不同基因型冬小麦冠层温度与产量和水分利用效率的关系

通过研究水分利用效率和产量之间的相关性,证明冠层温度在筛选小麦品种(系)时也是一个重要的指标。利用红外测温仪,于2006-2007年在甘肃陇东旱原研究了来自中国北方和美国的40个小麦品种(系)不同生育时期冠层温度的差异及其与产量、水分利用效率的关系。结果表明,不同基因型小麦在籽粒灌浆结实期存在着冠层温度高度分异现象,其分异程度随生育期的推后明显加大,到灌浆中后期达到最大。无论拔节期、灌浆初期还是中后期,旱地冬小麦产量、水分利用效率与冠层温度均呈极显著的负相关,并且随着生育期推移,相关性增大。灌浆中期以后不同基因型小麦冠层温度保持较高的一致性,冠层温度偏低的品种具有较高的产量和水分利用效率。灌浆中后期的冠层温度在评价小麦产量和水分利用效率上具有较高的可靠性,可作为田间选择的一个指标应用。     

干旱条件下不同温型小麦叶片衰老与活性氧代谢特性的研究

试验研究干旱条件下不同温型小麦叶片衰老和活性氧代谢特性结果表明,与暖型小麦相比,冷型小麦叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量下降缓慢,丙二醛含量低,累积速度慢,而保护性酶超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性降幅小,且籽粒灌浆中后期各酶活性均较高。小麦叶片衰老和活性氧代谢特性与其温度型归属关系密切,可借助冠层温度进行抗旱材料生理代谢性状的判别。     

小麦冷温群体研究

通过对小麦群体温度的多年观测，发现自然界存在冷温群体，其冠层温度偏低，叶片功能期较长，源较充足，对灌浆甚为有利。尤其这类群体中的冷型小麦，冷域发达，蒸腾旺盛，净光合率较高，更是利于子位充实。这种类型小支的发现为优良株系、品系、品种的选择提供了重要的理论和实践依据。     

基于无人机热红外与数码影像的玉米冠层温度监测

快速、准确、无损地获取田间玉米冠层温度,对实现无人机辅助玉米抗旱性状的监测具有重要的意义。该文以无人机搭载热红外成像仪和RGB高清数码相机构成低空遥感数据获取系统,以不同性状的拔节期玉米为研究对象,采集试验区的无人机影像。利用含有已知三维坐标的几何控制板,进行数码影像几何校正,并利用校正后的数码影像对热红外影像进行几何配准。利用便携式手持测温仪测量辐射定标板黑白面的温度,对热红外影像进行辐射定标。利用高空间分辨率的数码影像对玉米进行分类并二值化处理,基于二值化结果提取热红外影像的玉米冠层像元,并提取试验区不同性状玉米的冠层温度。同时,利用便携式手持测温仪在地面同步测量玉米冠层温度,并与提取的冠层温度经行一致性分析,以验证评估基于热红外影像提取玉米冠层温度的效果。结果表明:提取的冠层温度值与地面实测值具有高度一致性(R2=0.723 6,RMSE=0.60℃),提取精度较高,表明基于无人机热红外影像获取玉米冠层温度的方法具有高通量的优势且精度较高。最后将试验区的植被覆盖度与提取的冠层温度进行对比分析,结果表明:玉米冠层温度与其覆盖度有显著的相关性(R2=0.534 5,P0.000 1),覆盖度越高冠层温度越低,反之则越高,说明玉米冠层覆盖度的大小影响玉米冠层温度的高低。该研究可为玉米育种材料的田间冠层温度监测提供参考。     

甘肃主栽小麦品种及骨干亲本花药培养特性评价及分析

为进一步提高小麦花培育种效率,拓宽花培杂交亲本可利用的基因型,以86份甘肃主栽小麦和骨干亲本为供试材料,利用花药培养技术,分析并评价其花药培养特性,探讨所筛选的具有高花药培养力基因型材料的应用潜力。结果表明,在供试小麦材料中,春小麦较冬小麦更易于诱导愈伤组织并分化出绿苗;愈伤组织诱导率与绿苗分化率及白苗分化率之间不具有相关性;绿苗生产率可作为评价小麦花药培养力的重要指标。此外,86份材料中共筛选出9份具有较高花药培养力的材料。研究结果可为利用甘肃小麦种质资源进行花培育种提供参考依据,同时所筛选出的高花药培养力材料在花培育种、DH群体构建、小孢子培养和无性系变异机理等基础研究方面具有重要的潜在应用价值。     

