芒果果实生长发育规律的研究

紫花Ｍａｎｇ着果后５０～６０天是果实生长的高峰期，随后生长速度减慢，果肉减颜色从白转为淡黄，果核逐渐硬化，生长发育过程中有机物的变化主要是淀粉。着果后约６０天淀粉积累明显加快，９０天含量最高（为５．６５％），以后明显下降，成熟期可溶性含量随淀粉下降而增高。有机酸含量亦在着是后６０天最高（２．６２％）以后下降，结果表明，着果后６０天及９０天分别是Ｍａｎｇ果果实生长发育过程的生理转折期。     

山楂果实成熟生理初步研究

1984～1986年,在熊岳对磨盘山楂果实的生长发育规律,特别是其成熟生理进行了初步研究。山楂果实的生长曲线呈双“S”型,两个生长高峰分别出现在6月下旬～7月上旬和9月下旬。果实内总糖含量随果实成熟逐渐增加,最后达6％左右,以还原糖居多。果实内有机酸含量亦随果实成熟逐渐增多,直到果实完全成熟,而且在成熟后期增加更快,最后达3％左右。淀粉、果胶质和维生素C的含量在幼果中很少,果实膨大后逐渐增多,果实达到一定成熟度时,它们的含量最高,而后下降。山楂果实的呼吸有明显的跃变期,根据果实的生长发育和成熟过程各指标的变化,初步确定了磨盘山楂在当地的适宜采收期。     

桃果实发育期间几种成分的变化

分析测定了桃３个品种发育期间几种成分的变化。不同品种果实成分变化是一致的，淀粉仅在硬核前可测到；糖类在前期以果糖和葡萄糖为主，占可溶性总糖的９０％以上。后期蔗糖急剧增加，成熟时蔗糖达到可溶性总糖的８０％以上，酸以硬核期最高，果实水分绝对含量与果实鲜重密切相关．     

不同浓度O2与CO2对南果梨采后生理的影响

研究结果表明：南果梨属典型的呼吸跃变型果实。气调贮藏时Ｏ２浓度（２～１０％）越低或ＣＯ２浓度（０～１０％）越高，果实的绿色指数越大，且在货架期内果实进入呼吸高峰时间越晚、果实硬度越高、货架期越长；空气中冷藏１８０天的果实在室温下进入呼吸高峰的时间（５天）最早，且峰值（５７．６８ＣＯ２／ｋｇ／ｈ）最高。贮于２％Ｏ２浓度的果实其乙醇含量明显高于贮于其它水平Ｏ２的果实。当Ｏ２浓度为２％时，随ＣＯ２浓度增加，果实乙醇含量成倍增加。在无ＣＯ２时，即使２％Ｏ２也不会引起果实褐变，但２％Ｏ２与高于２％ＣＯ２组合却能引起南果梨果肉褐变。在５％ＣＯ２＋５～８％Ｏ２气体组合中冷藏１８０天的南果梨，移入室温（１８±１ＯＣ）空气中１１天，获得了最佳的感官品质     

大香水梨成熟过程生理生化反应

大香水梨在成熟过程中，伴随多种生理生化反应：硬度迅速降低，淀粉含量快速减少，而可溶性糖却不断增加（以果粮为主），Ｖｃ含量也不断增加，单宁含量快速下降。采收时大香水梨横径，纵径生长发育相近。因而形成近球形果实。     

桃果实和叶片中糖分的季节变化及其与碳代谢酶活性的关系研究

以晚熟的艳丰一号桃为试材,研究了果实和叶片中可溶性糖、淀粉及相关酶活性的变化。结果表明,在果实生长发育早期,果实和叶片中的可溶性糖主要是还原糖,中后期,还原糖维持在相对较低的水平上,非还原糖大量积累;在整个果实生长发育期间,果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量显著地高于叶片,而叶片中山梨醇和淀粉含量则显著地高于果实;叶片中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量和果实中山梨醇含量较稳定,在整个生长季节中差异较小;在整个生长发育期间蔗糖在果实中持续积累,尤其是在成熟前急剧增加,果实内葡萄糖和果糖含量在生长发育前期总体呈下降趋势,中后期维持在一个相对较低的水平上;叶片中山梨醇含量在生长前期下降,之后维持在相对稳定状态。在整个果实生长发育期间果实中果糖含量与NI、SS和SDH活性及葡萄糖含量与SS和SDH活性呈显著正相关;叶片中葡萄糖含量与SDH活性呈显著正相关且果糖含量与SS和ADPGPPase活性呈显著负相关,此外叶片中蔗糖含量与SPS活性呈显著正相关,但果实中蔗糖含量与SPS不存在任何相关性。因此认为各主要糖的合成与转化在叶片和果实中可能存在着不同的酶调控机制。     

