奶牛隐性乳房炎发生规律的研究

１９９６年１月至１９９７年３月,经对苏州市牛奶公司泌乳母牛进行隐性乳房炎的ＳＭＴ逐月检测结果显示：阳性牛的分布无明显季节性,但存在牛群差异性,而新感染阳性率与季节有明显关系（Ｐ＜０．０１）,以第３、第４季度为高;３、４胎牛阳性率显著高于其他胎次（Ｐ＜０．０１）;左侧乳区阳性率显著高于右侧乳区（Ｐ＜０．０１）;３～４泌乳月和第９个泌乳月以上牛新感染阳性率也高于其它牛。提示：奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生与环境因素、生理状态间存在显著关系。     

中国荷斯坦牛初乳、常乳与乳房炎乳乳成分及理化性质的比较研究

本文旨在研究中国荷斯坦牛初乳、常乳及乳房炎乳乳成分及理化性质的差异。对扬州大学试验农牧场36头中国荷斯坦牛乳常规成分、乳密度和导电率进行了测定（其中初乳牛6头，产奶时间为产犊后1h到第8d。正常乳16头（无隐性乳房炎），患不同程度隐性乳房炎奶牛14头）。结果表明：随着泌乳时间的延长．初乳的乳蛋白率、SNF含量、密度和滴定酸度逐渐下降．乳脂率在波动中下降．导电率无明显变化规律：正常乳与隐性乳房炎乳乳脂率差异不显著（P〉0．05），导电率差异显著（P〈0．05），蛋白率、SNF、密度差异极显著（P〈0．01）。     

中国荷斯坦牛初乳、常乳与乳房炎乳乳成分及理化性质的比较研究

本文旨在研究中国荷斯坦牛初乳、常乳及乳房炎乳乳成分及理化性质的差异。对扬州大学试验农牧场36头中国荷斯坦牛乳常规成分、乳密度和导电率进行了测定（其中初乳牛6头,产奶时间为产犊后1h到第8天,正常乳16头（无隐性乳房炎）,患不同程度隐性乳房炎奶牛14头）。结果表明,初乳随着泌乳时间的延长,乳蛋白率、SNF含量、密度和滴定酸度逐渐下降,乳脂率在波动中下降,导电率无明显变化规律;正常乳与隐性乳房炎乳乳脂率差异不显著（P〉0.05）,导电率差异显著（P〈0.05）,蛋白率、SNF、密度差异极显著（P〈0.01）。结果提示,随泌乳时间的延长,初乳中的理化指标的测量值呈下降趋势;乳汁导电率、SNF、密度、乳蛋白率和酸度可作为鉴别常乳和隐性乳房炎乳的指标。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎发病规律的研究

自１９９６年１月至１９９７年３月,对苏州市牛奶公司泌乳母牛进行隐性乳房炎的ＳＭＴ逐月检测。结果显示：阳性牛奶的分布无明业季度性,但存在牛群差异性,而新感染发病率与季度有明显关系（Ｐ〈０．０１）,以三,四季度为高,３,４胎牛发病率显著高于其它胎次（Ｐ〈０．０１）;左侧乳区发病率显著高于右侧乳区（Ｐ〈０．０１）,处于３～４泌乳月和第９个泌乳月以上牛新感染率也高于其它牛,提示：乳牛隐性乳房炎的发生与环境     

牦牛隐性乳房炎发病情况的调查

采用苛性钠凝乳试验对久治县200头泌乳牦牛进行了隐性乳房炎发病情况的调查。结果发现，97头被检牦牛和360个乳室的乳汁呈阳性反应，隐性乳房炎的头患病率和乳室患病率分别为48．5％和42．5％；从第4胎起，牦牛隐性乳房炎患病率有上升的趋势；左侧乳室与右侧乳室的患病率没有显著差异（P〉0．05）。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎乳汁部分成份的检测与评估

