Dry and Wet Deposition of Nitrogen Emitted in Buenos Aires City to Waters of de la Plata River

Dry and wet deposition of atmospheric nitrogen species (NO₂ and HNO₃) coming from nitrogen oxides emissions in Buenos Aires city to surface waters of de la Plata River were estimated. Atmospheric dispersion models DAUMOD-RD (v.2) and CALPUFF were applied to area and point sources, respectively. These models were run considering 1 year of hourly meteorological data. Emission information included a typical diurnal variation of area source emissions. Annual atmospheric nitrogen (N–NO₂?+?N–HNO₃) deposition to 1,763 km² of the river was 35,600 kg-N year^?1. Dry deposition processes accounted for 89% of this value. The small contribution of wet deposition was a consequence of the very few cases (5%) of rain events during offshore wind conditions. Monthly dry deposition to 1,763 km² of the river varied from 1,628 kg-N month^?1 in February to 3,799 kg-N month^?1 in December, following the monthly occurrence of offshore winds. Monthly wet deposition varied from 1 kg-N month^?1 in June to 1,162 kg-N month^?1 in February. These results came from the combination of favorable conditions for formation of HNO₃ and the occurrence of precipitation during offshore wind situations. Spatial distribution of annual atmospheric N deposition showed a strong coastal gradient. Deposition values reached a maximum of 137.1 kg-N km^?2 year^?1 near the shoreline, which was reduced to the half at 4 km from the coast.     

联苯菊酯降解菌的筛选、鉴定及降解特性研究

联苯菊酯是一种广谱高效杀虫剂,大规模的应用使其广泛残留在环境中,因此筛选联苯菊酯的高效降解菌具有重要意义。从扬州农药厂附近的地表土壤取样,利用富集驯化培养分离得到一株编号为S8的降解细菌,经表形特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析其为醋酸钙不动杆菌（Acinetobacter calcoaceticus）,该菌株在pH7.0和30 ℃的条件下,对100 mg·L-1联苯菊酯的3 d降解率达56.4%,半衰期为60.7 h。其最适生长条件为：pH6.0~8.0,温度30~35 ℃,接种量5%。研究结果可为今后治理联苯菊酯残留污染提供理论参考。     

Tillage and no-tillage effects on physical and chemical properties of an Argiaquoll soil under long-term crop rotation in Buenos Aires,Argentina

No-tillage systems are able to reduce the negative effects of agricultural intensification on soil properties. However, knowledge of long-term impacts of no-tillage systems on soil properties is insufficient. It is essential to know which soil quality indicators are the most sensitive to management practices in each particular environment. Therefore, the objective of this work is to determine which soil quality properties are more sensitive to the impact of two tillage systems in a vertic Argiaquoll soil from Buenos Aires, Argentina. This work started in 2006 and included crop rotation and tillage systems, including both tillage and no-tillage. Physical and chemical properties were measured in three consecutive years (2013–2015) at two depths (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm). The tillage system modified soil physical and chemical properties, mainly in the surface layer. No-tillage showed significantly higher bulk density (2013–2015 p < 0.05), gravimetric moisture (2013; 2014 p < 0.05), organic carbon (2013–2015 p < 0.05), and aggregates stability in the face of a heavy rain (2013; 2015 p < 0.05), than soil under tillage. Soil saturation (or total porosity) was significantly greater under tillage. The tillage system did not affect hydraulic conductivity, total nitrogen and extractable phosphorus from the surface, nor physical and chemical properties from the second depth. No-tillage alleviates, but is not enough to mitigate, the loss of soil organic carbon and aggregate stability caused by continuous cropping in this vertic Argiaquall. Bulk density, organic carbon, aggregates stability and saturation are indicators for future studies performed in environments with similar soil and climate conditions.     

Isolation of a Phytase-Producing Bacterial Strain from Agricultural Soil and its Characterization and Application as an Effective Eco-Friendly Phosphate Solubilizing Bioinoculant

In the present study, we isolated from agricultural soils, a Bacillus strain designated SD01N-014, expressing high-level extracellular phytase activity and investigated its potential to be used as a soil phosphate-solubilizing bioinoculant to improve soil phosphorus (P) availability and thus enhance plant growth. Soil inoculation test showed that being as an inoculant, SD01N-014 substantially enhanced soil P nutrition. Pot experiments showed that when applied to soils, SD01N-014 is capable of colonizing maize seedling roots, increasing plant-available P levels in the rhizosphere and promoting seedling growth. High tunnel trials with different vegetable plants demonstrated that SD01N-014 as a soil inoculant greatly promoted plant growth and was positively correlated with inoculum sizes. Together, these results indicate that SD01N-014 holds promising potential as a cheap, viable and eco-friendly alternative to chemical P fertilizers for increasing soil fertility and crop production in sustainable farming.     