无籽西瓜新品种——绿宝

绿宝为新育成的无籽西瓜品种。经过３年品种比较试验和生产示范，表现优良。该品种主要特点：（１）植株生长发育快，果实成熟早，全生育期１００天左右，比对照早熟８￣１０天。（２）品质优良，大红色果肉，质细脆，中心可溶性圆形物含量１１．５％￣１２．８％，白瘪籽小且少。（３）产量高，坐果指数１．２５左右，果实较大，单产约４５００ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２。是目前较理想的偏早熟无籽西瓜新品种。     

观赏百合鳞片气培过程中器官分化

利用气培技术对观赏百合鳞片进行培养。结果表明：气培１４～１６天，鳞片基部形成愈伤组织，１６～１８天小鳞茎开始分化形成，２０～２７天，鳞茎分化率在９０％以上，７０天时，每片鳞片上小鳞茎数目为２～４个，最多的达７个，鳞茎直径０．２～１．２ｃｍ；小鳞茎分化一周后，鳞茎基部开始生根，以后出现根毛，根分化率在９０％以上；气培４０天时，小鳞茎顶部开始抽生叶片，叶片分化率为３０～６０％。母体鳞片总重量从气培开始即呈持续上升趋势，母球及鳞片质量，对气培过程中鳞片上器官的分化与生长影响极大。     

早熟、优质、高抗枯萎病西瓜新品种──抗病苏蜜

抗病苏蜜是苏蜜１号类型高抗西瓜枯萎病的新品种（Ｆ１）。该品种早熟，全生育期８５—９０天、开花至果实完全成熟３０—３２天。果实椭圆形，墨绿色，单瓜重４—ｓｋｇ。皮薄，瓤红，质细，果实中心可溶性固形物含量１０．８％—１１．６％．在西瓜连作的感病田块单产可达３５００—４０００ｋｇ／６６６．７ｍ２，可在瓜粮、瓜棉间套作地区，早熟栽培集中产区或老瓜区推广。     

柑桔新品种“金葵蜜桔”

“金葵蜜桔”是由广东省佛冈县“沙糖桔”园中的变异优株选育而成。生长健壮,果实紧实,扁球形,其果实比“沙糖桔”早熟15～20天．可溶性固形物含量（15．50％～16．19％）比“沙糖桔”（14．20％）高,     

Changes in sugars,starch and amylase activity during development of mango fruit cv Dashehari

The fruit weight of cv Dashehari mangoes increased until 91 days after fruit set, together with gradual increases in fructose and reducing sugars. Glucose, fructose and sucrose were identified in the dried mango pulp, glucose and fructose being more plentiful until maturity, whereas later (96–105 days) sucrose was predominant. There was an increase in the total sugar content after 72 days from fruit set. Starch accumulation was slow at first but later increased with a concomitant acceleration of amylase activity. A decline in both starch content and amylase activity was recorded after 91 days growth. The protein content decreased until 44 days after fruit set and then increased during 96 days of further development.     

Control of chlorophyll formation and sprouting of tubers by oil dipping in five potato cultivars of Pakistan

Five potato cultivars of autumn crop, dipped in corn oil, were observed for 90 days at room temperature under natural light. Chlorophyll formation took place in minute quantities in treated tubers of ‘Désirée’ and ‘Prima’, and a little more in ‘Primura’, ‘Montana’ and ‘Multa’, whereas all control tubers became completely green after 90 days. Sugars were significantly lower and starch higher in treated tubers than in controls. No sprout-development was observed in treated tubers of all cultivars, but 50–70% control tubers had sprouted during this period. Peeling-losses were minimum in treated tubers and were 67.5–85.4% in controls. The oil-dipped potato tubers of all cultivars could safely be stored for 60 days without quality deterioration under ordinary conditions of temperature and light.     

