被毛突变小鼠解剖及繁殖学特性观察

对一种新的具有个毛、无毛、稀毛３种表型的被毛突变小鼠的大体解剖学特性研究结果表明,其心肝、脾、肺、肾、肾上腺等脏器的位置、形态及组织学结构无表型间差异,但无毛小鼠被毛和皮肤结构异常,大多数脏器的重量和脏器系数表现出表型差异和性别差异（Ｐ〈０．０５或Ｐ〈０．０１）。繁殖学特性研究结果表明,虽然无毛小鼠雌雄生殖系统的器官组成、发情周期与其他２种表型之间无明显差异,但其雄性的初情期明显滞后（约２周左右）     

NIH稀毛小鼠认知情绪等行为学相关特性的测定

实验小鼠是最常使用的一种模式动物,在生命科学和医学研究中发挥着巨大的作用。NIH稀毛小鼠是被毛异常的自发突变鼠,其背景品系是封闭群NIH小鼠,为常染色体隐性遗传。毛囊的生长发育包括形态发生和周期循环两个阶段,目前研究发现的多种被毛突变小鼠模型主要表现为周期循环阶段的异常,例如典型的Hr基因突变小鼠表现为渐进性脱毛,而NIH稀毛小鼠属于形态发生期存在异常表现为出生后一直保持稀毛甚至无毛的状态。前期研究中对NIH稀毛小鼠的皮肤结构和免疫相关的生物学特性进行了观察和测定,发现NIH稀毛小鼠表皮层增厚、毛发周期转换异常,单增李斯特杆菌感染实验表明相较于NIH小鼠其免疫力降低。     

豫医无毛小鼠分离近交系的繁殖学特征及HLC小鼠近交系的建立

对豫医无毛小鼠和有毛小鼠生殖器官的大体形态、组织学结构及其繁殖能力进行了比较研究。结果表明，无毛小鼠生殖器官的位置、形态、组织学结构及发情周期与有毛小鼠无明显差异；无毛雄鼠明显具有生育能力，但其生育期短；无毛雌鼠有生育能力，但繁殖能力下降，受孕率较低，乳腺功能受损辑性差，不能很好地护理幼仔，幼鼠很难成活，一般1～3d内死亡。杂合子有毛小鼠的生育能力正常。在昆明小鼠繁殖群基础上，采用全同胞兄妹交配方式培育建立了HLC小鼠近交系，应用生化标记检测、皮肤移植试验和毛色基因测试法对育成的HLC小鼠进行遗传监测，证实其基因位点高度纯合；对其基本生物学特性进行研究，结果表明其为具有新特性的近交系小鼠，现已近交繁育30代。     

无毛同类系小鼠皮肤形态及扫描电镜观察

对3种无毛同类系小鼠的皮肤形态及超微结构进行了观察。结果发现，3种无毛同类系小鼠约在12日龄开始从眶周脱毛，3～4周龄后除触须外全部脱净，并终生保持无毛状态；1月龄时，无毛小鼠内脏可视，随年龄的增长，皮肤逐渐变松、变厚，并形成特别的皱纹和褶痕，似犀牛状，指甲过度生长，呈螺旋状弯曲；BALB／c无毛小鼠无色素沉着，表型类似于豫医无毛小鼠，DBA／2、C57BL／6无毛同类系小鼠皮肤有黑色素沉着，嘴角、眶周、耳和尾部颜色较重。随年龄增长，皮肤及尾部表面出现一些类似人粉刺样的丘疹，数量逐渐增多，触须也随着年龄增长变得异常而稀疏。电镜扫描观察，脱毛前毛囊上部的毛管先变大，然后再脱毛。无毛同类系小鼠表面有较厚的一层鳞片状角化物，毛囊腔宽大，部分毛囊内含有一些能脱落到表面的角化样碎片。35日龄无毛同类系小鼠可见明显的包囊结构，4月龄包囊增多、变大。     

动物毛霉菌病

动物毛霉菌病李国勤（陕西省畜牧兽医研究所，陕西咸阳７１２０３９）毛霉菌病（ｍｕｃｏｒｍｙｃｏｓｉｓ）是由毛霉菌科（Ｍｕｃｏｒａｃｅａｅ）霉菌引起的真菌性疾病，世界各地均有发生。已见于人、马、牛、羊、猪、狗、猴、猫、鸟类以及实验动物小鼠、家兔等。１病原...     