高羊茅和优良菌群联合作用降解陕北黄绵土中的石油烃

以长庆油田石油开采区的烃污染土壤作为供试土壤,以高羊茅为供试植物.从陕北石油污染土壤和污染泥浆中分别获得菌群 TJQ 和菌群 JQ1;用原油污染城市花园土,经过 90 天驯化获得菌群 JQ2,3 菌群中主要以细菌和真菌为主,放线菌较少.降解结果表明,与对照组相比,接种菌群 JQ1、JQ2 、TJQ 及其混合体使土壤中石油降解速率加快,30 天内石油烃去除率提高了13.8% ～ 25.4%,微生物 FDA 活性增长 2 ～ 3倍,其中 JQ1+JQ2 组合对石油降解幅度最大,30 天降解率可高达 35.36%.尽管供试土壤中 N、P 和有机质含量少,pH 偏碱性,土壤贫瘠,不利于植物生长,但高羊茅与各菌群及其混合体联合作用,在其出苗、生长的同时,能明显提高土壤中石油降解效率.与未种植高羊茅相比,30 天内,石油降解率最大可提高 14.4%,其中 JQ1+JQ2+高羊茅组合对土壤中石油烃降解幅度最大,30 天降解率最高达 49.81%.且根际微生物的数量也相应高出 1 ～ 2 个数量级, 微生物 FDA 活性高出 0.53 ～ 1.26 倍.     

一株从金钱树上分离的产纤维素降解酶的菌株的分离及特性鉴定

本研究从金钱树（Zamioculcas zamiifolia）白绢病（Southern blight）病株上分离到一株产纤维素酶菌株SM,经形态观察和rDNA—ITS序列分析鉴定为齐整小核菌（Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc）,经以羧甲基纤维素钠为唯一碳源的培养基培养和刚果红染色测定,证明SM菌株可产生高活性纤维素降解酶。本文对SM菌株产纤维素降解酶的液态发酵条件进行了研究,结果表明：在起始pH6．0,无机氮：有机氮：纤维素碳源之比为0．07g：1．4g：1．6g,温度为30℃,摇床转速为160r／min,发酵培养时间为5d的条件下,该菌株发酵液的CMC酶活性达到11．7U／mL,滤纸酶活性达到2．156U／mL,β-葡萄糖苷酶活性达到3．911U／mL。     

Isolation of an in vitro and ex vivo antiradical melanoidin from roasted barley

The antiradical properties of water-soluble components of both natural and roasted barley were determined in vitro, by means of DPPH* assay and the linoleic acid-beta-carotene system, and ex vivo, in rat liver hepatocyte microsomes against lipid peroxidation induced by CCl4. The results show the occurrence in natural barley of weak antioxidant components. These are able to react against low reactive peroxyl radicals, but offer little protection against stable DPPH radicals deriving from peroxidation in microsomal lipids. Conversely, roasted barley yielded strong antioxidant components that are able to efficiently scavenge free radicals in any system used. The results show that the barley grain roasting process induces the formation of soluble Maillard reaction products with powerful antiradical activity. From roasted barley solution (barley coffee) was isolated a brown high molecular mass melanoidinic component, resistant to acidic hydrolysis, that is responsible for most of the barley coffee antioxidant activity in the biosystem.     

Isolation and Characterization of Cellulase Secreting Bacterium from Cattle Manure: Application to Composting

A extracellular cellulase producing bacterium was isolated from cow feces, and was identified to be Bacillus licheniformis on the basis of morphological and biochemical properties as well as the composition of cellular fatty acids composition (FAME). CMCase, FPase and avicelase activities of the isolates cultured in CMC media at 37°C for 24 hrs were 1.65 U/ml, 0.13 U/ml and 0.18 U/ml, respectively. However, β-glucosidase activity was not detected. The optimum pH and temperature for induction of the enzyme were 7.5 and 50°C. The maximum CMCase activity was observed at pH 7.5 and 75°C. Zymogram analysis for crude supernatant showed four major bands CMC-SDS-PAGE. By adding 0.1% DMP (Developed Microbial Product) -comp including B. licheniformis NLRI X-33, microbial product, to swine manure composting pile, the gab of composting temperature within the pile in DMP-comp and control was 23°C and 34°C, respectively, during the initial 23 day composting periods. Coliforms were not found in the swine + sawdust samples after 30 days of DMP-comp treated and 40 days of control under forced aeration system.     

