1993年全国小麦秆锈菌种群动态分析

１９９３年我国小麦秆锈病发生较轻，从８个省１８个区县中的４７个品种上采集到的９５个标样中分离到菌株３３６个，鉴定出２１Ｃ３ＣＫＲ、２１Ｃ３ＣＫＨ、２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ、２１Ｃ３ＣＴＨ、２１Ｃ３ＣＦＲ、２１Ｃ３ＣＦＨ、３４Ｃ１ＭＫＲ、３４Ｃ１ＭＫＨ和３４Ｃ２ＭＫＲ等９个致病类型；２１Ｃ３ＣＫＲ的出现频率为６５．２％，居于首位，２１Ｃ３ＣＤＨ为１４．５％，２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ为１０．７％，２１Ｃ３ＣＦＲ为４．２％     

1985—1990年度小麦抗秆锈病田间鉴定结果

“七五”期间,承担中国农科院品种资源所鉴定任务。对19212份材料的鉴定结果,国外品种抗病性最好,其次是国内育成品种和稀有品种。农家品种抗病性最差。鉴定中发现一部分,慢锈材料,是以稀有品种、国外品种最多,其次是国内育成品种。农家品种发病早、重,很少有慢锈现象。这些慢锈品种在锈病流行年份保产作用很明显。     

全国小麦秆锈菌生理小种种群动态分析(1990~1994)

1990～1994年5年间一共分离鉴定了小麦秆锈菌菌株1224个,鉴定出21C3CKH、21C3CKR、21C3CTR、21C3CTH、21C3CPH、21C3CPR、21C3CFH、21C3CFR、34C2MKH、34C2MKR、34C2MKK、34C2MFK、34C2MFR、34MKG、34MFG、34MFK、34C1MKH、34C1MKR、34C1MFH等19个致病类型,分布于云南、福建、四川、贵州、湖南、湖北、浙江、上海、江苏、陕西、河南、河北、甘肃、内蒙古、吉林、辽宁、黑龙江、青海等18个省、市、自治区。涉及种植1000hm~2以上的绵阳20、绵阳19、绵阳15、绵阳11、扬麦三号、扬麦四号、扬麦五号、浙麦一号、浙麦二号及阿勃、晋2148、川麦八号、川育四号、川育十四、川麦20、西幅四号、西幅七号、蜀万831、宛7107、宝丰一号、小堰六号、苏麦三号等品种和近年来育出的部分新品系和高代材料,特别是在地处小麦秆锈菌易变区四川省首次发现了对小麦秆锈菌单抗基因Srll有毒力的21C3CTR等致病类型。     

东北春麦区小麦白粉菌种群动态分析

通过对东北地区小麦白粉菌群体结构分析和小麦生产品种抗病基因推导,明确了东北春麦区小麦白粉病菌群体种群构成。其中１１号和１５号小种为优势小种,其频率分析达到２９.２１％和３２.６９％。小麦白粉菌毒性基因Ｖ１、Ｖ３ａ、Ｖ３ｂ、Ｖ３ｃ、Ｖ５、Ｖ７和Ｖ８毒力频率较高（＞５０％）,Ｖ２、Ｖ４ａ、Ｖ４ｂ、Ｖ２＋６和Ｖ２１毒力频率较低（５％）,Ｖ３ｆ、Ｖ５＋Ｍ１ｉ、Ｖ６和Ｖ１７毒力频率变化幅度较大（４.４％～７４.４％）。推导出辽宁省主栽品种含有的抗病基因。     

小麦与秆锈菌非亲和性互作对秆锈菌生长发育的影响

 本文研究了小麦与秆锈菌3种典型类型非亲和性互作对秆锈菌生长发育的影响。结果表明,完全非亲和性互作ISr5-Ra/21C₃ CKR(Sr5/P5)使秆锈菌芽管生长方向与叶片长轴夹角显著变小,比对应的亲和性互作ISr5-Sa/21C₃ CKR(sr5/p5)平均小6.22°。高度非亲和性互作ISr 11-Ra/34M KG(Sr11/P11)使秆锈菌附着胞总分化率显著降低,接种后第1、2 d平均分别降低21.16%、33.37%,3种类型非亲和性互作对附着胞在气孔上的定位无影响。各类非亲和性互作对秆锈菌菌落扩展有不同程度极显著抑制作用。完全非亲和性互作、高度非亲和性互作及中度非亲和性互作ISr 6-Ra/34C2 MFR(Sr6/P6)侵染点寄主细胞坏死率分别为66.7%~76%、近100%及52.4%~87.1%。     

