degradation Study of Carnosic Acid, Carnosol, Rosmarinic Acid, and Rosemary Extract (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Assessed Using HPLC

Rosemary, whose major caffeoyl-derived and diterpenoid ingredients are rosmarinic acid, carnosol, and carnosic acid, is an important source of natural antioxidants and is being recognized increasingly as a useful preservative, protectant, and even as a potential medicinal agent. Understanding the stability of these components and their mode of interaction in mixtures is important if they are to be utilized to greatest effect. A study of the degradation of rosmarinic acid, carnosol, carnosic acid, and a mixture of the three was conducted in ethanolic solutions at different temperatures and light exposure. As expected, degradation increased with temperature. Some unique degradation products were formed with exposure to light. Several degradation products were reported for the first time. The degradation products were identified by HPLC/MS/MS, UV, and NMR. The degradation of rosemary extract in fish oil also was investigated, and much slower rates of degradation were observed for carnosic acid. In the mixture of the three antioxidants, carnosic acid serves to maintain levels of carnosol, though it does so at least in part at the cost of its own degradation.     

纳米TiO2光催化处理城市生活废水的研究

以纳米TiO2作为光催化剂,对城市生活废水进行降解试验研究,考察了常温下催化剂的用量、光照时间及pH值等因素对城市生活废水处理效果的影响,在筛选出的最佳光催化处理工艺条件下,COD的降解率达到91.3%,NH3-N的降解率达到72.4%。     

食用菌的重金属污染与防治

食用菌栽培产业的扩大及发展,一方面给社会提供了美味和高质量的食品,另一方面也广泛地利用了各种生物废弃物,但后者常常又会由于环境污染而引起食用菌污染(尤其重金属污染)问题,本文就国内外的食用菌重金属污染研究作一综述,并提出了食用菌重金属污染的防治对策。     

Ecological Risk, Mass Loading, and Occurrence of Nonylphenol (NP), NP Mono-, and Diethoxylate in Kaoping River and its Tributaries, Taiwan

Biochemically, nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPnEOs) and its breakdown products nonylphenol (NP), NP monoethoxylate (NP₁EO), and NP diethoxylate (NP₂EO) are considered endocrine disrupting compounds. These NPnEOs have been detected in aquatic environments and are of concern. NP, NP₁EO, and NP₂EO were detected in water samples collected from the main watercourse and polluted tributaries of Kaoping River, Taiwan. Concentrations were below the detection limit (<LOD) to 310 μg/l for NP, from <LOD to 27.2 μg/l for NP₁EO, and from <LOD to 27.5 μg/l for NP₂EO. It was found that concentrations of the three compounds in a low flow period were significantly greater than in the high flow period due to the low dilution effect. The risk to aquatic organisms by NP, NP₁EO, and NP₂EO was expressed as hazard quotient and hazard index and simulated with the Monte Carlo method. Results from this study suggested an inadequately treated domestic wastewater caused high concentrations of NP, NP₁EO, and NP₂EO and a high risk to aquatic organisms.     

农业生物质热裂解实验研究

研究了温度和加热速率等因素对玉米秆、棉柴、麦秸和稻草等农业生物质热裂解过程中产品得率的影响。实验结果表明,适宜的热解温度为500～600℃,原料滞留时间以6～8min为宜,可燃气、生物炭和木焦油等三种热解产品的得率(wt％)分别为40.2％、34.7％和25.1％;产品成份和有关指标的测试结果表明,燃气的热值为12.88MJ/m³,生物炭的热值为25MJ/kg,冷凝木焦油中的有机组份主要包括甲醇、糠醛、苯酚、邻甲酚、甲苯和醋酸等。     

连作障碍产生机理及防控现状

由于我国人口的迅速增长、耕地资源限制和粮食作物产区相对比较集中等各种因素的共同影响,在农业生产中作物长期连作已经形成了一个较为普遍的发展态势。随着连作年限的增长,作物的生产受到不同程度的影响,因此由连作所引发的一系列连作障碍已成为制约农作物生产可持续发展的一个重要原因,并引起了全球各方的广泛重视。许多作物在长期连作模式中都会发生连作障碍,这主要是由于植物的自毒作用、土壤中致病微生物的增殖、微生物区系失衡和土壤理化性质的劣变所引起的,目前科研工作者们根据连作障碍重要因子研究出了多种绿色有效的生物防控方法,主要通过研制生物菌剂、有机肥、土壤强还原措施以及噬菌体疗法等来防控连作障碍,各项试验证明这些方法都是切实有效的,而且绿色环保,符合我国绿色可持续发展理念。鉴于此,本综述针对目前连作障碍产生的主要因素,以及近年来提出的防控连作障碍的各种措施进行了阐述,并对该领域未来的研究方向进行了展望,为之后的连作障碍研究提供理论依据,以期克服作物连作障碍难题,促进新农业的健康可持续发展。     

湖南马尾松人工林群落细根生物量及时空动态研究

2007年在长沙天际岭国家森林公园,用钻取土芯法,对马尾松森林群落细根生物量进行了研究。结果表明,该森林群落的年均活细根生物量为1.117 4 t/hm2,死细根生物量为0.118 3 t/hm2,活细根和死细根生物量均存在明显的季节变化,活细根生物量变化趋势总体上呈"单峰型",死细根生物量呈不规则波动。活细根和死细根生物量主要分布在0~30 cm土壤层,其活细根生物量占总活细根生物量的70.73%,其死细根生物量占总死细根生物量的71.43%。活细根生物量和死细根生物量与土壤温度呈显著性指数相关,与土壤湿度呈显著性线性相关。