最佳组合溶磷细菌的筛选及培养条件的优化

试验研究了不同溶磷细菌的组合效应,筛选出最佳组合,并通过单因子试验和正交试验对最佳组合菌株的培养条件进行了优化。结果表明:溶磷细菌最佳组合为拉恩式菌(W2)+假单胞菌1(W3)+假单胞菌2(W4);W2+W3+W4以葡萄糖为碳源、硫酸铵为氮源培养液有效磷含量最大,为609.1 mg/L,比空白增加了18.4倍;正交试验表明W2+W3+W4的最适培养条件为葡萄糖15 g/L,硫酸铵为0.67 g/L,培养液初始p H值7,接菌量1%,经过进一步实验,W2+W3+W4在优化后培养条件下对磷酸三钙的溶解能力为664.29 mg/L,比在普通发酵培养液中的溶磷量显著增加55.19 mg/L(P0.05),为增强溶磷微生物在土壤中的竞争能力和溶磷能力提供理论基础。     

E.coli谷氨酸脱羧酶高产菌株选育及发酵条件研究

以普通大肠杆菌(E. coli)为出发菌株,以L-谷氨酸、溴甲酚绿(pH3.8~5.4)为筛选及指示剂,经亚硝基胍(NTG)、UV诱变处理,得到了L-谷氨酸脱羧酶活性变异菌株,其L-谷氨酸脱羧酶（GAD）活性大幅度提高,比出发菌株酶活性提高了2.22倍。优化实验显示：pH值、发酵时间、诱导剂L-谷氨酸、硫酸镁对GAD产酶有较大影响。通过对产酶发酵培养基中几种成份单因素变动及正交优化实验,对该菌株产GAD的诱导剂L-谷氨酸、营养要求和发酵条件进行了研究,优化后的发酵培养基组成为牛肉膏5 g/L,蛋白胨10 g/L,氯化钠3 g/L,L-谷氨酸0.5 g/L,葡萄糖1.5 g/L,磷酸二氢钾2 g/L,硫酸镁0.7 g/L。发酵条件是：pH6.8,接种菌龄20h,发酵时间20h。在优化条件下突变菌株GAD活性可达6790.7U,是出发菌株的2.76倍。     

L-色氨酸生产菌株TPO1发酵条件研究

对L-色氨酸生产基因工程菌TP01发酵的接种量、发酵温度和溶氧等条件进行了研究。结果表明,该菌株的最佳发酵条件初始培养基组成为葡萄糖30 g/L、硫酸铵40 g/L、酪氨酸0.2 g/L、玉米浆25 mL/L、磷酸氢二钾10 g/L、磷酸二氢钾5 g/L、七水硫酸镁2 g/L、硫酸钠0.002 g/L、七水硫酸亚铁0.01 g/L、维生素B1 100 μg/L、维生素H 50 μg/L,流加糖为浓度70%的葡萄糖(质量体积比),pH为7.0,温度为37 ℃,接种量为10%,溶氧控制在20%~30%。     

高产中性纤维素酶的巨大芽胞杆菌基因工程菌发酵工艺条件优化

为了加快纤维素酶工业化应用的步伐,解决纤维素酶发酵工业产量低、生产成本高等问题,本研究采用正交设计法对高产中性纤维素酶的巨大芽胞杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)基因工程菌的培养基和发酵条件进行优化.结果表明,最佳发酵培养基成分为:麦麸2.5%、玉米浆1.5%、磷酸二氢钾0.75%、硫酸镁0.04%、氯化钠0.25%;最佳发酵条件为:温度37℃,pH 7.0,罐压0.03～0.05 Mpa,转速600 r/min,装液量3 L,接种量10%,培养4 h后以0.25 g/L/h的流速流加木糖10 h,发酵16 h后,以恒溶氧方式流加补料8 h,共补加料320mL,发酵过程控制溶氧浓度≥30%.该工程菌在此最佳发酵条件下培养,纤维素酶活力可达3846.48 U/mL,是优化前摇瓶发酵的4.3倍.本研究可为工业化生产纤维素酶提供依据.     

蜜蜂球囊菌（Ascosphaerapis）原生质体制备及再生

为建立高效稳定的蜜蜂球囊菌似scosphaeraapis）遗传转化体系,构建具有不同表型特征的球囊菌转化子,本实验对影响蜜蜂球囊菌菌株原生质体制备及再生的因子进行了系统的研究,同时对蜜蜂球囊菌原生质体的释放及再生过程进行了显微观察。结果表明,采用液体培养基进行24h培养的蜜蜂球囊菌菌体,在28℃条件下,应用50mg／mL的崩溃酶,经4h酶解所制备的原生质体释放量最大,达到34．00×10^5／mL。在上述条件下,采用0．8mol／L柠檬酸与NaCl的混合液作为稳渗剂,原生质体的再生率也较高,达到53．06％。蜜蜂球囊菌以菌丝断裂方式释放原生质体,原生质体再生时表现为原生质体先是突出,其后延长,并最终发育成为正常菌丝。本实验首次优化了蜜蜂球囊菌原生质体制备实验流程及原生质体再生最佳条件,为深入研究蜜蜂球囊菌的致病机理及寻找蜜蜂球囊菌致病相关基因奠定基础。     

