A-蛋白结合乳胶粒子的乳胶凝集试验检测植物病毒研究

通过对小麦白粉病田间种群扩散指数的研究表明,在发病的初中期,该病在田间的分布趋向于集中,直到发病后期,病株在田间的分布才趋向于均匀。病株率80%以下时,田间病株呈集团分布(负二项分布)型;而当病株率达80%左右时,则呈随机分布(潘松分布)型。在保证可靠概率95%、允许误差不超过1%的条件下调查病株率的适宜理论抽样数量为2500～5000株,并随病株率变化而异。当病株率呈集团分布时应以采用“Z”字取样法为宜。     

采用诱蝇醚监测柑桔小实蝇田间消长初报

柑桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendl)属双翅目实蝇科,是柑桔上重要害虫之一.为了搞好柑桔小实蝇的预测预报和防控工作,笔者使用诱蝇醚诱捕田间柑桔小实蝇的雄成虫,观察柑桔小实蝇成虫在田间的消长动态.     

烟草病毒病空间格局研究及其应用

 通过田间调查和统计分析,结果表明:烟草病毒病病株分布在病株率小于21%时一般呈聚集格局,病株率为21-32%时呈随机格局,而当病株率大于45%时则呈均匀格局。     

柑桔无病虫栽培试验初报

柑桔类的严重病虫主要由苗木带入新区,造成危害。因而培育不带有这些病虫的苗木(简称无病虫苗木),在隔离地点建立果园并采取防疫措施,殊为预防新果区发生此类病虫危害的根本办法。(林孔湘1975) 1974年春,我们开始采用热水消毒种子和采用洗刷接穗芽条并用蒸汽和药剂消毒接穗芽条的方法,在隔离地点培育各种柑桔类的无病虫实生苗和嫁接苗。1976年第一批无病虫苗木出圃,栽植在各地。在隔离和防疫条件不同的情况下,这些新果园发生的病虫危害有明显差异。隔离及防疫条件较好的果园,一年之后检查,除潜叶蛾外,没有发现任何其他病虫。而与有病虫的柑桔树接近的或虽有隔离而不注意防疫的果园,很快或不久便受到各种病虫侵害。试验结果表明,用无病虫苗木在隔离地点建立果园,并采用严格防疫措施,可长期不发生严重病虫的危害,既可保证不会发生黄龙病和斑黄病等类似病毒病的危害,又可节省喷药防病虫的费用。这是在国内外尚未见报道的一项技术革新。     

三磷锡防治柑桔红蜘蛛田间药效及药害试验

由南开大学元素有机化学研究所研制的20%三磷锡乳剂,田间防治柑桔红蜘蛛的药效略高于20%三唑锡,大田使用20%三磷锡以2000倍液较适宜。在常用浓度下,对柑桔类一般无药害产生。     

安庆市水稻紫鞘病发生研究进展

通过笔者多年对安庆市水稻紫鞘病发生的研究,查清了病原,观察分析摸清了发生规律,测定了病株田间分布型和田间调查理论抽样数,进行了病株损失率测定和探讨研究出适当可行的分级标准,为本病的深入研究及调查测报办法的制定提供了依据。     

柑桔无病苗圃的技术实践

柑桔无病苗圃技术是根据世界著名植物病理学家、华南农业大学教授林孔湘先生关于《柑桔无病虫裁培》理论的一项科学实践.旨在探索培育无病苗木的有效途径和主要技术.谋求在现阶段的技术条件下,取得并确立柑桔苗木无病栽培的技术标准.整个技术的设计和实践始终贯彻林孔湘先生有关“隔离、消毒、防疫”的科学理论并结合先进的园艺管理技术进行.取得显著的经济效益和社会效益.     

大豆花叶病毒介体迁飞动态测定方法——绿色诱盘的设计和应用研究

设计与大豆叶片反射光谱相似的绿色诱盘,诱集大豆田迁飞降落的有翅蚜,结果所获蚜虫种类和数量与田间有翅蚜的动态变化相吻合。绿色诱盘诱集蚜量与田间百株有翅蚜量和大豆花叶病(SMV)侵染速率相关显著。黄皿诱蚜量接近绿色诱盘所获蚜量的2倍,但黄皿诱蚜与田间百株有翅蚜量和SMV侵染速率均无显著相关。SMV流行程度与田间百株有翅蚜量无显著相关,而决定于田间种传病株率的高低和病害盛发期田间着落蚜量的大小。     