密毛动物皮肤蝇蛆病

密毛动物皮肤蝇蛆病韩盛兰，刘云鹏（山西农业大学，太谷０３０８０１）王建明，卫泽珍（太原动物园）现将小熊猫和观赏犬的皮肤蝇蛆病报道于下。凯恩观赏犬因呕吐不食而求医救治。在诊治中发现病犬异常恶臭。在保定时，偶然发现臀部皮肤被毛极易脱落。被毛脱落后露出破崩...     

塞北兔被毛颜色遗传规律的研究

通过纯繁和测交的方法，分析了塞北兔３种不同被毛颜色的遗传规律，并推断出其基因型：野兔色为ＡＡＢＢＣＣＥＥ和ＡＡＢｂＣＣＥＥ；红色为ＡＡＢＢＣＣｅ；白色为ＡＡＢＢｃｃＥＥ。     

粘毛鼠尾草种子油脂理化性质和脂肪酸成分

为探究粘毛鼠尾草（Salvia roborowskii）是否具有作为非粮生物柴油能源植物的潜质，本试验采用索氏提取法、气相色谱法测定了生长在川西北高原阿坝州红原县的野生粘毛鼠尾草种子的含油量、油脂理化性质以及脂肪酸含量。结果表明，粘毛鼠尾草种子含油量为43.36%，油脂碘值、皂化值分别为93.31、190.58 mg·g-1；脂肪酸成分以油酸和亚油酸为主，含量分别为49.95%和37.52%；计算得其相应生物柴油的十六烷值和冷滤点分别为53.94和-4.65 ℃。通过与我国生物柴油评价标准对比发现，粘毛鼠尾草在作为非粮生物柴油能源植物方面具有一定的潜在研发价值。     

不同利用年限缘毛雀麦生物量结构分析

试验对不同利用年限的缘毛雀麦草地(以无芒雀麦为对照)在三个不同的物候期进行了生物量结构变化分析。结果表明：采种利用的缘毛雀麦草地在分蘖数、产草量和根茎生长等性状方面都强于无芒雀麦；随生长年限的延长，生物量有一定程度的下降。但其降低速度较无芒雀麦缓慢；该类草地具有很大的潜在利用价值。是一种长寿命的优良禾草草地。     

人胚胎原始生殖细胞的原代培养

从5－9周人胚胎生殖嵴中消化分离原生殖细胞（PGC），将其置于经过丝裂霉素C处理过的单层小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞（PMEF）饲养层上培养。结果，经过培养形成的克隆以及克隆的生长方式基本符合小鼠胚胎干细胞（ES）的特性，表现为细胞核大，细胞排列紧密，界限不清，集落边缘可见分化的成纤维细胞等；将其接种于裸鼠皮下，经过29d生长，得到具有3个胚层组织结构的畸胎瘤。     

Expression analysis of the type I keratin protein keratin 33A in goat coat hair

The coat of a goat, like that of many mammalian species, consists of an outer coat of coarse hairs and an under coat of fine, downy hairs. The coarse guard hairs are produced by primary follicles and the finer cashmere hairs by secondary follicles. We previously reported that hair keratins are components of cashmere hair, and proteomic analysis revealed that their expression is elevated in winter coat hair. To determine detailed characterization, we have cloned keratin 33A gene, a major highly expressed keratin in winter, and then analyzed the expression of goat hair coat. By Western analysis, we detected that keratin 33A protein is expressed only in hair coat among the various goat tissues. Moreover, the expression level in winter has increased in cashmere high‐producing Korean native breed, whereas the expression levels between summer and winter had not changed in cashmere low‐producing Saanen. In addition, by immunohistochemistry we determined that keratin 33A is localized in the major cortex portion of cashmere fiber. These results confirm that keratin 33A is a structural protein of goat cashmere hair fiber.     

Hair coat characteristics and postweaning growth of Hereford and Angus cattle

Mid-rib hair coat samples (n = 577) were obtained from 9- to 10-mo-old Hereford and Angus bulls and heifers to examine diet and breed differences in hair coat characteristics and their relationship to 168-d postweaning gain. Each sample was cleaned and subdivided into guard hairs and undercoat. Dependent variables included the number, weight, length, diameter and percentage of medullation of guard hairs and undercoat. Sources of variation included breed, sire nested within breed, year (1965 or 1966), sex of calf, diet fed during the postweaning gain test (2 parts rolled grain:1 part chopped hay vs all chopped hay) and the linear regression on age of calf as a covariate. Factor analysis was used to transform the 10 hair coat variables into a set of four factors that accounted for 71% of the total variance of the original variables. Angus cattle tended to have shorter, less medullated coats (Factor 1), shorter, larger diameter undercoat hairs and guard hairs with less medullation than Herefords. Sire within breed differences existed for weight, length, and diameter of both types of hairs and all four factors. Compared with the medium-energy-diet, the high-energy diet reduced hair weight per unit of surface area, undercoat number and guard hair medullation. Undercoat density (Factor 3) was reduced by the higher-energy diet (P less than .001), whereas guard hair density (Factor 2) was not changed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Resistance of cattle of various genetic groups to the tick Rhipicephalus microplus and the relationship with coat traits