‘糯米糍’荔枝碳素营养储备动态与坐果的关系

 以10～12年生的‘糯米糍’荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn. ) 为材料, 研究了高产树(60～65 kg·株^{- 1} ) 和低产树(5～10 kg·株^{- 1} ) 不同部位(叶片、各级枝条和主干) 碳素营养储备(淀粉) 的差异及季节动态; 分析了不同果实发育阶段树体碳素营养水平与坐果率的关系。结果表明, 果实成熟时高产树各部位的淀粉含量均低于低产树, 而可溶性糖含量高于低产树。果实采收后, 低产树早于高产树抽发新梢。入冬季前(11月底前) , 低产树和高产树分别抽发了3次和2次秋梢。7～11月秋梢生长发育期间, 高产树和低产树均无显著淀粉积累, 11月中旬以后枝梢生长停滞期间, 各部位, 尤其是4 cm直径以内的枝条大量积累淀粉, 在花穗发育前达到高峰。之后, 随花穗发育、开花及坐果而持续降低。高产树和低产树各部位淀粉高峰并无明显差异, 表明坐果量对树体碳素营养储备的累积并无明显的长期影响。叶片、主枝和主干积累的淀粉含量较低, 总体相对稳定; 而4 cm直径以下的枝梢淀粉含量变化剧烈, 说明这些枝梢是更为活跃的碳素储备库。本研究还表明, 坐果早期(花后3周内) 枝条(2 cm直径) 的淀粉含量与该枝条上最终坐果率呈显著正相关, 而果实发育中期(花后8周) 枝条淀粉含量与坐果率无关, 说明早期果实发 育一定程度依赖树体碳素营养储备, 而中后期果实发育几乎不依赖树体储备。     

早蜜梨果实生长发育期间内源激素含量变化的研究

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术,测定了早蜜梨果实生长发育期间内源生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)、玉米素(ZT)和脱落酸(ABA)含量及其比值的变化,并分析了各激素与果实发育的关系.结果表明:果肉和种子中IAA含量分别在花后50 d和20 d出现高峰;GA3含量分别在花后20 d和60 d达到峰值;ZT含量的高峰则在花后40 d,而ABA含量分别在花后80 d和90 d最高,随后均呈逐渐下降.IAA/ABA、GA3/ABA和ZT/ABA比值对果实的细胞分裂与膨大起着重要调节作用.     

Removal of flowers or inflorescences affects ‘Barnea’ olive fruitlet post-anthesis abscission

A typical olive (Olea europaea L.) inflorescence consists of about 20 flowers. However, in many cultivars, only one fruit develops. This is due to massive abscission of flowers and fruitlets, which occurs during the first month after anthesis. In this study, we used the olive cultivar 'Barnea' to characterize the abscission mechanism and to try to increase fruit set by increasing the number of developed fruit per inflorescence. Removing the lateral flowers 3 weeks before anthesis increased fruit set by more than 50%. Removing all inflorescences but one from a branch increased the number of developed fruits from 0.93 to 2.8 during 2017 and from 0.91 to 3.34 fruits per inflorescence in 2018. Sugar quantification in the pistil revealed that starch level is high on the day of anthesis and low 25 days later in abscised as well as in developed fruit. Soluble carbohydrates are low on the day of anthesis, low in abscised flowers/fruitlets 25 days after anthesis and high in developed fruit. Screening the natural variation found in the Israeli germplasm collection revealed that in most cultivars less than one fruit per inflorescence has developed. However, there are unique cultivars with a higher fruit set.     

1-MCP对采后泗洪大枣生理生化的影响

以泗洪大枣为试材,研究了低温条件下(1±1℃)安喜布(1-MCP)处理(10kg果实/片安喜布,1-MCP有效质量浓度为0.9mg/L)对其生理生化的影响。结果表明,10kg/片安喜布处理可以抑制枣果呼吸速率,贮藏15d和45d呼吸速率分别为对照的53%和50%;可以延缓果实硬度下降,减少枣果维生素C的损失,从而保持枣果采后品质。贮藏60d维生素C保存率高达84.3%,是同期对照果的2倍;降低枣果细胞膜透性,延缓果实的衰老;抑制果实腐烂,对照果实贮藏30d即出现腐烂,而安喜布处理的枣果贮藏60d才开始出现腐烂;安喜布处理对延缓枣果转红效果不明显。     