我国小麦秆锈菌群体毒性基因的初步研究

利用29个抗秆锈病小麦单基因系(或近等基因系)对来自我国云南、陕西、辽宁、四川等16个省(区)的74个菌株进行了测试,分析了我国小麦秆锈菌群体的毒性基因频率、毒性因子、毒性值和毒性基因组合的多样性。结果表明:(1)毒性基因V6、V7b、V8a、V9d、V9g、V10、V17、V36、Vw1d—1的出现频率较高(68.9％—98.6％),其对应的抗性基因为目前我国小麦秆锈菌的无效基因;其次为V5、V9b、V13、V21、V24、V25、V27和V37(39.2％—62.2％);毒性基因V9e、V11、V22、V26、V29、V30、V31、V32、V33、V38、VGt和VTmp的出现频率达0％—30％,其对应的抗性基因为目前我国小麦秆锈菌的有效基因。(2)我国小麦秆锈菌群体毒性与北美相比存在着很大的异质性,其毒性因子和毒性值分别为7.0和701.05,且毒性基因组合比较丰富,分布较为均匀。     

2004—2008年东北春麦区小麦白粉病菌种群毒性动态分析

采用全国统一的9个鉴别寄主离体叶片法鉴定侵染型和Gilmour八进制法命名小种,对2004--2008年采自东北春麦区的辽宁、黑龙江等省不同县市的298个小麦白粉病菌标样进行生理小种及毒力频率分析,并利用已知抗白粉病基因的22个小麦品种(系)对参试菌株进行毒力频率测定.结果表明:2004--2006年优势小种为生理小种15号,出现频率分别为13.7%、15.6%和20.3%;2007年优势小种为17号小种,出现频率为10.2%;2008年411号小种上升为优势小种,频率达20.6%;2004--2008年毒性基因V4b、V2+6、V4+8、V12、V16、V18、V20、V21、V22和V23毒力频率较低,在0～28.0%之间,其对应抗性基因Pm4b、Pm2+6、Pm4+8、Pm12、Pm16、Pm18、Pm20、Pm21、Pm22和Pm23抗性较强,可作为有效的抗病基因加以利用.     

1992年小麦秆锈菌生理小种种群动态分析

1992年在全国15个省、市、自治区32个点的72个品种上,采集小麦秆锈病标样105份,从中分离到256个菌株,鉴定出21C3、34C2和34 3个生理小种,包括21C3—CKH、21C3—CKR、34C2—MKH、34C2—MKR、34C2—MKK、34C2—MFK、34-MKG、34-MKR和34-MFR9个致病类型。生理小种21C3出现频率居首位为85.2％,其中21C3-CKR为50.4％、21C3-CKH为34.8％。利用256个菌株对42个SR单基因系进行了毒为频律测定,其中SR5、10、15、26、30、31、33、35、37和38的毒力频率为2％-22％;SR22、SR22、23、24、32、GT和Wd-1的毒力频率为22％-50％;SR12、13、14、18、19、27、28、和29为50％-80％,而SR9e、11、21无毒力。     

我国小麦秆锈菌的毒性分析

 用40个近等基因系(near-isogenic line)对我国小麦秆锈菌的毒性进行了测定。按照美国禾谷类锈病室(Cereal Rust Laboratory)规定的密码(Code)命名的系统,小种HKR是最普通的毒力组合;占全部70个标样、127份菌株的33.1%。第二个优势小种是RKR,占全部菌株的24.4%。没有发现对Sr9e,11、38,Gt和Tmp有毒力的菌株。对Sr13,22,24,26,29,30,37的毒力频率较低、均在10%以下。毒力频率值在90%以上者(接近90%)的有Sr6,7a、7b、8a、9a、9d、9f、9g、10、12、14、15、16、18、20、28、34、36、dp-2和H。我国小麦秆锈菌无论是毒力组合或毒力频率都与北美的有很大区别。     

