萧氏松茎象补充营养特性研究

在25℃恒温、RH90%的条件下,用湿地松、火炬松、马尾松、黑松、雪松、杉木、金钱松、罗汉松等8种植物对萧氏松茎象成虫补充营养特性进行研究。结果表明：成虫取食湿地松的量最大,为83.9mm^2·头^-1·d^-1,其次是马尾松、黑松和火炬松;取食金钱松和罗汉松的量最小。雌雄成虫取食量之间差异不明显。萧氏松茎象成虫选择取食马尾松次数最多,为40次;取食量也最高,为53.75mm^2·头^-1·d^-1,与其他树种差异显著。萧氏松茎象成虫的日平均取食量随体重的增加而增加,但差异不显著。     

温度和食物种类对红褐斑腿蝗取食、生长及肠道消化酶活性的影响

在实验室不同温度(10、25、35℃)下,比较茶叶和小麦苗对红褐斑腿蝗Catantops pinguis取食利用能力的影响及其与蝗虫肠道消化酶活性之间的关系。结果表明,温度对蝗虫的日均取食量、相对生长率影响极显著,均表现为35℃>25℃>10℃,对日均绝对增重(干重)的影响趋势与此相同,但各处理温度间差异不显著,对消化酶活性影响显著,总体表现为高温时活性大于低温,但不同的水解酶表现各不相同。食物种类对近似消化力影响不大,但对小麦苗的取食量极显著高于对茶叶的取食量;三个处理温度下日均绝对增重均以小麦苗为食时高于以茶叶为食,但差异不显著,以小麦苗为食时相对生长率极显著高于以茶叶为食,显示食物对相对生长率影响显著;取食小麦苗时肠道消化酶活力极显著高于以茶叶为食,只有类胰凝乳蛋白酶活力差异不显著。     

草地螟成虫期补充营养与其生殖力的关系

［目的］明确草地螟成虫期营养质量与生殖力之间的关系,为探索草地螟综合治理的新途径提供理论依据。［方法］ 应用实验生物学技术室内研究了草地螟成虫羽化后逐日取食10％蜂蜜水（Ⅰ组）、5％蜂蜜水（Ⅱ组）、羽化后当日取食10％蜂蜜水,而后逐日取食清水（Ⅲ组）和羽化后逐日取食清水（Ⅳ组）4种营养液对成虫寿命和生殖力的影响。［结果］ 成虫期饲喂不同的营养物质对其产卵前期、产卵量与雌蛾平均寿命影响显著,但对雄蛾的平均寿命及卵的孵化率无显著影响。取食试验Ⅰ组的雌蛾其产卵前期（5.71 d）、产卵量（359.14 粒/头）及平均寿命（21.0 d）高于Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组及Ⅳ组的;取食试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组的雌蛾,其产卵历期分别为10.57、8.0 d,两处理间差异不显著;取食试验Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组的雌蛾,其产卵历期分别为4.0、3.14 d,两处理间虽无显著差异,却显著短于取食Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组的产卵历期。［结论］ 草地螟雌成虫期营养质量是影响草地螟种群变动的重要因素。     

黄翅绢野螟对不同植物的取食和产卵选择

为明确黄翅绢野螟Diaphania caesalis对不同植物的取食和产卵选择性, 采用叶碟法、叶面积法和室内观察等方法比较分析了黄翅绢野螟对波罗蜜(‘马来西亚1号’‘海大1号’‘四季波罗蜜’)、榴莲蜜、面包树、大果榕和桑树(‘台湾长果桑’‘粤椹大10’)的取食和产卵选择性, 取食面积及初孵幼虫取食不同植物后的存活率。结果表明, 黄翅绢野螟1～2龄幼虫对波罗蜜的取食偏好不明显, 对不同植物的取食选择率差异不大; 随着龄期的增长, 3～5龄幼虫逐渐表现出偏好取食波罗蜜。黄翅绢野螟在不同植物上的日均产卵量没有显著差异, 偏好在波罗蜜和面包树上产卵, 在‘马来西亚1号’波罗蜜上着卵量占所有供试植物上的总产卵量的22.13%。各龄幼虫对不同植物的取食量随着龄期的增加而逐渐增大, 5龄幼虫进入暴食期, 对3个波罗蜜品种、榴莲蜜、面包树和大果榕的取食量无显著差异, 但显著高于2个桑树品种。初孵幼虫取食不同植物48 h后的存活率存在显著差异, 取食‘马来西亚1号’波罗蜜存活率最高(98.51%), 取食‘台湾长果桑’存活率最低(0.37%)。综上, 黄翅绢野螟偏好选择波罗蜜属植物进行取食和产卵, 对榕属大果榕存在转移为害潜在威胁, 对桑属桑树潜在为害风险较低, 研究结果可为黄翅绢野螟在不同植物上的为害风险监测和防控提供参考。     