Site-Specific Gastrointestinal Metal Variability in Relation to the Gut Content and Fish Age of Indigenous European Chub from the Sava River

This comprehensive field survey on indigenous European chub (Squalius cephalus L.) presents, for the first time, site-specific variability of trace metal concentrations in the gut content, gastrointestinal tissue and two gastrointestinal sub-cellular fractions, operationally defined as metal-sensitive fraction (S50, which was isolated at 50,000?×?g and contains total water soluble proteins), and metal detoxified fraction (heat-treated S50 (HT S50), which contains heat-stable proteins like metallothioneins). At five sampling sites along the Sava River in Croatia 1 to 5-year-old chub were collected in the post-spawning period (September) in order to estimate if metal concentrations in fish intestine are related to their levels in the gut content or fish age. Concentrations of essential metals (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn) and non-essential Cd decrease in the gut content as follows: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Cd, while in the gastrointestinal tissue: Zn > Fe > Cu ?? Mn > Cd. Observed difference in metal abundance between the gut content and gastrointestinal tissue points to the selective metal absorption in fish intestine. Relationship among metal concentrations in the gastrointestinal tissue and two sub-cellular fractions (S50/HT S50) is significant for all analysed metals, with Spearman correlation coefficients (r) at p?<?0.01 for Zn 0.84/0.73, Cu 0.73/0.73, Fe 0.62/0.58, Mn 0.81/0.78, Cd 0.81/0.82. Site-specific differences point to the age-related increase of gastrointestinal Cu, Mn and Cd towards the downstream sites, while significant correlation between metal concentrations in the gut content and fish age exists only for Mn. In the sub-cellular gastrointestinal fractions, site-specific differences were not recorded on total water-soluble protein and metallothionein concentrations, which might be ascribed to the constitutional level.     

Attenuation of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and <Emphasis Type="Italic">E. coli</Emphasis> Inputs from Pasture Runoff to Surface Waters by a Farm Wetland: the Importance of Wetland Shape and Residence Time

Water quantity and quality were monitored for 3 years in a 360-m-long wetland with riparian fences and plants in a pastoral dairy farming catchment. Concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and Escherichia coli were 210–75,200 g N m⁻³, 12–58,200 g P m⁻³ and 2–20,000 most probable number (MPN)/100 ml, respectively. Average retentions (±standard error) for the wetland over 3 years were 5 ± 1%, 93 ± 13% and 65 ± 9% for TN, TP and E. coli, respectively. Retentions for nitrate–N, ammonium–N, filterable reactive P and particulate C were respectively −29 ± 5%, 32 ± 10%, −53 ± 24% and 96 ± 19%. Aerobic conditions within the wetland supported nitrification but not denitrification and it is likely that there was a high conversion rate from dissolved inputs of N and P in groundwater, to particulate N and P and refractory dissolved forms in the wetland. The wetland was notable for its capacity to promote the formation of particulate forms and retain them or to provide conditions suitable for retention (e.g. binding of phosphate to cations). Nitrogen retention was generally low because about 60% was in dissolved forms (DON and NO_X–N) that were not readily trapped or removed. Specific yields for N, P and E. coli were c. 10–11 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, 0.2 kg P ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and ≤10⁹ MPN ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively, and generally much less than ranges for typical dairy pasture catchments in New Zealand. Further mitigation of catchment runoff losses might be achieved if the upland wetland was coupled with a downslope wetland in which anoxic conditions would promote denitrification.     