我国25个小麦品种抗秆、叶锈基因初步分析

 本文采用基因推导法分析了我国25个重要小麦生产品种和抗源材料抗秆、叶锈菌的基因型。在供试的19个抗秆锈基因中,推导出了Sr5,Sr6、Sr7b、Sr8a、Sr9b、Sr31等6个基因,分布在20个小麦品种中;在14个抗叶锈基因中,推导出了Lr1、Lr2C、Lr10、Lr18、Lr26等5个基因,分布在11个小麦品种中。Sr5、Sr31、Lr2c和Lr26是供试品种的主要抗锈基因。     

Comparison of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici from South America and Europe

Twenty isolates of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici from South America were compared with 19 from Europe using virulence, isozymes and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The isozyme and virulence patterns for these isolates were also compared with those of 11 isolates representative of the common race clusters in North America. All three types of marker showed a level of similarity between the South American and European isolates comparable with that between isolates from the same continent. The average similarity coefficients between the South American and European isolates were 0.65 for virulence, 0.67 for isozymes, and 0.70 for RAPD markers. Among South American isolates the values were 0.63 for virulence, 0.64 for isozymes and 0.72 for RAPDs. For the South American and European isolates, correlation between the similarity matrices based on RAPDs and on isozyme markers, respectively ( r  = 0.52), was higher than that between the RAPD and virulence matrices ( r  = 0.32) or between isozyme and virulence matrices ( r  = 0.16). The North American isolates had a comparable level of similarity for virulence and isozymes to both the South American and European populations. There was no clear distinction between the South American, North American and European isolates, which is consistent with the hypothesis that these populations may have had a common origin.     

Virulence analysis of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici populations in Ethiopia with special consideration of Ug99

Wheat stem rust samples were collected in 2006 and 2007 in the Arsi, Bale, Shewa and northwest regions of Ethiopia to determine virulence diversity and race distribution in Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici populations. Stem rust incidence was high in Arsi, Bale and east Shewa. In northwest Ethiopia, and north and west Shewa, stem rust was prevalent at low levels. A total of 152 isolates was analysed and 22 races were identified. Races TTKSR (Ug99), TTHSR and RRTTR were predominant, with frequencies of 26·6, 17·7 and 11·1%, respectively. These races were also detected in all regions. The highly virulent race designated Ug99 was present throughout the country and dominated in all regions except northwest Ethiopia. A variant of Ug99 virulent against the stem rust resistance gene Sr24 was not detected in this study. Four stem rust resistance genes ( Sr13, Sr30, Sr36 and SrTm p) were found to confer resistance to most of the races prevalent in Ethiopia. With the exception of Sr30 , which is not effective against Ug99, these genes could be used in breeding for resistance to stem rust in Ethiopia.     

Temperature-sensitive wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr15 is effective against Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race TTKSK

The wheat stem rust fungus, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), race TTKSK and related races pose a serious threat to world wheat production. Knowing the effectiveness of wheat stem rust resistance (Sr) genes against Pgt race TTKSK is fundamental in mitigating this threat through resistance breeding. Sr15 was previously identified as being ineffective against Pgt race TTKSK. Here, multirace disease phenotyping data, linkage analyses, allelism testing and haplotype analyses are presented to support the conclusion that Sr15 is effective against Pgt race TTKSK. Resistance to race TTKSK was mapped to Sr15 in a biparental population. Thirty-two accessions with Sr15 displayed seedling resistance phenotypes against race TTKSK. However, these accessions were susceptible as seedlings at high temperatures (22–25 °C), consistent with previous reports that the interaction between avirulent Pgt isolates and Sr15 is temperature-sensitive. Markers STS638, wri4 and KASP_IWB30995 were found to predict the presence of Sr15, suggesting the utility of these assays for marker-assisted selection in breeding programmes. The effectiveness of Sr15 to specific Pgt races and temperatures makes it a less-desirable TTKSK-effective gene. Wheat lines assayed as resistant to race TTKSK at the seedling stage may possess Sr15 and breeders should be aware of the limitations of Sr15 for conferring stem rust resistance.     

