Dyeing properties of nylon,PET, and N/P mixture fabric with reactive-disperse dyes having a sulfatoethylsulfone group

The dyeing and color fastness properties of two reactive-disperse dyes containing a sulfatoethylsulfone group on nylon, PET and N/P mixture fabrics were examined. The rate of dyeing on nylon fabric was greatly dependent upon dye bath pH. The final dye uptakes at all pH, however, were as high as 97 %. Color strength of the dyed nylon fabric linearly increased up to 0.5 %owf and then slowed down over 1 %owf dyeing. Washing and rubbing fastness of the dyed nylon fabric were excellent, but grade of light fastness was moderate. Dyeability of the reactive-disperse dyes on PET fabric was not much affected by pH, and K/S values of PET fabric dyed at pH 5–8 were lower than those of nylon fabric at all pH examined. Buildup and color fastnesses properties on PET fabric showed the same tendency with nylon fabric. The rate of dyeing of the reactive-disperse dyes on nylon fabric was faster than on PET fabric when both fabrics were dyed simultaneously in the same dye pot, resulting in higher color strength of nylon than PET. The reactive-disperse dyes were found to be adequate to the one-bath, one-step dyeing of N/P mixture fabric when applied at pH 5 and 120 °C.     

Dyeing properties of nylon 66 nano fiber with high molecular mass acid dyes

Research and development of nano fiber products is very active over the world. Physical characteristics and dyeing properties of nylon 66 nano fiber were investigated in this study. X-ray diffraction, DSC, analysis of amino end group, and water absorption were performed to get information concerning physical properties of nano fiber. Nylon 66 nano fiber was dyed with high molecular mass acid dyes. Effects of dyeing temperature, pH of dyeing solution, and concentration of acid dyes on dyeing properties such as rate of dyeing and the extent of exhaustion, were examined and compared to those of regular fiber. It was found that nano fiber adsorbed acid dyes at lower temperature, got rapidly dyed, and its extents of exhaustion at specific dyeing temperature were higher than regular fiber. It was also observed that nano fiber could adsorb a large amount of acid dye without a significant loss in the extent of exhaustion. Washing fastness of the dyed nano fiber was lower by 1/2∼1 grade, light fastness by 1 grade than the dyed regular fiber.     

Polymeric dyes based on thiadiazole derivatives

A series of polymeric dyes were synthesized by free radical addition polymerization of monomeric dyes. The 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole was diazotized and coupled with various N-arylmaleimides to give monomeric dyes. All the polymeric dyes were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, visible absorption spectroscopy, viscometry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Color and dyeing properties of the polymeric dyes were discussed by comparing them with those of the corresponding monomeric dyes. The dyeing performance of these dyes was assessed on nylon fiber. These dyes were found to give various color shades with good to very good depth and levelness on the fiber. The dyeing of the monomeric dyes showed moderate fastness to light and good to excellent fastness to washing, perspiration and sublimation and their corresponding polymeric dyes showed excellent fastness properties. The dyebath exhaustion and fixation on nylon fiber has been found to be good.     

Dyeing of synthetic fabrics in water using azoic dyes based on boronic acid derivatives

Development of water-soluble dyes for the dyeing of different textile fabrics is essential for the textile industry due to ecological and economical reasons. In this study, a series of new azoic dyes were prepared by diazotization reaction between the phenyl boronic acid and different aniline derivatives, and their dyeing capacity in aqueous solution was evaluated. The synthesized boronic azo dyes present good water solubility and can dye polyamide (nylon), wool, silk, and cellulose acetate fabrics. The effect of factors such as concentration of dye, dyeing temperature, and pH on the level of color strength (K/S) was studied. The dyeing results showed that higher color strength K/S (about 16) and fastness properties (about 4/5) with boronic acid dyes were achieved at higher temperatures avoiding the use of surface agents, mordants, and other polluting chemical additives.     