This study evaluated the resistance of cattle of different genetic groups to the tick Rhipicephalus microplus and the relationship with traits of the animals' hair and coat. Cows of the Senepol×Nelore (SN), Angus×Nelore (AN) and Nelore (NX) genetic groups were submitted to four consecutive artificial infestations, at 14-day intervals, each one with approximately 20,000 tick larvae placed on the animals' lumbar region. From the 19th to 23rd day of each infestation five counts of the number of ticks were performed on each animal's left body side. The tick count data (TTC) were transformed into log(10) (n+1), and also into percentage of return (PR), where n is the total number of ticks counted at each infestation. Hair samples were collected 24h after the last infestation with flat-nosed pliers. Measures of the average hair length (HL), coat thickness (CT), number of hairs per cm(2) (NHCM2) and weight of the samples (SW) were obtained. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated within genetic group to measure association between PR and the hair and coat data. There was a significant difference among genetic groups for the number of ticks, with the AN group having higher counts than the SN and NX groups. For the hair and coat traits, the NX and SN groups had lower values of HL and SW than did the AN group. The SN genetic group had lower NHCM2 counts than the NX and AN groups. There were positive correlations between TTC and CT (P<0.05) and SW (P<0.05) in the SN group. No significant correlation was found for the AN genetic group (P>0.05).     

A hair abnormality in Abyssinian cats

An abnormality of the hair shaft of the whiskers and guard hairs of Abyssinian cats, consisting of an onion-shaped swelling, usually situated at the tip of the hair but occasionally at other sites along the hair shaft, is reported. Where the abnormality occurs in the guard hairs it imparts a rough, brittle and lustreless appearance to the coat. Microscopically the epidermis, dermis and hair follicles and appendages appear normal. The condition has been seen in two Abyssinian cats in Denmark and one in Australia.     

Skin and coat traits in sheep in Brazil and their relation with heat tolerance

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare physical parameters in groups of sheep with different phenotypic characteristics in the Centre-west region of Brazil. Five groups of sheep, with nine animals per group, were selected, three groups of Santa Inês animals with different coat colours (white, brown and black), one group with crossbred animals (Santa Inês × Bergamasca) and one group with animals of the Bergamasca breed. The following traits were evaluated: coat thickness, number and length of hair, pigmentation level in the coat and the skin as well as the percentage area of sweats glands in the skin tissue, carried out by histological analysis. The number of hairs and the area of sweats glands were not significantly different between the evaluated groups. The Bergamasca breed showed low pigmentation of the skin and long hairs. The levels of pigmentation of the hair and of the skin were highly correlated. Between the Santa Inês groups, the group with white hair showed the better parameters for heat adaptation, while the brown hair group showed the lower heat adaptation when compared with another hair breed groups.     

Influence of inflammation and coat type on oestrogen receptor immunohistochemistry

The purpose of this study was to evaluate oestrogen receptor alpha staining in a variety of breeds and skin conditions. The influence of inflammation and coat type on the presence and intensity of oestrogen receptor alpha staining was evaluated. Approximately 1700 haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides of skin biopsies were screened for presence of small hair bulbs. Slides from 94 cases were submitted for oestrogen receptor alpha immunohistochemistry. H&E-stained skin biopsy tissues were examined for inflammation and hair follicle stages. Oestrogen receptor alpha staining characteristics of telogen follicles, flame follicles, large anagen bulbs, small hair bulbs and early anagen hairs (capped bulbs) were recorded. To assess the influence of inflammation and coat type on oestrogen receptor staining of hair follicle types, chi-square tests, Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression models were performed. Slides were classified as inflammatory (65) and noninflammatory (29). There were no statistically significant differences in oestrogen receptor staining when comparing inflammatory to noninflammatory skin biopsies or skin biopsies from dogs with different coat types. A subset of 13 noninflammatory biopsies from alopecic skin was identified. There was a statistically significant increase in the number of flame follicles in this subset as compared to all others. Comparison of oestrogen receptor staining of hair follicle types from these biopsies and all other biopsies revealed a statistically significant increase in the number of mature telogen hair follicles stained in this subset. No statistical difference in staining of early follicle stages was noted. Therefore, the oestrogen receptor is unlikely to be the controlling factor for the transition from telogen to anagen in the dog.     