Characterization of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici isolates derived from an unusual wheat stem rust outbreak in Germany in 2013

An unusual stem rust infestation occurred in German wheat fields in summer 2013. This study analysed 48 isolates derived from 17 Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) samples and six races were identified: TKTTF, TKKTF, TKPTF, TKKTP, PKPTF and MMMTF. Infection type and genotypic data confirmed that none of these races belonged to the TTKS (Ug99) race group. German isolates of race TKTTF are phenotypically different to the ones responsible for the stem rust epidemic in Ethiopia in 2013–2014. Forty isolates were genotyped using a custom SNP array. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these 40 isolates represented two distinct lineages (clade IV and clade V). Thirty‐eight isolates clustered into clade IV, which previously was defined by Ethiopian isolates of race TKTTF. Race TKKTP is of special concern due to its combined virulence to stem rust resistance genes Sr24, SrTmp and Sr1RS^Amigo. The vulnerability to race TKKTP in US and international winter wheat was confirmed as 55% of North American and international cultivars and breeding lines resistant to race TTKSK (Ug99) became susceptible to TKKTP. Races identified in Germany in 2013 confirmed the presence of virulence to important resistance genes that are effective against race TTKSK. This information should be useful for breeders to select diverse and effective resistance genes in order to provide more durable stem rust resistance and reduce the use of fungicides.     

Support for a stepwise mutation model for pathogen evolution in Australasian Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici by use of molecular markers

Since its initial detection in Australia in 1979, wheat yellow (stripe) rust ( Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici ) has evolved in Australia and New Zealand into more than 20 pathotypes with assorted virulence characteristics. This evolution is believed to have occurred in a stepwise fashion from an original single pathotype, with no subsequent new introductions. A combination of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) was used to examine the level of molecular variation in Australian and New Zealand isolates, and to compare this with variation amongst other isolates of P. striiformis . Using 60 RAPD primers on seven Australian isolates representing seven different pathotypes collected between 1979 and 1991, more than 300 potentially polymorphic loci were analysed and no polymorphisms were detected. Using the same primers on two UK isolates, 3% of loci showed a polymorphism. A similar level of polymorphism was found between UK isolates using AFLP primers, and between 5 and 15% of fragments were polymorphic between an isolate from the UK, an isolate from Denmark, and one from Colombia. However, no AFLP polymorphisms were found amongst 14 Australian and New Zealand isolates tested, at over 100 potentially polymorphic loci. The lack of molecular variation in the Australian and New Zealand collection is consistent with the stepwise mutation theory of pathotype evolution from a single introduction.     

Extended survival of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici urediniospores: implications for biosecurity and on‐farm management

Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), the causal organism of stem rust, is of global importance across wheat‐growing countries. However, some epidemics commence without the obvious presence of ‘alternate’ or ‘green bridge’ hosts, suggesting urediniospores can survive in the absence of suitable host plants for many weeks. Testing a range of inert material types, including metals, plastics, fabrics and woods, highlighted a significant effect of material type and temperature on urediniospore viability (P < 0.001), with urediniospores remaining attached and viable on these materials (aluminium, paper, rubber, all fabric and all woods) for up to 365 days at 23/8 °C day/night. At 36/14 °C day/night, urediniospore viability was retained for a maximum of 300 days on denim and jute. Furthermore, at 45/15 °C day/night, urediniospores remained viable for a maximum of 180 days on cotton and jute. The frequency of recovery of attached urediniospores was also dependent upon the material type, with significant differences between materials in their abilities to retain urediniospores after washing (P < 0.001). Urediniospores recovered even after 300 or 365 days from the lower two temperature regimes successfully initiated infections of wheat seedlings. Results confirm the potential importance of inert materials as long‐term carriers of viable Pgt urediniospores, highlighting risks of spread of new pathotypes and strains across wheat‐growing regions, the significant biosecurity implications for contaminated carrier materials, and its likely survival across seasons without a host.     