Effect of chelating agent in disperse dye dyeing on polyester fabric

In this study, mild acid based chelating agents (glycolic acid, gluconic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and citric acid) were used for the dyeing of polyester fabrics with metal sensitive disperse dye in closed dyeing process. The chelating and pH adjustment efficiencies were compared in disperse dyeing condition. In the comparative analysis with different chelating agents, glycolic acid showed a higher chelation efficiency and consequently showed higher dye bath exhaustion and color strength. Slight differences in the color fastness of the dyed samples obtained by employing four different chelating agents were observed.     

Design,characterization, dyeing properties,and application of acid-dyeable polyurethane in the manufacture of microfiber synthetic leather

The difficulty in dyeing microfiber synthetic leather filled with ordinary polyurethane presents a significant challenge in maintaining the uniformity and highly realistic appearance of the resulting products. In the present study, a type of acid-dyeable polyurethane (PU-MDEA; MDEA=N-methyldiethanolamine) was synthesized, and its chemical structure and dyeing properties were investigated. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis indicated that cationic groups were successfully incorporated into the PU-MDEA backbone via chain extension using MDEA. The amorphous nature of PU-MDEA was determined by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and polarizing optical microscopy. Owing to the strong binding between these cationic groups and acid dye, as well as the reduced resistance to dye penetration, PU-MDEA showed better dyeability toward the acid dyes studied herein when compared with the control sample (microfiber synthetic leather filled with ordinary polyurethane). The adsorption isotherm experiment revealed that the dyeing process conformed to the Langmuir model, thereby indicating that the acid dyes attached to PU-MDEA via strong ionic bonding rather than van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonding. Additionally, it was found that the wastewater resulting from the dyeing of the microfiber synthetic leather filled with PU-MDEA exhibited environmentally friendly characteristics when compared with that displayed by the control sample (microfiber synthetic leather filled with ordinary polyurethane). Thus, the current results show the potential of PU-MDEA, as a filler, in the manufacture of microfiber synthetic leather to achieve fast dyeing rate, high dye uptake, and good color fastness, thereby improving the uniformity and highly realistic appearance of the resulting products.     

Comparative analysis of two selective bleaching methods on Alpaca fibers

Dark brown Alpaca fiber was reduced in shade via selective bleaching with peroxide. Two selective oxidative bleaching methods were tested on alpaca top to assess their effectiveness for color removal and fiber quality properties. Color change, bundle strength, weight loss, fiber diameter, surface modification, dye-ability and dye wash fastness were assessed for both methods and compared with the original brown top. Bleach method 1 (BL-I) showed little surface modification, 5.8 % weight loss and 2.4 % strength loss. D1925 yellowness index was reduced to 74.3 from 83.1 and provided a good base for the dyeing of medium to deep shades. Bleach method 2 (BL-II) displayed considerable surface modification, 7.8 % weight loss and 18 % strength loss. BL-II also resulted in a mean diameter reduction of 1.9 micron during bleaching. Yellow-ness was reduced to 64.5 from 83.1 and provided a very good base for the dyeing of medium to deep shades. BL-I showed better exhaustion of the pre-metallised dye Lanaset Violet B than BL-II. Wash fastness for BL-II was 1 grey scale unit poorer than BL-I. BL-II showed far better color clarity at pale depths however the wash fastness of the finished product was not good enough to maintain the depth or clarity of the color. BL-I showed poorer clarity of color but exhibited better wash fastness results.     

Dyeing characteristics of Nylon,cotton and N/C mixture fabrics with reactive-disperse dyes containing a sulphatoethylsulphone group

The dyeing and color fastness properties of three reactive-disperse dyes containing a sulphatoethylsulphone group on Nylon, cotton and N/C mixture fabrics were examined. Reduction-clearing was more effective in removing the unfixed dyes than soaping since the reactive-disperse dye became hydrophobic during dyeing process. Nylon was dyed well with three reactive-disperse dyes at pH 5∼8 and difference in chemical structure between dyes did not affect the final color strength of the dyed Nylon fiber, but their build-up properties on Nylon were not so good. The color strength of the dyed cotton was not as high as that of Nylon. The color strength of cotton increased by lowering dyeing temperature when the reactive-disperse dyes having hydroxy group were used. Nylon absorbed more dye molecules than cotton in simultaneous dyeing, the color difference between Nylon and cotton could be reduced as the dyeing temperature decreased. N/C mixture fabric was dyed well at 60 °C with the reactive-disperse dyes having hydroxyl group when applied at pH 7 and 60 °C, and their build-up properties were good. It was also found that washing fastness and rubbing fastness of dyed Nylon, cotton and N/C fabrics with the reactive-disperse dyes were excellent, while light fastness was moderate.     