籽用和肉用印度南瓜果实发育过程中淀粉合成途径相关基因的表达分析

以籽用印度南瓜自交系98-2 及肉用印度南瓜自交系312-1 为试材,对印度南瓜果实淀粉含量及淀粉代谢相关基因的表达模式进行研究。结果表明：312-1 和98-2 果实中的总淀粉和支链淀粉积累模式存在明显差异,312-1 中总淀粉和支链淀粉积累模式相似,都是随着果实发育逐渐积累,在授粉后40 d 时达到高峰,随后略有下降,而98-2 中总淀粉和支链淀粉含量一直维持在果实发育初期（授粉后5 d）水平,没有显著积累的过程;在果实发育的各个时期312-1 中总淀粉和支链淀粉含量均极显著高于98-2。2 份材料中直链淀粉的积累模式大致相同,都维持在果实发育初期的积累水平,但在果实发育的各个时期312-1 中直链淀粉含量均显著或极显著高于98-2。在淀粉组成上,2 份材料均是以支链淀粉为主。淀粉合成途径关键酶基因除ISAⅢ、SSSⅡ和SBEⅡ基因外,GPT、AATP、PGM、AGPaseL、GBSSⅠ、SSSⅢ和SBEⅠ基因在2 份材料果实发育过程中的表达趋势相似,其表达量在2 份材料中存在较大差异,结合2 份材料果实中直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量,推测GPT、AATP、AGPaseL、GBSSⅠ、SSSⅡ、SSSⅢ、SBEⅠ和SBEⅡ基因是调控印度南瓜果实中淀粉积累的关键酶基因。     

西瓜新品种兴桂5号的选育

兴桂5号是利用GY3-a作母本,用SF1-e作父本配制而成的西瓜一代杂种。早熟,全生育期春茬85～90 d（天）,秋茬60～70 d（天）,果实发育期28～30 d（天）,植株生长势中强,分枝强,极易坐果,不畸形,商品率高。果实圆形,果形指数1.02,果皮深绿色覆墨绿色隐条带,皮厚1.0～1.2 cm,皮质坚韧,极耐贮运,果肉大红色,汁多,清甜爽口,中心可溶性固形物含量10.5 %～11.5 %,单瓜质量3.5～4.5 kg,一般每667 m2产量2 250～2 500 kg,适合全国各地西瓜种植区栽培,也适宜与甘蔗、木薯、玉米和初植果树间套种,重茬瓜地需要嫁接栽培。     

Response of the Weed Maryland Meadowbeauty (Rhexia mariana L.) and Blueberry to Flumioxazin PRE

Field studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 in North Carolina to determine the response of the weed Maryland meadowbeauty and blueberry to flumioxazin PRE (pre-emergence). No injury to non-bearing (blueberry plants not mature enough to produce fruit) or bearing (blueberry plants mature enough to produce fruit) blueberry from flumioxazin PRE was observed. In non-bearing blueberry, control of meadowbeauty was greater than 97% 90 DAT (days after treatment) with the registered rate of 0.42 kg ai ha^–1 flumioxazin. Across two studies in bearing blueberry, a single application of flumioxazin at 0.42 kg ai ha^–1 controlled meadowbeauty 79% to 92% 90 DAT. Flumioxazin at 0.21 kg ai ha^–1 applied twice 60 d apart resulted in greater than 96% meadowbeauty control 90 d after the first application. Treatments of flumioxazin applied as a single application or two applications applied sequentially 60 d apart in bearing blueberry had yields ranging from 3150 to 6065 kg ha^–1and 3551 to 5735 kg ha^–1, respectively, and did not have a negative effect on blueberry yield regardless of application rate compared to the nontreated check.     

吲熟酯对本地早柑桔疏果和果实品质的影响

在6年生枳砧本地早盛花后30天,树冠喷布50～400ppm吲熟酯(5-氯代吲唑-8-醋酸乙酯)的疏果率达6.2～30.6％,疏果程度与使用浓度呈线性正相关,果实提早9天着色,可溶性固形物增加0.6～1.0％,含酸量提高0.01～0.12％,增进了果实风味,同时果皮减薄 1～4 mm,可食率增加1～4％,其中以100ppm的效果最佳,200ppm次之。据100ppm处理果果汁测定还能增加氨基酸种类及与果实成熟密切相关的赖氨酸、脯氨酸和精氨酸的含量。盛花后60、80天喷布吲熟酯100ppm均有疏果的作用,但盛花后80天喷布疏果作用较低,两者的果实转色期仅提早5天左右,果实品质不及盛花后30天的各处理。从疏果程度与果实品质两方面考虑,生产上应选盛花后30天喷布吲熟酯100～200ppm为宜。