兔肝内管道研究

兔肝内门管鞘系统所包含的门静脉分为左、右２支：左支供应左内叶、左外叶、右内叶及尾状叶，左外叶静脉可分出背、腹侧静脉，左内叶静脉及右内叶静脉各分出内、外侧静脉，尾状叶的静脉也分出左、右侧静脉；右支供应右外叶，分出右外叶静脉和右叶间静脉，右外叶静脉分出背、腹侧静脉。与人肝相似，兔肝内部也分为左、右２叶及左外段（叶）、左内段（叶）、右外段（叶）、右内段（叶）４段，尾状叶的左、右侧部分别隶属于左、右叶。兔肝的外形可分为左外叶、左内叶、右外叶、右内叶、尾状叶及位于胆囊左侧、门静脉左支横部腹侧及方叶支分布区的方叶。肝动脉和胆管的分支与门静脉的相应支伴行，但其分支形式较复杂。兔的肝静脉系统，除肝中静脉外，汇集各叶血液的肝大静脉还有左外叶肝静脉、左内叶肝静脉、右内叶肝静脉、右外叶肝静脉及尾状叶肝静脉，肝小静脉很少。     

猪肝内管道研究

猪肝内管道及其叶、段划分与人肝基本一致，全肝可分为左、右二叶，它们各又分为内、外侧叶（或称内、外侧段），方叶属于左内叶。外形上的尾状叶以中裂为界分为左、右二部，分别隶属于左、右叶。各叶、段由同名的门静脉分支、肝动脉分支供应血液，它们分别为左外叶动、静脉，左内叶动、静脉、右内叶动、静脉、右外叶动、静脉及走向尾状叶左、右二部的尾叶支。胆汁由同名肝管汇流。     

家禽肝门静脉系统

以铸型方法观察了家禽肝门静脉的分支。其中，鸡有左、右肝门静脉各１支，左叶有左外叶颅侧支、左外叶尾侧支和左内叶支，右叶有右叶颅侧支及右叶尾侧支；鹅、鸭则有左肝门静脉２支，右肝门静脉１支。左叶有左外叶颅侧支和左外叶尾侧支，右叶有右叶颅侧支和尾侧支。左、右肝门静脉于横部汇集，并向颅侧及尾侧发出许多分支。此外，还强调和讨论了家禽肝门静脉系统在分布上的一些特点     

牛肝门静脉系统和肝静脉系统

以铸型方法及实体解剖观察了牛肝内门静脉分支和肝静脉的属支,发现牛门静脉的分支与人、猪、兔、羊等相似。门静脉左支发出左个侧叶背、腹侧静脉、左内侧叶内、外侧静脉、尾状叶支组和方叶支组;右支发出右内侧叶静脉、右外侧叶静脉及尾状突静脉。肝大静脉有肝左、肝中、肝右静脉三支。与兔、猪、羊的肝大静脉相比,牛肝脏愈合的程度要明显。此外,对血管分支的名称、肝内分部、尾状突肝静脉的位置、牛肝的外形分部作了讨论     

川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellanae)肝内管道的观察

通过解剖观察了川金丝猴（Rhinopithecus roxellanae）的门静脉系和肝静脉系。门静脉分为左、右2支，左支发出左外侧叶背侧静脉、左外侧叶腹侧静脉、左中央叶静脉、方叶支、左尾状叶支、右尾状叶支；右支发出右中央叶静脉、右外侧叶静脉和尾状突支。肝静脉分肝左静脉、右中央叶肝静脉、方叶肝静脉、右外侧叶肝静脉、左尾状叶肝静脉、右尾状叶肝静脉、尾状突肝静脉。方叶肝静脉的血液注入右中央叶肝静脉而成为其属支。无肝中静脉。     

屠宰中猪肝常见的病理变化与处理

肝脏是猪体内最大的腺体，具有分解、合成、贮存营养物质和解毒以及分泌胆汁等作用。猪的肝脏发达，重1—2．4kg。占体重的1．5％～2．5％，呈红褐色，中央部分厚，边缘薄，壁面隆凸，脏面凹。以三个深的切迹分为左外叶、左内叶、右内叶和右外叶。右内叶又以肝门分为尾叶和方叶。     