Dyeing of meta-aramid fibers with disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide

Dyeing characteristics of meta-aramid fibers were investigated in supercritical carbon dioxide by employing three disperse dyes and a carrier. The effects of dyeing temperature, pressure, time, dye concentration, CO₂ flow, and carrier concentration on dyeing properties were investigated. The results showed that meta-aramid fiber could be dyed in supercritical carbon dioxide. Its color depth was improved with increasing dyeing temperature, pressure, time, dye concentration, CO₂ flow, and carrier concentration. Moreover, the color depth could be significantly improved by adding the carrier. The dyeing procedure of supercritical carbon dioxide fluid did not influence the chemical structure and antistatic properties of the meta-aramid fiber. The maximum decomposition temperature and breaking strength of the dyed meta-aramid fiber are slightly increased. The dyed meta-aramid fiber in supercritical carbon dioxide had good fastness, which was rated at 4–5.     

Thiazole based disperse dyes for nylon and polyester fibers

Nine disperse dyes have been synthesized by diazotization of 2-amino-4-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-nitrothiazole and coupled to substituted N-alkylanilines. Spectral properties in the IR and visible range of the dyes obtained were investigated. The dyeing performance of these dyes was assessed on nylon and polyester fibers. These dyes were found to give reddish brown to bluish violet shades on dyeing with very good depth, brightness and levelness on nylon and polyester fibers. The dyed fibers showed fairly good light fastness, very good to excellent fastness to wash, rubbing, perspiration and excellent fastness to sublimation. The dyebath exhaustion and fixation on the fiber were found to be very good.     

Extraction,Dyeing, and Antibacterial Properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crataegus Elbursensis</Emphasis> Fruit Natural Dye on Wool Yarn

Fruits obtained from shrubs of the Crataegus elbursensis (C. elbursensis) plant demonstrate significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties. In this study, natural dye was sono-extracted from fresh and dried fruits and applied in dyeing and antibacterial finishing of wool. The maximum sono-extraction yield was obtained when optimal conditions of ethanol/ water (4/1 v/v) as extracting solvent, time 30 min, pH 4, temperature 50 oC, and C. elbursensis concentration 10 g/l were used. When wool yarns were dyed with the extracted natural dye, the maximum dye uptake was achieved using dye concentration 75 % owf, and dyeing condition of 100 oC, 60 min, pH 4, and LR 100:1. Different metal salts like aluminum sulfate, copper sulfate, and tin chloride were applied on wool by pre-mordanting method and their effects on dye uptake, color variation, and color fastness were examined. Results showed that the natural dye itself had relatively high uptake and good color fastness on un-mordanted wool. Further, each mordant had different effect on dye uptake, color variation, and color fastness properties depending on its coordination ability with dye molecules and wool chains. Moreover, dyed yarns showed good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria.     

Dyeing and fastness properties of a reactive disperse dye on PET, nylon, silk and N/P fabrics

Dyeing and color fastness properties of a reactive disperse dye containing an acetoxyethylsulphone group on PET, Nylon, silk and N/P fabrics were examined. The reactive disperse dye exhibited almost the same dyeing properties on PET fabric as a conventional disperse dye except the level of dye uptake. The most appropriate pH and dyeing temperature for the dyeing of Nylon fabric were 7 and 100°C respectively. The build-up on Nylon fabric was good and various color fastnesses were good to excellent due to the formation of the covalent bond. Application of the reactive disperse dye on silk fabric at pH 9 and 80°C yielded optimum color strength. The rate of dyeing on Nylon fabric was faster than that on PET fabric when both fabrics were dyed simultaneously in a dye bath, accordingly color strength of the dyed Nylon was higher. The reactive disperse dye can be applied for one-step and one-bath dyeing of N/P mixture fabric with good color fastness.     