陕西省小麦条锈菌群体遗传结构分析

 利用TP-M13-SSR自动荧光检测技术,对陕西省小麦条锈菌群体遗传结构进行了分析。研究结果显示,在物种水平上,陕西省小麦条锈菌群体Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）为0.18、Shannon 信息指数（I）为0.29,表明该省条锈菌群体遗传多样性较为丰富。同时,条锈菌群体遗传多样性在地区之间也存在明显的差异,在7个条锈菌群体中,宁强种群遗传多样性相对较高（H为0.18,I为0.28）。AMOVA分析显示,陕西省小麦条锈菌在地区间、种群间和群体内的遗传分化分别为：12.26%、10.88%和76.86%,表明陕西省小麦条锈菌群体存在一定的遗传分化,但遗传变异主要发生在群体内部。     

Disease severity and pathotype dynamics of Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici in Denmark

Disease severity of wheat yellow rust, Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici , was analysed in Denmark from 1985 to 1999 in relation to the effects of weather on winter survival, distribution of host cultivars and pathotype dynamics. Below-average temperatures in January and February (midwinter) reduced yellow rust on the susceptible cv. Anja, and in three of four growth seasons following cold winters no yellow rust was observed on any cultivar under natural conditions. The agronomic consequences of dispersal of yellow rust urediniospores from external sources to Denmark, in a period during which large areas were planted with relatively few wheat cultivars, were demonstrated in several cases, most evidently when the Yr9 and Yr17 resistance genes became ineffective. Yr9 was overcome by the pathogen in a period with severe yellow rust epidemics on commercial cultivars, while virulence for Yr17 was first observed in a year with almost no yellow rust. In contrast, the resistance in cv. Kraka ( Yr1, CV ) was increasingly effective in controlling yellow rust, because pathotypes with the matching combination of virulence declined in the pathogen population. Pathotype frequency dynamics were thus influenced by selection forces within the country, and by selection forces in areas where spores were spread to Denmark from outside. The importance of a sufficient level of partial resistance in the wheat germplasm to prevent too much damage by yellow rust epidemics, in the event that the resistance genes are overcome by the pathogen population, is emphasized.     

小麦条锈菌水源11类群的RAPD分析及SCAR标记的建立

鉴于水源11类群近年来一直处于优势地位,为简化其检测手段,本研究利用RAPD技术对该类群的8个主要致病类型进行了多态性分析,以寻找其中主要流行类型的特异性分子标记。结果如下:共筛选出10个碱基随机引物190条,其中94条可得到稳定清晰的扩增图谱,用该94条引物进行RAPD分析,发现各致病类型间遗传变异丰富;以引物S1410扩增得到了水源11-4的特异性DNA条带;以引物S1412和S1304扩增得到了水源11-14的特异性DNA条带;对引物S1304扩增得到的特异性DNA条带回收、克隆和测序,设计了1对19bp/18bp的引物,并成功地将其转化为对水源11-14特异的SCAR标记。以上结果表明,通过规模筛选来寻找小麦条锈菌生理小种的特异性DNA片段,并将其转化为稳定的SCAR标记,有可能建立起中国小麦条锈菌流行生理小种的快速分子鉴定体系。     

陕西省小麦白粉菌群体的毒性监测和年度动态变化

通过对陕西省近6年来的小麦白粉菌群体毒性监测结果表明,供试陕西省病菌群体对抗病基因Pm1c、Pm2、Pm4a、Pm4b、Pm4c、Pm5b、Pm12、Pm13、Pm16、Pm21、Pm24、Pm30、Pm35、Pm40、Pm46、Pm2+Mld、Pm2+6、Pm4+8和Pm4b+5b的毒性频率均低于30%,是当前的有效抗病基因(组合);对抗病基因(组合)Pm1a、Pm3a、Pm3b、Pm3c、Pm3e、Pm3f、Pm5a、Pm6、Pm7、Pm8、Pm17、Pm19、Pm25和Pm1+2+9的毒性频率均高于70%,说明抗病性能较差,已不适合在育种和生产上使用。病菌群体对抗病基因Pm3d、Pm24、Pm35和Pm"XBD"毒性频率呈下降趋势,对Pm2、Pm4a、Pm4b、Pm5b、Pm2+6、Pm4+8、Pm4b+5b呈上升趋势,应加强对其重点监测。监测发现,病菌群体对抗病基因Pm12、Pm16、Pm21和Pm46的毒性频率为0,对Pm1c为0.63%,表明这几个基因是目前最为有效的抗病基因,应加快对其合理利用的步伐。