Hair Dye Effects on the Hair Coat and the Skin of the Dog: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study

Eight healthy dogs of mixed breeds with short hair coats were used in this study. The skin and the hair of a small area on the left side of the saddle region were dyed 80 times once every day with a permanent hair dye, Clairol Hair Dye Flaxen Blonde. The dyed regions were red and dry toward the last two weeks of the experiment. None of the dogs had abnormal hair shedding. Four of the dogs were restless, and their epidermis were parakeratotic and hyperkeratotic.
The cuticular cells of the hair shafts of two dogs upon examination showed deep fractures at the lower part of the hair shaft. The fractures extended through the whole thickness of the cuticular cells leading to splitting of the hair shaft. Secondary hairs showed excessive peeling of their cuticle cells causing distortion and deterioration of the cortex of the hair. Cuticular cells of large numbers of hairs lost their apical parts and some of them were deformed due to partial dissolution attributed to the intensive use of the hair dye. The intensive usage of the hair dye on the compound type of hair coat of the dog caused damage to the hair shafts and to the skin in the form of irritation, dryness and parakeratosis of the epidermis. Also, some of the dogs became restless and hyperactive during the later part of the experiment.     

Seasonal Moulting in Adult Male Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides)

Abstract

Seasonal moulting was studied by quantitative histology and external observations in adult male raccoon dogs. Moulting of the underfur hairs is characterized by a heavy loss of old winter hair in spring and an intensive growth of new winter hair in autumn. Only few mature and growing underfur hairs were found in the hair cover in summer. The new intermediate and large guard hairs started to develop in April and May. All the new guard hairs had developed by the end of June. About 7 and 3.5 months were needed for the growth of new winter guard and underfur hairs respectively. At the end of November the winter fur was mature. The bundles with an intermediate guard hair contained more underfur hairs than the bundles with a large guard hair in the mature winter fur. The thickness of dermis and the grade of skin colour peaked in the autumn moult, indicating a close relation to the activity of hair follicles.     

Effects of different dietary protein levels and DL‐methionine supplementation on hair growth and pelt quality in mink (Neovision vision)

The effect of different dietary protein levels and DL‐methionine (Met) supplementation on hair growth and the resulting pelt quality in mink was studied. Four groups of male mink were fed with four isocaloric diets containing 32% (P32), 24% (P24), 16% (P16) or P24+Met (0.8%) crude protein of dry matter (DM) from September to December. Skin biopsies were taken at the pelting. Histological techniques and computer‐assisted light microscopy were used to determine the ratio of activity (ROA) of under hairs and guard hairs respectively. The results showed that when the dietary protein level reduced from 32% to 16%, body length, number and diameter of under hairs and guard hairs of minks declined, and pelt length and pelt weight of minks decreased significantly (p < 0.05). These parameters were similar between P32 and P24 with Met supplementation (p > 0.05). The hair follicle density of the winter coat was not influenced by the dietary protein levels and Met supplementation (p > 0.05). Low‐protein diets content led to a reduction of hair follicle developing to next phase. It was documented that 24% crude protein of DM with Met supplementation during growing‐furring period was sufficient for minks to express their genetic capacity to develop hair follicles and achieve the prime fur characteristics. Overall this study demonstrated that hair growth and hair properties in pelts are very dependent on the dietary protein and Met supply in the growing‐furring period of minks.     

Use of heat tolerance traits in discriminating between groups of sheep in central Brazil

The animal and its environment make up an integrated system, where each acts on the other. Tropical regions are characterized by high levels of solar radiation and environmental temperature which may adversely affect animal production. This study carries out a multivariate analysis of physical and physiological traits in sheep in the Federal District of Brazil to test the ability to separate groups of animals and determine which traits are most important in the adaptation of animal to heat stress. The variables studied included coat thickness, number and length of hairs, pigmentation of the skin and coat, number of sweat glands as well as heart and respiratory rates, rectal and skin temperatures, sweating rate, and blood parameters. Five groups of ten animals were used depending on breed (Bergamasca, crossbred, or Santa Inês) or coat color (Santa Inês—brown, white, and black). The data underwent multivariate statistical analyses including cluster, discriminate, and canonical, using Statistical Analysis System—SAS®. The tree diagram showed clear distances between groups studied and canonical analysis was able to separate individuals in groups, especially Bergamasca and white Santa Inês. The canonical correlation redundancy analysis showed that coat reflectance as well as hair length and number of hairs per unit area were the most useful in explaining changes in physiological traits. Skin and coat traits such as hair length, coat reflectance, percentage of epithelial area occupied by sweat glands, skin reflectance and thickness, as well as heart and breathing rates were the most important in separating these groups.