弱光下种植密度对冬小麦冠层温湿度及籽粒灌浆的影响

2016年在小麦拔节?成熟期用透光率为50%的白色尼龙网模拟遮阴环境,遮阴和自然光条件下分别设置450（M1）、525（M2）、600（M3）、675（M4）、750万株·hm?2（M5）5种种植密度,进行双因素裂区田间试验,观测对比冬小麦冠层空气温度、湿度以及小麦籽粒灌浆特性的变化过程。结果表明：与自然光相比,遮阴处理下冬小麦冠层温度明显降低、中午高温持续时间明显缩短,冠层湿度明显升高,中午冠层湿度低谷持续时间明显缩短,籽粒灌浆速率降低;遮阴显著降低了冬小麦的有效穗数、穗粒重及千粒重。遮阴条件下,可以通过适当降低种植密度,改善冠层温湿度,提高冬小麦籽粒灌浆速率,增加穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得高产。     

冠层反射光谱与小麦产量及产量构成因素的定量关系

基于4个小麦品种、5个施氮水平的田间试验,在比较小麦冠层多光谱和高光谱反射特征的基础上,讨论了不同生育期冠层反射光谱参数与小麦产量及产量构成因素的定量关系。结果表明,拔节期冠层多光谱参数与理论产量和实际产量的相关性较高,可用于预测小麦产量,而冠层高光谱反射参数与小麦产量间的相关性较差,难以直接利用预测小麦产量;冠层的多光谱和高光谱参数对亩穗数的预测效果均较好,小麦拔节期、灌浆中期和成熟期的冠层多光谱参数、高光谱参数均与亩穗数间具有极显著正相关关系（P〈0.01）,从而分别建立了各时期利用高光谱参数A（760,850）/R550、多光谱比值植被指数RVI（810,560）的小麦估产方程。研究结果对选择合适的光谱参数建立估产模型、保证高光谱遥感信息反演精度具有重要价值。     

垄作小麦群体的光分布特征及其对不同叶位叶片光合速率的影响

利用4个不同基因型小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种(大穗型品种"烟辐188"和"淄麦12"、多穗型品种"济麦22"和"济麦20")对比研究了垄作和传统平作两种栽培方式对小麦群体内部光分布特征及其对不同叶位叶片光合速率的影响.结果表明:垄作栽培方式显著改善了小麦冠层内光的垂直分布状况,使冠层内不同垂直高度的光照强度显著高于传统平作,并显著提高了小麦冠层内不同叶位叶片的光合速率;垄作栽培能够显著降低多穗型小麦品种冠层温度,而对大穗型小麦品种作用不明显;垄作栽培方式能够显著提高多穗型小麦品种归一化植被指数(NDVI),明显改善小麦生长状况;垄作栽培方式可显著提高小麦的千粒重,增加穗粒数,使小麦的行优势得到充分发挥.垄作栽培方式更适合分蘖成穗率较高、群体相对较大的多穗型品种.     

冷型小麦氮素吸收积累特性的研究

2002至2004年,通过田间小区试验,研究了4种施肥条件下(不施肥、单施磷肥、单施氮肥和氮磷配施)冠层温度持续偏低的冷型小麦氮素吸收积累特性。供试小麦品种为小偃6号、陕229、NR9405和9430,前两者为冷型小麦品种,后两者为暖型小麦品种。结果表明,花前冷型小麦叶片具有较高的氮素积累量;花后氮素吸收积累量在单施磷肥、单施氮肥和氮磷配施条件下比暖型小麦分别高168.6%、144.6%和217.4%。成熟期冷型小麦子粒中氮素积累量大,功能叶片中氮素残留量多。冷型小麦叶片较高的氮素含量为维持叶片较高的光合速率奠定了良好的氮营养基础;花后氮素吸收积累量较多的特点,与冷型小麦灌浆结实期具有较高的代谢生理活性,根系吸收氮能力强有密切关系。     

基于热点植被指数的冬小麦叶面积指数估算

针对传统植被指数方法中利用单一方向的光谱特性估测LAI容易出现饱和现象和冠层结构信息不足的缺陷,以二向反射特性的归一化植被指数(NHVI)为基础,将表征叶片空间分布模式的热暗点指数(HDS)引入土壤调整型植被指数(SAVI),增强型植被指数(EVI)中,构建具有二向反射特性的土壤调整型热点植被指数(SAHVI)和增强型热点植被指数(EHVI)。同时使用红光,近红外,蓝光和绿光波段计算HDS,选择对LAI敏感性较高的HDS参与构建新型植被指数,并利用试验测量的小麦冠层二向反射率数据和叶面积指数,研究新型植被指数与LAI的线性关系。结果表明:基于蓝光和红光波段计算的HDS参与构建的EHVI、SAHVI与LAI的线性相关程度要优于EVI、SAVI,且较NHVI有进一步提高,能有效缓解LAI估算中植被指数饱和现象。     

Behaviour of leaf water potentials of wheat and mungbean under field conditions as a function of available soil moisture and relative humidity

Field experiments were conducted with wheat and summer mungbean on an alluvial sandy loam soil (Typic Ustochrept). Data were obtained concurrently on soil moisture, leaf water potentials and relative humidity above crop canopy, in order to establish correlations between plant water status and soil moisture and aerial environment. In case of wheat, leaf water potentials correlated well with available soil moisture percentage remaining in the root zone as well as relative humidity above the crop canopy, only for the reproductive phase of crop growth. For the vegetative phase of crop growth, no relationships could be established, possibly because of high and non-limiting soil moisture. For mungbean, which is capable of avoiding drought, only 0900 hours leaf water potential correlated with available moisture remaining the root zone. For adapting the regressions for scheduling irrigation, important growth phases have to be considered separately.     