哺乳动物的肝静脉系

在分叶明显的肝脏，每叶均有肝静脉汇集其静脉血。左内侧叶和右内侧叶之间发生愈合的肝脏，其间出现肝中静脉。马属动物方叶与右叶之间有较深裂隙，肝中静脉缺如。愈叶程度高的肝脏（牛、羊），主要肝静脉仅为左、中、右三支，故肝静脉的数量与愈合相关。国际兽医解剖学名词（Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria,N.A.V.)的相关第目是不合适的，应予补充。     

犬肝脏疾病的发病原因与治疗

犬肝脏大部分位于肋弓内侧,在胃和膈肌之间,被分为7个肝叶,分别为乳头突、左外叶、左内叶、方叶、右内叶、右外叶、尾状叶,左侧后缘通常与脾脏接触,右侧尾状叶可以延伸到右肾处.右侧最后肋骨的后方,拇指在前上方压可以触摸到肝脏,肝脏疾病时,可感知到肝脏肿大.     

山东黄牛肝胆管系统的研究

本研究通过对１５例山东黄牛肝脏标本的观察和测量表明：其肝外胆管系统的组成和方位恒定；并探讨了黄牛肝外胆道外科的最佳途径。对１３例肝乳胶铸型标本的研究，提示了黄牛肝内胆管树的基本类型：肝左管分出两支Ⅱ级胆管进入左叶，一支Ⅱ级胆管进入方叶，一支Ⅲ级胆管进入尾状叶；肝右管分出三支Ⅱ级胆管进入右叶，还有一些细胆管进入方叶和尾状叶。     

初生亚洲象畸形心脏血管铸型观察

本试验在首次获得一个有两个心尖的初生亚洲象畸形心脏的基础上,利用管道铸型技术制作了亚洲象心脏铸型标本,观察了亚洲象主要血管的构成和走向。结果表明,亚洲象左冠状动脉分前降支、回旋支、室间隔动脉和后降支,无对角支。右冠状动脉分出右房支和右室支,右房支包括右房前支、右房中间支、右房后支,右室支包括右动脉圆锥支、右室前支、右缘支、右室后支。心静脉分为心大静脉、心中静脉、心小静脉,心大静脉、心中静脉直接汇入后腔静脉,心小静脉汇入心中静脉。     

Three-dimensional vasculature of the bovine liver

To clarify anatomical distribution of Fasciola infection, the vascular and ductal architectures of the liver were studied by means of corrosion cast technique using synthetic resin. The arteria hepatica propria (AP) passes as the arteria gastroduodenalis (AG); AP becomes the left trunk after the porta hepatis; AP passes on the right side of vena porta communis (VPC) and projects AG while curving in a U-shape below the portal vein. Hepatic veins located between the vena hepatica media (HM) and vena hepatica dextra (HD) varied widely among specimens and were irregular, including the vena hepatica dorso-lateralis sinistra (Hds), vena hepatica dorso-lateralis dextra (Hdd), vena hepatica lobi caudati (Hlc), venae hepaticae processus caudati (Hpc), venae hepaticae processus papillaris (Hpp), and the hepatic vein to the dorsal intermediate part, which directly or indirectly drained into the vena cava caudalis. The courses of the bovine hepatic veins were markedly diverse, and anastomoses between vena hepatica sinistra (HS) and Hds were observed in about a half of the livers. The portal vein entered the liver as VPC slightly above the centre of the right lobe on the visceral surface. The intermediate or transverse part [pars transversa trunci sinistri (PTS)] of truncus sinister (TS), which extends from the entry of the portal vein into the left lobe of the liver, was slightly arched downward [pars umbilicalis trunci sinistri (PUS)]. The portal vein further arched from the distal end of TS to the umbilical vein and ran towards the inter-lobar incision between the left lobe and quadrate lobe. Based on these branches, hepatic segments were determined as 13 or 14 areas. A total of 15 bile ducts were derived from various lobes. The hepatic duct was about 2.6-6 cm long from the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts to the division of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct.     