Dyeing of cotton and silk yarn with the extracted dye from the fruit hulls of mangosteen,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Garcinia mangostana</Emphasis> linn

The extracted dye from the dried fruit hulls of mangosteen was used as a natural dye for the dyeing of cotton and silk yarn. The optimal conditions for dye extraction were to extract the dried fruit hulls of mangosteen at 80°C for 1 hour with a 15 % w/v citric acid solution in a 1:4 ratio of mangosteen powder to solvent. Cotton dyeing with the extracted dye from the dried fruit hulls of mangosteen was carried out at 60°C for 60 minutes with a material to liquor ratio of 1:25. The effect on dyeing of mordant type with different mordanting methods was studied. The results showed that the dyeing of cotton using the post-mordanting method with ferrous sulfate and calcium hydroxide not only provided better depth of shade but also provided better wash fastness and light fastness than with other mordants (alum; zinc tetrafluoroborate) or without a mordant. Good fastness properties were also obtained using a post-mordanted silk with calcium hydroxide.     

Synthesis and application of o,o′-dihydroxyazo dyes and their metal complexes

This paper presents the synthesis of metal complex acid dyes obtained from the reaction of o,o′-dihydroxyazo dyes and chromium and cobalt sulfate. The ¹H-NMR, FT-IR and UV/Visible Spectrophotometer, TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) and ICP (Ion Chromatography) of the intermediates and the metal complexes were studied and compared. Their properties such as dyeing, fastness and toxicity on nylon were also assessed according to standard methods.     

One-Bath Union Dyeing of Wool/Acrylic Blend Fabric with Cationic Reactive Dyes Based on Azobenzene

Three unreported cationic reactive dyes based on azobenzene were synthesized using a novel synthetic route. Synthesized dyestuffs containing three primary color dyes were characterized by FTIR, H-NMR, LC-MS, Element Analysis and UV-vis spectroscopic techniques. The absorption spectra of dyes were measured in three solvents with different polarities. The dyeing and color fastness properties of three cationic reactive dyes on wool, acrylic and wool/acrylic blend fabrics were determined. The optimum pH for wool and acrylic fabrics were 6 and 5, respectively. Effect of temperature, time on dyeing properties and color fastness properties on wool fabric showed the same tendency with acrylic fabric. The K/S value of wool fabric dyed with three dyes was similar to that of acrylic fabric when both fabrics were dyed simultaneously in the same dyebath using low dye concentration. Wool/acrylic blend fabric dyed with three cationic reactive dyes using onebath one-step method achieved good union dyeing property and excellent color fastness.     

A study of reusing vinyl sulfone based reactive dye for dyeing cotton fiber

Reactive dye is a popular dye for dyeing cotton fiber due to its very good color fastness which is explained by the formation of covalent bond between dye and fiber. In this study, practicality of reuse of reactive dye by compensating for the hydrolyzed part of the dye solution is examined. A monofunctional dye (vinyl sulfone type) was used and it was found that dyeing cotton fiber with reused dyebath is possible. Since bifunctional dye can improve the chance of dye-fiber bond formation, vinyl sulfone based bifunctional reactive dyes were also selected in this study. Three types of bifunctional dyes were used and they basically share the same vinyl sulfone group; other reactive groups are monochlorotriazine, dichlorotriazine and vinyl sulfone. Such dyes were chosen in order to compare their respective efficiencies under the effect of one common reactive group. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed proportions of mono-and bifunctional reactive dyes on cotton fiber and study the possibility and efficiency of the two different reuse dyebath systems.     