Evaluating genetic diversity for heat tolerance traits in Mexican wheat landraces

Large areas of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Fion et Paol.) are grown under above-optimal temperatures causing significant yield reductions. Adaptation of wheat to such areas through genetic improvement is a way of increasing production in those regions. To identify new and novel sources of heat tolerance, 2,255 Mexican wheat landraces, grown for seed regeneration under semi-controlled conditions in the screenhouse, were evaluated for leaf chlorophyll content (LCC). The landraces were collected from areas with seasonal high temperatures. Based on these initial results, two subgroups of 127 landraces each were selected, one with high LCC values and one with low LCC values. During 1997 the selected subgroups were grown in the screenhouse and in field trials in Cd. Obregon, Mexico. The landraces were evaluated for traits associated with heat tolerance: LCC, canopy temperature depression, and thousand-kernel weight (KWT). The objectives of the study were to identify new sources of heat tolerance and to assess the feasibility of combining basic seed regeneration with characterization for needed traits like heat tolerance. A highly significant correlation was found between LCC in the screenhouse and in field trials, indicating the promise of using a screenhouse for cost effective evaluation of heat tolerance traits. This strategy could be used to identify regions or groups of germplasm that merit more intense screening. Highly significant correlations were also found between LCC and KWT. Three landrace cultivars with superior and consistent LCC values were identified. These accessions are potentially useful sources for improving heat tolerance in cultivated wheat.     

小麦重组自交系群体苗期抗旱性综合评价

[目的]探讨干旱对小麦萌发期幼苗生长的影响,筛选抗旱的优良小麦种质材料,为小麦抗旱新品种的选育提供依据。[方法]以洛旱2号与潍麦8号杂交产生的重组自交系(RIL)群体(F9)为材料,基于小麦萌发期幼苗在不同水分条件下的多个农艺性状指标数据,通过主成分分析和K均值聚类的方法,对重组自交系的291个株系及其亲本进行了苗期抗旱性综合评价,并对各株系的苗期抗旱性度量值和其产量的相关性进行了分析。[结果](1)用10%的PEG-6000处理萌动的种子,可促进胚芽鞘长和根数的增加,而对其它农艺性状有明显的抑制作用。(2)从该重组自交系的291个株系中筛选出了44个抗旱优良株系,为小麦抗旱育种提供了宝贵的种质材料。(3)小麦各株系的苗期抗旱性和其产量之间呈显著的正相关。[结论]根系性状对干旱胁迫的反应最为敏感,干旱胁迫下能否形成相对强大的根系系统是衡量幼苗抗旱性的重要条件。     

Exploring Morpho-Physiological Relationships among Drought Resistance Related Traits in Wheat Genotypes Using Multivariate Techniques

Eighteen bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and two durum wheat genotypes (Triticum turgidum L.) were used to explore relationship among their morpho-physiological traits. Two separate field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Station, College of Agricultural, Shiraz University. Each experiment was designed as a randomized completed block with three replications. Twenty-five morpho-physiological drought resistance related traits were measured and multivariate statistical techniques were used to consider these relationships. Based on the results of the factor analysis, electrolyte leakage (EL) had the highest positive correlation, while membrane stability index (MSI) had the highest negative correlation with the first factor, canopy temperature depression (CTD). It could be clearly detected that these two variables had high effect on canopy temperature and the genotype with lower EL and higher MSI resulted in lower canopy temperature. This factor also showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) related traits and plant water relationship related traits had significant effect on CTD. Since yield stability (YS) had the highest coefficient in factor 3, this factor was the most important one showing effective variables on this trait, thus this factor's suggested name was YS. The significant positive correlations with factor 3 were relative water protected (RWP), which is a new index, and cellular membrane stability (CMS). This result clearly shows that new index of RWP can be an efficient indirect criterion to screen higher YS genotypes together with CMS. Cluster analysis grouped variables into three clusters. These results were confirmed by the results of principal and discriminate function analysis. In addition, the results of the factor analysis for considering relationships among measured traits were confirmed through the cluster analysis.     