Vascular Anatomy of Canine Hepatic Venous System: A Basis for Liver Surgery

Detailed knowledge of the vascular anatomy is important for improving surgical approaches to the liver. Twelve canine livers were skeletonized to describe the anatomy of their portal and hepatic veins in details. Our data suggest that the liver can be divided into two sections, three divisions, seven lobes and two to four sub‐lobes. This differs from the classic division into four lobes, four sub‐lobes and two processes. The right section was perfused by the right portal branch and drained by independent hepatic veins, while most of the left section, perfused by the left portal branch, was drained by the main hepatic vein deriving from the middle and the left hepatic vein confluence. Part of the right medial lobe, and in some cases the papillary process of the caudate lobe, drained directly into the caudal vena cava. A proper right hepatic vein draining blood from more than one lobe was never observed. Portal connections between the quadrate and the left medial lobe were frequently recorded. Two sub‐lobes with different portal blood supply and venous drainage could be identified in the right lateral (33.3% of cases) and the left lateral (100% of cases) lobes. From our results, the classic nomenclature of the liver lobes does not reflect their vascularization. Based on similarities between canine lobes and human segments, a new nomenclature is possible and may be less confounding in surgical settings.     

Venous hepatic segmentation in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris—L. 1758)

The external shape of the liver is varied and determines specific vascular arrangements. This morphological relationship is important to establish hepatic segmentation in different species submitted to surgeries that aim to preserve a larger area of liver parenchyma. After observing 60 livers injected with Neoprene Latex and three plastic moulds obtained by corrosion, eight hepatic venous segments were identified, drained by six hepatic veins agrouped into segmental veins, which drained one sector (segments I, VI, VII and VIII) and intersegmental veins, which drained more than one sector (segments II/III and IV/V). They were described as follows: left intersegmental vein, formed by a segmental vein from the papillary process (segment I), two to three lateral left segmental veins that drained the segment II, and one to five left paramedian segmental veins that drained the segment III; sagittal intersegmental vein, formed by the confluence between segmental vein of the quadrate lobe (segment IV) and the medial right paramedian segmental vein, which derived from the segment V; lateral right paramedian vein drained the dorsocranial sector of the segment VI; the lateral right segmental vein, formed by one to four vessels that drained segment VII, and the segmental vein of the caudate process, which drained the segment VIII. Understanding the number and disposition of the hepatic veins in lobate livers is essential to reduce bleeding risks in surgeries. The nomenclature based on segmentation analogy of non-lobate liver could be less confusing and, therefore, be more useful in the surgical approaches of lobate livers.     

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF THE CANINE LIVER BASED ON RECOGNITION OF HEPATIC AND PORTAL VEINS

A method for systematic examination of the livers was developed, based on identification of the hepatic and portal veins in sixteen dogs. The right medial, quadrate, left medial and lateral hepatic veins and the hepatic branches of the portal veins were easily located with the dog in dorsal recumbency. The right lateral and caudate hepatic veins were identified more easily from the right side with the transducer positioned between the ninth to the eleventh intercostal spaces. Visibility was affected by the fullness of the stomach but this effect could be minimized by changing the position of the transducer to select a more suitable anatomical approach. Identification of the two systems depended on their echogenicity, the anatomical position of the main branches and their pattern of distribution. As in humans, the portal veins were in general, more echogenic than the hepatic veins and the hepatic veins could be traced from their junctions with the caudal vena cava. Identification of the branches of the hepatic and portal veins was complicated by the anatomical shape, the nutritional status and respiratory stage of the animal. A systemic approach based on a knowledge of the distribution patterns produced by the hepatic and portal veins ensures that all liver lobes are identified and all important structures are assessed.     

Gross anatomy of the portal vein and hepatic artery ramifications in dogs: corrosion cast study

The anatomical variations of the portal vein and the hepatic artery ramifications were analysed on liver corrosion casts in 20 dogs as a possible aid in the surgical management of the organ. The portal vein ramified similarly in all dogs. It divided into the smaller right portal branch from which vessels for the caudate process and both right lobes arose and the substantial left portal branch, which supplied the remaining liver portions and in 12 cases also the dorsal part of the right lateral lobe. Right lateral, right medial and left branches are the major arteries originating from the hepatic artery; however, their origin and course varied among individual animals. In 10 livers, the right lateral and the left branches originated from the hepatic artery, while the right medial branch arose from the left branch and usually supplied the right medial lobe solely. In nine livers, the right medial branch arose directly from the hepatic artery and supplied quadrate lobe and gallbladder as well, while in one liver the common artery, which subsequently divided into lobar branches, branched away from the hepatic artery. An additional branch for the caudate process, originating directly from the hepatic artery, was observed in 10 livers. Certain liver portions received the arterial blood from two major branches, which was particularly characteristic for the right medial lobe (six livers) and caudate process (10 livers). The course of the major arterial branches was also variable, although they proceeded in close anatomical relationship with the portal vein branches. The left arterial branch accompanied the left portal branch on its dorsal aspect (15 cases) or crossed it from the caudal aspect (five cases). The right lateral branch crossed the initial parts of the left and right portal branches either from cranial (12 cases) or caudal aspects (eight cases), while the right medial branch always crossed the left portal branch from its caudal aspect.     