对两群临床健康的３３６ 头泌乳奶牛的混合乳进行了隐性乳房炎、乳汁体细胞数、乳脂率和蛋白质检测。３３６ 份混合乳样经青海乳房炎试验（ＱＭＴ） 检测,检出乳房炎阴性牛（ 包括可疑反应）１７５ 头（５２０９ ％ ） ,乳房炎阳性牛１６１ 头（４７９１ ％ ） 。乳房炎阴性牛的乳汁体细胞数为２３１７ ±１２９９ 万／ｍｌ,乳脂率为３６０ ％ ±０７６ ％ ,乳蛋白质为２９３ ％ ±０３４ ％ ,乳房炎阳性牛乳汁体细胞数为１８２ 万／ｍｌ±１５２２７ 万／ｍｌ,乳脂率为３４０ ％ ±０７０ ％ ,乳蛋白质为３０５ ％ ±０３５ ％ 。乳房炎阴性牛乳汁体细胞数,乳蛋白极显著低于乳房炎阳性牛（Ｐ＜ ００１） ,而乳脂率显著高于乳房炎阳性牛（Ｐ＜ ００５） 。     

复方中草药对隐性乳房炎乳牛细胞免疫功能的影响

选用当归、川芎、芍药、黄芪、蒲公英、丹参、益母草等中草药，配制成饲料添加剂饲喂患隐性乳房炎乳牛、检测乳牛淋巴细胞刺激指数（ＳＩ）和中性粒细胞吞噬力的变化，并用北京亚临床乳房炎快速诊断（ＢＭＴ）对供试牛进行疗效跟踪检验。结果表明，该中草药添加剂可显著提高ＳＩ（Ｐ＜０．０５）和中性粒细胞开噬力（Ｐ＜０．０５），并能明显降低乳牛隐性乳房炎的发病率。     

左旋咪唑对奶牛隐性乳房炎的防治效果

应用左旋咪唑，对西宁奶牛场二分场43头荷斯坦（中国）泌乳奶牛进行了隐性乳房炎的防治试验。结果表明奶牛隐性乳房炎头阳性率由投药前的83．7％，下降为55．8％；乳区阳性率由46．4％下降为31．5％。防治效果明显（P＜0．05）。     

重庆部分地区泌乳奶牛乳房炎的病因及发病情况调查

对重庆部分地区６个奶牛场１１８头泌乳奶牛进行临床型乳房炎的病因及发病情况调查,并对其中７６头泌４乳奶牛进行隐性乳房炎检查。同时对２２６份患乳房炎和健康奶牛奶样进行细菌学分离鉴定,结果表明：临床型乳房炎奶牛及阳性乳区分别为８．４７％（１０／１１８）和３．３２％（１５／４５２）;隐性乳房炎奶牛及阳性乳区分别为７８．９４％（６０／７６）和５０．３４％（１４８／２９４）;临床型乳房炎、隐性乳房炎奶牛的阳性     

“增乳散”的研制及应用观察

由王不留行，括萎，黄芪等８种药物组成增乳散，奶牛每头每天添加５０ｇ，奶山羊，母猪１０ｇ，经３０天添加饲喂试验，结果，奶牛（７９１头）头均产奶量增加４．１ｋｇ（３．１～６．５ｋｇ），奶山羊１．５ｋｇ（０．８～２．５ｋｇ），哺乳母猪添加６天后，泌乳量增加，并对隐性乳房炎有良好的防治效果。     

Mastitis Whey — a Good Medium for Bacteria?

Growth of mastitis pathogenic bacteria was measured in bovine whey samples by a turbidometric microtechnique. Whey from mastitis cows supported growth as compared with whey prepared from normal milk. Blood proteins leak into milk during mastitis. A study was undertaken to analyze which molecules from blood would promote bacterial growth in whey Fractions containing hemoglobin showed a distinct growth-promoting effect. An inadequate iron supply is one of the restricting growth factors for bacteria in milk. By utilizing heme-compounds the pathogens can by-pass the effect of antimicrobial iron-binding present in milk in the form of lactoferrin.     

Changes in the concentrations of somatic cell counts,lingual antimicrobial peptide and lactoperoxidase activity in milk at periovulatory period in dairy cows

The objective of the present study was to examine the changes in innate immune factors in milk during the estrous cycle in dairy cows. Milk was collected from cows with a normal ovulatory cycle and cows subjected to the OVSYNCH protocol, and somatic cell counts (SCC), lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) concentrations and lactoperoxidase (LPO) activity in milk were measured. In cows with a normal ovulatory cycle, there was no significant change in LAP concentrations and SCC during the ovulatory cycle. However, LPO activity at days 0 and 19 (day 0 = day of ovulation) were significantly higher than those at days 10, 12 and 15. In cows subjected to the OVSYNCH protocol, a significant increase in SCC was observed at day 9 (2 days after prostaglandin treatment) compared with that at day 11 (2 days after second administration of gonadotropin). There were no significant changes in LAP concentrations and LPO activity during the OVSYNCH protocol. These results indicate that LPO activity, an innate immune factor, was enhanced in the preovulatory period.     