滴灌量对冬小麦田间小气候及产量的影响研究

为优化北疆滴灌冬小麦灌溉定额,探究不同滴灌量与冬小麦田间小气候及产量的关系,大田试验滴灌条件下,采用单因子随机区组试验设计,研究了3 000 m~3×hm~(-2)(处理TA)、3 750 m~3×hm~(-2)(处理TB)、4 500 m~3×hm~(-2)(处理TC)3个不同灌水量对冬小麦地下15 cm处土壤温度、冠层温度、湿度、旗叶胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、大气CO_2浓度(Ca)、棵间蒸发量及产量的影响。结果表明:随着灌水量的增大,冬小麦生育后期灌水的土壤温度降温效应增强,不同处理间地温差异分别达1.09℃(处理TA与处理TB)、1.61℃(处理TA与处理TC)、0.52℃(处理TB与处理TC)。随灌水量增大,冠层温度减小,湿度增大,处理间最高冠层温差达3.68℃,棵间蒸发、Ci均随灌水量增大先减小后增大。整个生育期内Ca则随滴灌量的增大基本呈逐渐降低趋势,产量则先升后降,在3 750 m~3×hm~(-2)灌水量时最高,达8 971.66 kg×hm~(-2),较低灌水量(处理TA)、高灌水量(处理TC)分别增产20.55%和6.86%。进一步将上述各要素分别与产量、灌水量进行相关性分析可知,地温、冠层温度均与产量、灌水量之间存在显著性负相关关系,冠层湿度与灌水量呈极显著性正相关,胞间CO_2浓度与产量呈极显著负相关性。本试验条件下,北疆冬小麦滴灌定额为3 750 m~3×hm~(-2)时,麦田冠层温、湿度适宜,棵间蒸发量小,产量最高,可供大田生产实践参考。     

Salt stress and mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]: effects,physiological perspective and management practices for alleviating salinity

Mungbean is an important food grain legume with high economic status. It has an excellent source of dietary protein and nutritional health benefits, particularly for the vegetarians. It increases soil fertility and also plays an imperative role in major cropping systems due to its short life span. Production of mungbean is still decreasing due to its susceptibility towards various environmental stress factors. Salt stress is one of the most prevailing abiotic stress imposing threats for agriculture food crops along with increasing world population and limited natural resources. Fewer efforts have been made to develop an improved variety of mungbean. The present review summarizes the adverse effects of salt stress and mungbean response at the physiological and molecular level. It covers recent studies on introgression of useful traits in mungbean for its better adaptability and survival under stressed conditions. Modern biotechnological approaches and traditional breeding methods may assist the development of salt-tolerant cultivars of mungbean for salinity-affected area in arid and semi-arid regions. Researchers involved in this area should keep this goal on priority for sustainable mungbean production. Availability of protein-rich food may help to reduce the problem of malnutrition in poor families and national food security issue for a continuous rising population.     

生物质炭中的污染物含量及其田间施用的环境风险预测

生物质炭在碳固定、污染修复和酸性土壤改良中的应用非常广泛,但对生物质炭中所含污染物的研究甚少,其在田间应用中的环境风险并不清楚。该文选择松针和麦秆为原料,采用不同制备方法,研究了不同条件下获得的生物质炭中的重金属和多环芳烃含量,并初步评估了其田间应用的环境风险。研究表明,不同有机废弃物来源制备的生物质炭中均含有一定量的重金属(0.301～128mg/kg)和多环芳烃(1.48～5.48mg/kg);松针制备的生物质炭中的重金属含量普遍高于麦秆制备的生物质炭,而多环芳烃含量则相反,且高温制备有助于降低生物质炭中的多环芳烃含量;在低施用量的田间条件下,生物质炭的施用不易对土壤造成多环芳烃的环境风险,但在高施用量条件下,生物质炭中含有的多环芳烃容易使土壤中多环芳烃含量达到中度或重度污染的程度;生物质炭中的重金属在土壤中的积累量比较有限,环境风险较小。     

Characterisation and Variation of Morphological Traits and Storage Proteins in Spanish Emmer Wheat Germplasm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum Dicoccon</Emphasis>)

Emmer wheat is hulled wheat that was wide cultivated in Spain at the past. Actually, the most of this germplasm is conserved in Germplasm Banks, and only two small populations have been found in Asturias (North of Spain) in a recent collecting mission. In this work, a collection of 31 Spanish emmer lines developed from identical number of accessions of two Germplasm Banks was analysed for morphological spike traits and seed storage protein composition. Up to seven different botanical varieties were detected, which suggest the presence of a wide diversity, although lower than the historically described 10 botanical varieties. At level of seed storage proteins, the lines showed a high diversity, although the new alleles were present with low frequency in materials with scarce agronomic interest for the farmers (var. atratum, var. lagascae or var. pycnurum). This last circumstance could translate in a lost of variability by genetic drift.