Blood Flows in Tributaries of the Portal Vein: Anatomical and Angiographic Studies in Normal Beagle Dogs

Liver anatomy, particularly its vascularization, has been investigated in many studies in dogs. Knowledge of blood flow from the main tributaries of the portal vein (PV) is necessary to explain the preferential sites of secondary lesions within the liver based on the site of the initial malignant lesion. How these flows come together was established in an earlier ex vivo study. Here, we highlight in vivo the blood flows from the main PV tributaries and their distribution in the liver of normal dogs. Portographs of the main PV tributaries were obtained in seven dogs after injection of an angiographic contrast medium. After euthanasia, the livers and their portal vascularization (PV and tributaries) were extracted for a comparative corrosion cast study. Flows were demonstrated in the cranial mesenteric vein, caudal mesenteric vein and splenic vein. However, no proper flow could be distinguished for the gastroduodenal and ileocolic veins. All these tributaries primarily supply the lateral liver lobes (right or left). Most of our observations indicate that the cranial mesenteric, caudal mesenteric and splenic veins primarily supply the right lateral lobe and the caudate process of the caudate lobe and secondarily the left lateral lobe, left medial lobe and the quadrate lobe. The two other tributaries (gastroduodenal and ileocolic veins) primarily supply the right lateral lobe and the caudate process of the caudate lobe.     

Hilar Liver Resection in Dogs

Objective— To describe hepatic vasculobiliary anatomy important to hilar liver lobe resection in the dog.
Study Design— Experimental study.
Animals— Canine cadavers (n=7).
Methods— The vasculobiliary system of 7 fresh canine livers was injected with a polymer. The parenchyma was dissected at the level of the hilus to determine the vascular and biliary supply to each liver lobe, and then macerated with a corrosion preparation. The information gathered was used to describe a surgical approach for hilar liver lobe resection.
Results— Each liver lobe had a single hepatic artery and biliary duct. The location of these structures was consistent, although minor variations existed (dorsal versus ventral to the lobar portal vein) in the left lateral lobe and papillary process in 2 specimens. Most liver lobes (34/49) were supplied by 1 lobar portal vein and drained by 1 lobar hepatic vein (39/49). The location of the portal and hepatic veins was consistent among specimens.
Conclusions— The left division is the most mobile of the liver lobes and each lobe can be removed separately or en bloc. Because of the location of the hepatic veins, the central division is best removed as a single unit. The right lateral lobe can be removed individually or together with the caudate process. The papillary process is removed by itself.
Clinical Relevance— A hilar liver lobectomy technique can provide an alternative approach to conventional procedures for tumors that encroach upon the hilus of the liver.     

ANATOMY OF THE PORTAL AND HEPATIC VEINS OF THE DOG: A BASIS FOR SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF THE LIVER BY ULTRASONOGRAPHY

The objective of this study was to define, in detail, the anatomy of the portal and hepatic veins in the dog in order to establish a procedure for the systematic evaluation of the liver by ultrasonography. Anatomical details were obtained from the formalin fixed livers of ten dogs. The hepatic and portal veins were removed intact from these livers so that a detailed pattern of distribution could be established and the numbers of branches could be counted. Silastic casts were also made of the hepatic and portal veins of two livers, one in situ and one in which it had been removed. The former was to enable the relationship of the portal to the hepatic veins to be established as closely as possible within the animal and the other to provide a model of the distribution of each venous system within the liver. Contrast medium was infused into two other livers and radiographs taken to establish the relationship of each branch to each lobe. It was found that there was a consistent pattern of venous branching to each lobe of the liver in the dog with little variation between individual specimens. All liver lobes contained definite venous branches so that the left lateral and medial, quadrate, right medial and lateral, caudate and papillary veins could be distinguished in each venous system. We believe that an appreciation of this venous distribution will aid in the systematic evaluation of the liver during ultrasonography by enabling identification of each liver lobe. It should be of value for differentiating portal from hepatic veins and veins from dilated bile ducts.