Tiber River Quality in the Stretch of a Sewage Treatment Plant: Effects of River Water or Disinfectants to Daphnia and Structure of Benthic Macroinvertebrates Community

The evaluation of Tiber River quality, in a stretch including a sewage treatment plant, has been carried out by the contemporary evaluation of water effect on Daphnia and benthic macroinvertebrates community structure. To achieve a good status of a river water by the end of 2015, as provided in the Water Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60/EC, is necessary to know the quality starting point. To this end, several endpoints are expected by the WFD, including Daphnia toxicity test and macroinvertebrate community analysis. River water sampling was conducted in the four seasons, from upstream to downstream a sewage treatment plant. I endpoint. At the outfall of the sewage treatment plant, river water showed very high acute toxicity to Daphnia only in summer; some toxic effect can be found also upstream in spring. Results at the outfall were consistent with the hypothesis that disinfectants, mainly used in summer to treat discharging waters, are responsible of river water acute toxicity: Daphnia tests with each disinfectant (NaClO, PAA, ClO₂) showed high toxicity. River waters were also utilized in Daphnia reproduction tests. Samples at the outfall (excluding the summer one, undoubtedly toxic) caused slight reduction in survival and fecundity. Disinfectants were also checked in reproduction tests. Still at NOEC_24h, they caused a significant toxicity on both death rate and reproduction. II endpoint. Macroinvertebrate benthic community composition was evaluated upstream and downstream the sewage treatment plant, on these data Extended Biotic Index (EBI), was determined to get a score as quality class. A reduction of water quality score was found downstream the plant, one season delayed (autumn) respect the acute test on Daphnia. Effect of disinfectant discharge, river dilution capability on a short spatial scale and use of different endpoints are discussed in term of river stretch quality.     

一株百合内生细菌 Burkholderia sp. FJb-2的分离鉴定及其体外抑菌促生效应

从北京市房山区百合资源圃采集红芯百合(Fangio)植株样品,通过组织块分离法分离内生细菌;进一步以百合灰霉病菌—灰葡萄孢菌( Botrytis cinerea)ACCC36423、百合叶尖干枯病菌—葡萄座腔菌( Botryosphaeria dothidea)ACCC37263和百合枯萎病菌—尖孢镰刀菌( Fusarium oxysporum)F01139等几种主要百合病原真菌为指示菌,采用平板对峙法筛选具有拮抗活性的拮抗菌株;并对拮抗菌株进行产 1-氨基环丙烷 -1-羧酸(ACC)脱氨酶活性、产生长素(IAA)、溶磷、产铁载体等多种植物促生特性测定;最后通过形态观察及 16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定其种属。结果从百合茎部分离获得一株内生细菌菌株 FJb-2;该菌株对灰葡萄孢菌、葡萄座腔菌和尖孢镰刀菌均有较高拮抗活性,对病原真菌生长的抑制率范围为 60%～ 81%;该菌株产 ACC脱氨酶活性为     

Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Methods in Evaluation of Emission of Enterobacteriaceae from Sewage to the Air and Surface Water

The number of Enterobacteriaceae, with particular attention given to the presence of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, was determined in hospital effluents and municipal wastewater after various stages of purification. The emission of these microorganisms to the ambient air near wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) facilities and to the river water, which is a receiver of the WWTP effluent, was also studied using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and cultivation methods. The number of Enterobacteriaceae determined by cultivation and fluorescence methods in different kinds of sewage sample ranged from 0.5?×?10(3) to 2.9?×?10(6)?CFU/ml and from 2.2?×?10(5) to 1.3?×?10(8) cells/ml, respectively. Their removal rates during treatment processes were close to 99?%, but the number of these bacteria in the WWTP outflow was quite high and ranged from 5.9?×?10(3) to 3.5?×?10(4)?CFU/ml and from 1.1?×?10(5) to 6.1?×?10(5) cells/ml, respectively. In the river water and the air samples, the number of Enterobacteriaceae was also high and ranged from 4.1?×?10(3) to 7.9?×?10(3)?CFU/ml and from 3 to 458?CFU/m(3), respectively. The numbers of these microorganisms obtained from fluorescence and cultivation methods were statistically and significantly correlated; however, the analysis of the studied samples indicated that the FISH method gave values up to 10(3)-fold times greater than those obtained by the cultivation method. From a sanitary point of view, this means that the number of viable fecal bacteria is systematically underestimated by traditional culture-based methods. Thus, the FISH proves to be a method that could be used to estimate bacterial load, particularly in air samples and less contaminated river water.     