Dynamics of lingual antimicrobial peptide,lactoferrin concentrations and lactoperoxidase activity in the milk of cows treated for clinical mastitis

The aim of the present study was to examine changes in innate immune factors in the milk of mastitic dairy cows treated with antibiotics. Cows in the antibiotics group (n = 13) were infused into the mammary gland with cefazolin on the sixth day after mastitis was diagnosed (the day of the mastitis diagnosis = day ?6). The control group (n = 12) was not treated. Milk samples were collected once every 2 days from days ?6 to 12 and somatic cell count (SCC), lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), and lactoferrin (LF) concentrations and lactoperoxidase (LPO) activity were measured. SCC and LF concentrations in the antibiotics group markedly decreased after the antibiotic treatment. When cows in the antibiotics group were divided according to SCC on day 0, LAP concentrations and LPO activity in cows with a lower SCC on day 0 (<5 × 10⁶ cell/mL) were significantly higher and lower than those in cows with a higher SCC, respectively. These results suggest that LF concentration decreased with decrease in SCC after treatment and that LAP concentration and LPO activity differed depending on the severity of mastitis. This is the first report to reveal the dynamics of innate immune factor in milk of cows treated for clinical mastitis.     

新疆石河子地区某规模化奶牛场乳房炎患病率调查

对新疆石河子地区某规模化奶牛场的712 头澳系荷斯坦泌乳牛进行乳房炎患病率调查。调查结果显示,40 头奶牛患临床型乳房炎,患病率为5.62%。从剩余的未表现出临床乳房炎症状的672 头奶牛中随机选出180 头奶牛,共682 个乳区（720 个乳区中有38 个瞎乳头）,分别进行兰州乳房炎检测（LMT）和乳样体细胞数（SCC）检测。经LMT诊断发现,180 头奶牛中有56 头患隐性乳房炎,患病率为31.11%;经SCC检测发现,180 头奶牛中有60 头患隐性乳房炎,患病率为33.33%。数据分析发现：各乳区患乳房炎阳性率差异不显著（P>0.05）,说明各乳区阳性率之间没有必然规律;6岁以上奶牛的乳房炎患病率与2~3岁、4~5岁的患病率相比差异显著（P<0.05）,说明6岁及以上奶牛乳房炎的患病率要高于2~3岁、4~5岁奶牛;6胎及以上的奶牛乳房炎患病率与其他胎次之间差异极显著（P<0.01）,说明6胎及以上奶牛的乳房炎患病率要远高于1胎、2胎、3胎、4胎、5胎奶牛。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了解贵阳市某乳业有限公司奶牛场隐性乳房炎流行情况及其主要病原菌,采用CMT方法检出隐性乳房炎乳样后,对阳性乳样进行细菌分离与鉴定,同时对其主要病原菌进行了体外药敏试验。结果表明,该公司奶牛场隐性乳房炎的感染率为40％,主要病原菌为葡萄球菌属和链球菌属细菌,其敏感的抗菌药物有先锋V霉素、利福平、丙氟哌酸、氟哌酸、新霉素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素等,经临床用药观察,有效地控制了该公司奶牛场隐性乳房炎。     

乳房炎源生鲜乳中病原微生物的污染现状及防控措施

主要介绍了乳房炎患病牛乳中病原微生物污染情况、耐药情况及防控措施。总结出乳房炎患病牛乳中的病原微生物种类较多, 主要有大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌和克雷伯菌, 不同地区乳房炎乳样中的病原微生物不同, 产生的耐药性和耐药基因存在差异。旨在为减少因滥用和乱用抗生素导致药物残留和耐药性产生、降低乳房炎患病牛乳中病原微生物的污染以及科学、合理用药提供参考。     