Dyeing and fastness properties of vat dyes on a novel regenerated cellulosic fiber

enVix is a novel regenerated cellulosic fiber, which is prepared from cellulose diacetate fiber using environmentally friendly manufacturing process. Vat dyeing properties of the enVix were investigated and compared with those of regular viscose rayon. The enVix exhibited better dyeability than viscose rayon. The colour yields of vat dyes on the enVix were found to be dependent on dyeing temperature as well as the amount of levelling agent and salt. Good build-up and good to excellent fastness properties were obtained on the enVix fabric.     

Extraction of natural dye from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coreopsis tinctoria</Emphasis> flower petals for leather dyeing − An eco-friendly approach

This study evaluated the extraction of two colors of dye (yellow and brown) from Coreopsis tinctoria flower petals using ultrasound and the dyeing of leather with the extracted dyes as a source of nontoxic and eco-friendly dye. The results showed an increase in the dye extraction values with increasing time at 100 W ultrasonic power at 80 °C for 1 h. Leather dyeing was optimized with the aid of ultrasound and magnetic stirring. The optimum leather dyeing conditions, with respect to the dye uptake, dye penetration and intensity of the color, were determined to be 12 % dye concentration, 100 W power, 1,000 rpm, and pH 7.0 for 60 min at 80 °C. It was shown that sonication improves dye exhaustion from a 90 % to 60 % rating for 1 h of dyeing time. The dyed leather was assessed by reflectance measurements and compared with visual assessment data. The fastness properties of dyed leather samples showed good fastness against washing, light, and dry and wet rubbing. The strength properties were not significantly altered and the bulk properties, such as softness, were found to be improved by the use of Coreopsis tinctoria yellow and brown dyes using an ultrasonic and magnetic stirring dyeing process.     

Dispersant-free dyeing of poly(lactic acid) knitted fabric with temporarily solubilized azo disperse dyes

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is known for environmentally friendly material as it is derived from annually renewable crops and biodegradable. Dispersant-free dyeing of PLA fabric with three temporarily solubilized azo disperse dyes which contain β-sulfatoethylsulfonyl group was investigated and their dyeing and fastness properties were compared with those of commercial disperse dyes. The temporarily solubilized azo disperse dyes were successfully applied to PLA fabric without the use of dispersant. The color yield on PLA fabric was dependent on dyebath pH and dyeing temperature as well. The optimum results were obtained at pH 7-8 and 110 °C. The dyes showed markedly higher color yield on PLA fabric when compared to commercial disperse dyes. Wash fastness was very poor to poor but light fastness was good. The COD levels of the dyeing effluent from the temporarily solubilized disperse dyes were considerably lower than those from commercial disperse dyes.     

Properties of basic dyes on polyacrylonitrile treated m-aramid fabrics

Treatment of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) onto m-aramid fabric was carried out by pad-dry-cure method using dimethylformamide (DMF) dissolved acrylic fiber solution. The obtained PAN treated m-aramid fabric was dyed using exhaustion method with basic dyes. The effect of PAN treatment on fabric stiffness property was acceptable with acrylic fiber solutions ranging from 1 wt% to 4 wt%. Whilst, more than 4 wt% PAN treated fabrics exhibited undesirable stiffness. The dyeing results showed that PAN treated m-aramid fabrics exhibited a significant increase in color strength when compared to untreated fabric, arising from an increase in anionic dye sites (styrene SO₃ ^? group). Wash fastness was comparable to that of untreated fabric, indicating the strong interaction between dye molecules and the PAN. Rubbing fastness of treated fabrics was not affected by treatments with PAN concentrations lower than 4 wt%. Further increase in PAN concentration led to poorer rubbing fastness property due to the problem of surface dyeing. For light fastness, the PAN treatment failed to improve the light fastness property which is the main disadvantage of basic dyeing of aramid fabric. Finally, in case of PAN treatments with the range of 1 wt% to 4 wt%, the flame retardancy property of PAN treated m-aramid fabrics was found not affected by the percent add-on. However, above 4 wt% PAN treatment, the flame retardancy performance became deteriorated.