大豆花叶病毒介体迁飞动态测定方法——绿色诱盘的设计和应用研究

设计与大豆叶片反射光谱相似的绿色诱盘,诱集大豆田迁飞降落的有翅蚜,结果所获蚜虫种类和数量与田间有翅蚜的动态变化相吻合。绿色诱盘诱集蚜量与田间百株有翅蚜量和大豆花叶病(SMV)侵染速率相关显著。黄皿诱蚜量接近绿色诱盘所获蚜量的2倍,但黄皿诱蚜与田间百株有翅蚜量和SMV侵染速率均无显著相关。SMV流行程度与田间百株有翅蚜量无显著相关,而决定于田间种传病株率的高低和病害盛发期田间着落蚜量的大小。     

桃树线虫病的研究

 桃树线虫病是桃树的重要病害之一。近年在四川危害较重,田间病株率30-100%,病株表现衰弱、枯颓状,甚至绝产。     

Annual and polyetic progression of citrus canker on trees protected with copper sprays

The effects of copper sprays on annual and polyetic progress of citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, in the presence of the Asian citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella), were evaluated in a study conducted in a commercial orchard in northwest Paraná state, Brazil, where citrus canker is endemic. Nonlinear monomolecular, logistic and Gompertz models were fitted to monthly disease incidence data (proportion of leaves with symptoms) for each treatment for three seasons. The logistic model provided the best estimate of disease progress for all years and treatments evaluated and logistic parameter estimates were used to describe polyetic disease dynamics. Although citrus canker incidence increased during each of the seasons studied, it decreased over the whole study period, more so in copper‐treated trees than in water‐sprayed controls. Copper treatment reduced disease incidence compared with controls in every year, especially 2004–2005, when incidence was ca. 10‐fold higher in controls than in treated plots (estimated asymptote values 0·82 and 0·07, respectively). Copper treatment also reduced estimated initial disease incidence and epidemic growth rates every year.     

上海柑橘黑点病田间流行与降雨关系研究

自2009年起柑橘黑点病逐渐成为上海地区影响柑橘果实商品价值的最主要病害,严重制约上海市柑橘产业的效益。为了解该病的田间流行动态以及病害发生与降雨量的关系,2010年—2018年连续9年进行了病害发生动态调查和分析。结果表明,上海地区6月上旬至8月下旬是果实感病期,其中,6月中旬至7月中旬为发病高峰期;雨水是黑点病发生的必要条件,果实生长期不同阶段的降雨参数,尤其是6月下旬的降雨量与病情指数密切相关。本文以病情发展的3个时间节点(7月15日、8月15日和9月10日)的病情指数为因变量,以这3个时间点之前各旬的降雨量、降雨日为自变量筛选变量建立了多元线性回归方程,根据分析结果,采用6月下旬的降雨量等气象因子建立的多元线性回归方程,可以比较准确地预测7、8月中旬和9月10日即病害发展稳定期的田间病情。     

Variability among Spanish citrus tristeza virus isolates revealed by double-stranded RNA analysis

A survey for citrus tristeza virus (CTV) strains, based on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) analysis, was carried out in five locations on the eastern citrus-growing area of Spain. CTV was recovered from 137 trees of different ages, citrus species and varieties, sampled in 53 orchards. The best months for dsRNA recovery were April, May, September, October, and November, and the highest dsRNA yield was obtained from sweet orange cultivars. Sixteen dsRNA profiles differing by the number and/or position of subgenomic bands were detected. One of these profiles was detected in more than half the trees analysed. Maximum diversity of dsRNA patterns was found in the location with the oldest citrus orchards and the highest CTV incidence (Alzira-Carcaixent). In many instances, several dsRNA profiles were detected in neighbouring trees of the same orchard, notably in Alzira-Carcaixent, where 70% of the plots sampled contained more than one profile. The possible causes for the diversity of CTV isolates found in this specific area are discussed.     

Branch cankers on citrus trees in Spain caused by Phytophthora citrophthora

Considerable losses of citrus trees have been observed in the major citrus-growing areas of Spain. Samples were collected from 132 orchards, and isolations and pathogencity tests were conducted to determine the aetiology of a serious canker disease. Affected trees showed cankers on the scion that frequently began on the branches. Three Phytophthora species were identified based on their morphological, cultural, physiological and molecular profiles. Phytophthora citrophthora was the main species associated with this new syndrome in 114 orchards. Phytophthora nicotianae (syn. P. parasitica ) was isolated from nine orchards as the sole Phytophthora species and in coinfection with P. citrophthora from another nine orchards. Phytophthora citricola was isolated only from one orchard. In stem-inoculation studies conducted under greenhouse conditions, clementine mandarin cv. Hernandina and sweet orange cv. Navel Late were more susceptible to P. citrophthora than sour orange and Carrizo citrange rootstocks. Clementine cv. Hernandina was also highly susceptible in field inoculation experiments. In agreement with field surveys, clementine mandarin cultivars were the most affected, their rootstocks remaining healthy. Phytophthora citrophthora was found to be the predominant species in orchard soils; however, P. nicotianae was also isolated. This information changes the scenario of diseases caused by Phytophthora spp. in Spain and consequently, the present knowledge of epidemiology and the effectiveness of the current control measures should be reassessed.     