Lactoferrin Concentration in Milk of Bovine Clinical Mastitis

The lactoferrin (LF) concentration in the milk from dairy cows with clinical mastitis was determined to evaluate the relationship between the LF concentration (LFC) in milk and the non-specific defensive capability of the udder. The mean LFC in 368 milk samples from 319 cows with clinical mastitis was significantly higher (p<0.01) than that of normal cows. The mean LFC in milk from quarters infected with Mycoplasma bovis or Staphylococcus aureus was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of quarters infected with coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). In Escherichia coli mastitis, the level of LFC in milk from cows with peracute mastitis was significantly lower (p<0.01) than that from cows with acute mastitis. In cases of mastitis due to E. coli, the mean LFC in milk from cows that needed more than 10 days to recover from the mastitis or were not cured was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that for cows which took less than 10 days to be cured. The mean LFC in milk from cows with peracute E. coli mastitis was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that for cows with mastitis associated with environmental streptococci or CNS, although these low LF levels were somewhat increased after 46 h from the occurrence of mastitis. These results suggest that the decreased levels of LF in peracute E. coli mastitis may be associated with the progress of inflammation in the early phase of mastitis.     

乳房炎对中国荷斯坦牛测定日泌乳性能及体细胞数变化的影响

旨在研究乳房炎及病原菌组成对中国荷斯坦牛测定日泌乳性能及体细胞数变化的影响.本研究于2009年9月对江苏某奶牛场140头成年中国荷斯坦泌乳牛进行乳房炎检测和DHI测定,同时对隐性乳房炎阳性乳区进行病原菌分离鉴定,并分析了不同乳房炎类型和隐性乳房炎病原菌组成对测定日泌乳性能和乳中SCC变化的影响.结果表明,该牛场临床乳房炎、隐性乳房炎和正常奶牛比例分别为10.00％、51.10％和37.90％,其中隐性乳房炎以大肠杆菌和链球菌混合感染最多(19头,占26.00％),其次为链球菌单独感染(17头,占23.30％).由1种细菌单独感染的比例为26头(占36.11％),2种或2种以上细菌混合感染为44头(占61.11％).乳房炎类型对测定日产奶量、乳糖含量、体细胞数和体细胞评分4个指标影响达到极显著水平(P＜0.01),临床乳房炎和隐性乳房炎奶牛日产奶量和乳糖含量极显著低于正常奶,同时体细胞数和体细胞评分极显著高于正常奶,而临床乳房炎奶和隐性乳房炎奶在所有检测指标上均无显著差异,但临床乳房炎奶比隐性乳房炎奶体细胞数高出约100万·mL-1.不同病原菌组成类型对乳中体细胞数和体细胞评分有极显著影响(P＜0.01),而对其它性状无显著影响(P＞0.05).混合感染奶牛测定日产奶量极显著低于单独感染奶牛(P＜0.01),同时乳中体细胞数显著高于单独感染奶牛(P＜0.01).乳房炎类型对乳中SCC的变化趋势有显著影响(P＜0.01),正常奶牛维持较低SCC的能力较强,隐性乳房炎奶牛在下一泌乳月体细胞增加的可能性较大.不同隐性乳房炎病原菌组成类型对乳中SCC的变化无显著影响.奶牛生产中隐性乳房炎发病率高,危害性也最大,不同病原菌混合感染引起的隐性乳房炎对测定日产奶量和乳中体细胞数影响最大.该结果为奶牛场采取合理措施,降低隐性乳房炎发生率提供了参考.     

奶牛乳房炎检测技术与牛奶质量关系的研究进展

牛奶质量与诸多因素相关,其中奶牛疾病是影响牛奶质量的根源。奶牛乳房炎是一种奶牛常见的疾病,与牛奶质量、产量有密切的关系。目前奶牛乳房炎防治在中国刚刚起步,因此奶牛乳房炎检测技术对奶牛疾病控制、牛奶质量、畜牧业发展和人们身体健康具有重要意义。     

临床型乳腺炎奶牛乳清和血清中IL-6、TNF-α水平测定

采用放射免疫分析法对正常健康奶牛组、临床型乳腺炎奶牛组的乳清、血清进行了炎性细胞因子IL-6、TNF—α测定。测定结果表明：患病组奶牛乳清和血清中IL-6、TNF-α含量显著高于健康组的含量。