Characteristics of Surface Nitrogen and Phosphorus Balances in the Seven Regions of Hungary from 1989 to 2005

As a result of Hungary's membership in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), surface nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) balances on a country level are calculated and reported to the OECD annually. The Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry (RISSAC) of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences is responsible for the calculations. Surface nutrient NP balances of each of the seven Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) 2 regions of Hungary were calculated for the period of 1989 (the starting year of political and economic transitions in the country) to 2005. For the environmental risk assessment of NP balances, it is also essential to take the soil NP status of the investigated area into consideration. Correlations between NP balances and soil NP status should be investigated on EU, country, or regional levels. The relevant agricultural databases of the Central Statistical Office of Hungary (CSOH) were used to ensure the accurate estimations of coefficients. Significant differences were found among the regions both in the input and output sides of the NP balances and, as a consequence, in the regional NP balances. Utilization of the agricultural area also differs among the regions, as a consequence of their geographical location, terrain features, soil and climate conditions, and different traditions. In general, the annual N balances of the studied period in the Hungarian regions were positive, whereas P balances were negative. Surface gross nutrient NP balances of each of the seven Hungarian regions decreased in the studied period, but characteristic differences between Hungarian regions still remained.     

Prominent barriers and motivators to installing ROPS: an analysis of survey responses from Pennsylvania and Vermont

Tractor overturns contribute significantly to the number of work-related deaths that occur every year on U.S. farms. Although the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industries have the highest fatality rates of any industries, researchers predict that the elimination of tractor overturn fatalities could result in a noticeable reduction in the farm fatality rate. Rollover protection structures (ROPS) are 99% effective in preventing overturn fatalities. However, roughly 50% of U.S. tractors do not have a ROPS. In order to identify prominent barriers and motivators to installing ROPS, a phone survey was conducted with a random sample of farmers (n = 327) in Vermont and Pennsylvania, two states interested in developing ROPS installation programs. Results indicated that cost and perceived need were the most frequently highly rated barriers to ROPS installation in both states, while working near hills or ditches and concerns regarding liability were the most frequently highly rated motivators for installing ROPS. Additionally, older farmers identified limited use of a tractor as a highly rated barrier.     

Distribution of 32 Elements in Organic Surface Soils: Contributions from Atmospheric Transport of Pollutants and Natural Sources

Data are presented for 32 elements (Li, Be, B, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Hf, Tl, Pb, Bi) in organic-rich surface soils in Norway, based on samples from 464 sites. By considering geographical distributions based on isopleths, results from factor analysis, and ANOVA of median values from 12 different geographical regions, the contributions from natural and anthropogenic sources are estimated for each element. Long-range atmospheric transport of pollutants from areas out of Norway is a dominant source for Cd, Sb, Pb, and Bi and also a strongly contributing factor for Zn, As, Mo, and Tl. Also V, Ni, Cu, and Ge are somewhat affected, but other factors dominate for these elements. Local point sources of pollution provide significant contributions to soil concentrations of Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, and Cd. The local bedrock is the overriding source of Li, Be, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Rb, Zr, Cs, Ba, REE, Hf, and probably of Ge and Ag. Surface enrichment by root uptake in plants and return to the soil surface by decaying plant material is particularly evident for Mn, Zn, Rb, Cs, and Ba. These elements show no clear difference between south and north in the country, indicating that their plant uptake does not depend on latitude. In the case of B and Sr, atmospheric deposition of marine aerosols is an important source. Rb and Ag, and to a less extent Mn, Ga, and Ba, appear to be depleted in soils near the coast presumably due to cation exchange with airborne marine cations.     

The response of finely textured and organic soils to lime and phosphorus application: Results from an incubation experiment

A soil's responses to phosphorus (P) input differs based on its chemical composition. Soil acidity and the presence of metallic cations dictate a soil's chemical composition. Currently, soil P application recommendations are universal and do not account for differing soil composition. A targeted soil-specific approach is required to optimize P efficiency and availability. A pot incubation experiment was established to explore the effects of contrasting lime and P application rates across a range of soils (25), characterized by fine particle size and high levels of soil organic matter. Three contrasting rates of P were applied (0, 50, and 150 kg P ha⁻¹) both with and without ground lime (CaCO₃) at 5 tonne ha⁻¹ over a 140-day incubation period. The addition of lime buffered the soil, increasing nutrient availability and reducing P fixation. The 50 kg P ha⁻¹ treatment rate was required to achieve sufficient plant available P in both mineral soil textural classes. Current legislative recommendations however do not allow the application of such rates, which has an impact on agronomic performance. Loam soils experienced a greater increase in M3 soil P in comparison to clay and organic soils. Organic soils posed a major threat to water quality due to poor P retention. A re-evaluation of P recommendations is required to account for soil variability as current P allowances are insufficient on these particular soils.