Occurrence of Fusarium-produced naphthazarins in citrus trees and sensitivity of rootstocks to isomarticin in relation to citrus blight

Fusarium solani , the causal fungus of root and crown rot of citrus, produces naphthazarin toxins that were shown to be toxic to citrus plants. It was found that citrus trees in South Africa had varying levels of naphthazarins in their xylem. Significantly higher concentrations of these toxins were detected in trees with blight symptoms than in symptomless trees. Citrus seedlings grown in hydroponic culture containing isomarticin showed inhibition of growth, shortening of roots and accumulation of zinc in the trunk wood. Zinc deficiency symptoms were also observed on certain rootstocks. A procedural ranking of rootstocks indicated that trees with observed tolerance to blight in the field generally had higher tolerance to isomarticin in hydroponic culture, whereas trees susceptible to blight were more sensitive to the toxin. These findings indicate that Fusarium -produced isomarticin is involved in the induction of some of the symptoms associated with citrus blight syndrome.     

Spatial pattern of black spot incidence within citrus trees related to disease severity and pathogen dispersal

Guignardia citricarpa , the causal agent of citrus black spot, forms airborne ascospores on decomposing citrus leaves and water-spread conidia on fruits, leaves and twigs. The spatial pattern of diseased fruit in citrus tree canopies was used to assess the importance of ascospores and conidia in citrus black spot epidemics in São Paulo State, Brazil. The aggregation of diseased fruit in the citrus tree canopy was quantified by the binomial dispersion index ( D ) and the binary form of Taylor's Power Law for 303 trees in six groves. D was significantly greater than 1 in 251 trees. The intercept of the regression line of Taylor's Power Law was significantly greater than 0 and the slope was not different from 1, implying that diseased fruit was aggregated in the canopy independent of disease incidence. Disease incidence ( p ) and severity ( S ) were assessed in 2875 citrus trees. The incidence-severity relationship was described ( R ² = 88·7%) by the model ln( S ) = ln( a ) +  b CLL( p ) where CLL = complementary log-log transformation. The high severity at low incidence observed in many cases is also indicative of low distance spread of G. citricarpa spores. For the same level of disease incidence, some trees had most of the diseased fruit with many lesions and high disease severity, whereas other trees had most of the fruit with few lesions and low disease severity. Aggregation of diseased fruit in the trees suggests that splash-dispersed conidia have an important role in increasing the disease in citrus trees in Brazil.     

柑桔木虱(Diaphorina citri Kuwayama)与柑桔黄龙病流行关系的初步研究

 1973-1978年用从田间病树上采集的柑桔木虱成虫放饲在398株健康柑桔苗上,有32株发病。用病树上采集的柑桔木虱高龄若虫置健苗上所羽化的成虫放饲的56株,有5株发病。未接虫的110株没有发病。初步说明柑桔木虱成虫可以传病。     

Detection of Citrus Psorosis Virus by ELISA, Molecular Hybridization, RT-PCR and Immunosorbent Electron Microscopy and its Association with Citrus Psorosis Disease

Psorosis is a citrus disease of undemonstrated etiology that can be diagnosed by biological indexing on sweet orange seedlings followed by a cross protection test. Its presumed causal agent is Citrus psorosis virus(CPsV), type species of the genus Ophiovirus. We compared detection of CPsV by ELISA, RT-PCR, molecular hybridization and immunosorbent electron microscopy, and examined its association with psorosis disease in 11 biologically characterized isolates and in 47 uncharacterized field sources by observation of field symptoms and by biological indexing including the cross protection test. Detection of CPsV by any of the four procedures always coincided with diagnosis of psorosis by cross protection, but it did not always correlate with observation of symptoms thought to be specific, in field trees or in graft-inoculated indicator plants. Trials to detect CPsV by ELISA, molecular hybridization and RT-PCR in citrus sources from different geographical origins, presumed to be psorosis-infected on the basis of field symptoms or reaction of indicator plants, were sometimes unsuccessful, indicating that psorosis symptoms may be induced by causes other than CPsV.