平菇P1培养条件优化及其黄曲霉毒素降解酶的初步分离

前期筛选获得了可降解黄曲霉毒素的平菇P1,为进一步提高其降解能力,通过优化平菇P1的培养条件,确定在培养温度30℃、转速200 r·min-1、培养基pH值6.0的条件下培养10d时,平菇P1发酵液降解黄曲霉毒素B1的效果最好,此时790μL平菇P1发酵液可以将1 000 ng黄曲霉毒素B1降解到175.7 ng,降解率达到82.43%。除了可以高效降解黄曲霉毒素B1,平菇P1发酵液还可有效降解黄曲霉毒素B2、G1和G2。平菇P1发酵液对黄曲霉毒素的降解是由多种酶参与的,它们之间存在累加效应。这一研究结果将为典曲霉毒高效降解酶的研制提供基础。     

珍稀食用菌绣球菌液体发酵工艺条件优化

为研究绣球菌最适的液体发酵条件,同时保证其多糖的产量,以绣球菌菌丝干重和胞外多糖(EPS)产量为评价指标,采用单因素和正交试验L9(34)优化绣球菌液体发酵工艺。结果表明,最佳液体发酵工艺条件为:碳源为葡萄糖,氮源为蛋白胨,无机盐为硫酸镁,pH值5.5,C/N=20/1,培养温度27℃,此工艺条件下菌丝干重和EPS产量最高,分别为1.5 g·L~(-1)和2.87 mg·L~(-1)。本研究结果为绣球菌后续的相关研究提供了理论依据。     

高效聚磷菌株GM1的分离和聚磷特性研究

采用纯培养结合蓝白斑筛选法从土壤中筛选到一株高效聚磷菌,初步鉴定为费氏柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacterfreundii),命名为GM1。GM1在LB、YG和MOPS培养基上均可正常生长,其生长pH在5·5至8·5之间,最适生长pH为7·5。该菌在不同的培养基上最适生长温度不同,在LB培养基上为37℃,YG和MOPS-葡萄糖培养基上为30℃。在好氧条件下MOPS培养基培养24h后,GM1菌体含磷量为11·5%;上清液磷浓度由43·8mgL-1下降为14·7mgL-1,磷去除率达69%,poly-P染色显示菌体中有异染粒。GM1具有较强的聚磷能力。     

人工湿地高效好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及反硝化特性研究

从增氧型复合垂直流人工湿地中采集样品,利用间歇曝气法富集好氧反硝化菌,并进行分离纯化,共得到10株好氧反硝化菌。其中编号为B13的菌株在初始硝态氮含量为277.23mg·L-1、碳氮比为5的条件下,24h的硝态氮去除率达92.80%,亚硝态氮积累只有12.57mg·L-1,脱氮速率达到20.58mg·L-·1h-1。16S rDNA序列分析表明,该菌与Pseudomonas stutzeri同源性达100%。选用四因素三水平L（934）正交试验表设计实验,通过测定对硝态氮去除能力和亚硝态氮的积累量,研究碳源、碳氮比（C/N）、pH以及溶解氧含量（DO）4种不同因素对B13号菌株好氧反硝化性能的影响。结果表明,该菌株对硝态氮的去除率最大可达99.88%,几乎没有亚硝态氮积累。对硝态氮去除率影响最大的因素为碳氮比,其次为pH,溶解氧含量和碳源。对应的最优条件是碳源为葡萄糖,碳氮比为10,pH为9,溶解氧含量为1.84～3.57mg·L-1。     

巨大芽孢杆菌P1的解磷效果与发酵条件研究

以巨大芽孢杆菌P1为研究对象,利用钼锑抗比色法测定了菌株的解磷能力,采用单因子实验及正交实验优化了菌株的最佳发酵条件,并在10 L发酵罐上进行了发酵条件验证。巨大芽孢杆菌P1在蛋黄培养基上可产生明显的溶磷圈,溶磷圈直径和菌落直径的比值D/d=4.5。在卵磷脂液体培养基中培养4 d后,上清液中的有效磷含量为55.66 mg/mL,是对照的101.2倍,说明溶磷效果明显。单因子实验表明,最佳培养温度为32℃,培养时间为32 h,培养基初始pH为7.5。正交实验表明,最佳培养基组成为玉米粉20 g,黄豆粉10 g,K2HPO41.5 g,MgSO4.7H2O 1.5 g,CaCO31.5 g,H2O 1 000 mL,pH 7.5。方差分析表明,玉米粉、黄豆粉在α=0.05水平上对实验结果的影响存在显著性差异。10 L发酵罐发酵结果表明,巨大芽孢杆菌P1发酵32 h基本达到终点,菌数达到60.0×108cfu/mL,芽孢比率达90%以上。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.