3种绿肥对黏虫营养生理的影响

为探索绿肥推广种植对黏虫暴发可能带来的风险, 本研究测定了黏虫对绿肥的营养利用情况及绿肥中营养物质和次生物质对黏虫取食量的影响?分别测定了黏虫对紫云英Astragalus sinicus L.?毛叶苕子Vicia villosa Roth?箭筈豌豆V. sativa L.等3种绿肥的营养利用情况, 并用玉米Zea mays L.作为对照, 对这4种植物的相关营养物质和次生物质含量进行了分析?研究结果表明:4种植物对黏虫幼虫的取食?食物利用?食物转化?消化以及幼虫的生长速度等有不同的影响?取食绿肥的5龄幼虫相对生长率?相对取食率?食物利用率和食物转化率明显低于取食玉米的试虫, 近似消化率则高于取食玉米的试虫?取食植物中总蛋白含量与幼虫相对取食量呈显著负相关(r=-0.988, P=0.012), 次生物质类黄酮?单宁?总皂苷?总酚含量与幼虫的取食量无相关性(P>0.05)?紫云英?毛叶苕子和箭筈豌豆对黏虫幼虫的营养效应存在显著差异, 但它们均不利于黏虫幼虫的生长发育, 其成为黏虫潜在寄主的可能性较低, 这些绿肥的推广种植应不会导致黏虫的暴发?     

寄主和非寄主植物对桑皱鞘叶甲取食行为的影响

为深入了解桑皱鞘叶甲Abirus fortunei （Baly）取食行为机制,探索安全有效的行为调控技术,通过观察其在寄主和非寄主植物上取食行为的差异,应用“Y”型嗅觉仪测试其对寄主和非寄主植物叶片气味的嗅觉行为反应,分析了寄主植物主要养分与其取食量之间的相关性。结果表明,桑皱鞘叶甲雌雄成虫在24 h内的取食选择率分别为70%和35%,其中70%以上叶甲偏向寄主植物桑树取食,对桑树嫩叶和老叶的平均取食量分别为0.21 g和0.19 g,二者无显著差异。桑皱鞘叶甲对寄主和非寄主植物叶片气味的嗅觉行为反应与对照差异不显著;其取食量与寄主植物叶片含水量、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量之间无明显相关关系。表明桑皱鞘叶甲的取食行为不受植物气味和主要营养物质的影响。     

7种林木植物对华北大黑鳃金龟取食和繁殖的影响

为明确华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita(Faldermann)的嗜食植物,优化其室内人工饲养技术及为诱虫植物提供候选材料,以花生叶片为对照,研究了7种林木植物叶片对华北大黑鳃金龟取食和繁殖的影响。结果表明,华北大黑鳃金龟对8种植物日均取食量由高到低依次为金叶女贞、刺槐、核桃、榆树、花生、柳树、香椿、毛白杨,其中金叶女贞、香椿和毛白杨与花生间有极显著差异,金叶女贞与刺槐、核桃、榆树间无显著差异;单雌产卵量由高到低依次为金叶女贞、柳树、核桃、香椿、花生、榆树、毛白杨、刺槐,其中金叶女贞、柳树、核桃、刺槐与花生间有极显著差异,而金叶女贞与柳树间无显著差异。研究表明,饲养华北大黑鳃金龟成虫适宜饲料植物为金叶女贞,日均取食量最高为4.70 g,产卵期最长为56.00 d,单雌产卵量最多为58.88个,其次为核桃和柳树。     

草地贪夜蛾对玉米品种的取食选择性与玉米叶片中化学物质的关系

通过室内观察草地贪夜蛾幼虫在不同玉米品种上的取食选择率和取食量,测定了供试玉米品种的9种化学物质含量,研究了草地贪夜蛾幼虫对6个玉米品种的取食选择性及其与玉米叶片中营养物质、次生物质、水分、叶绿素含量的关系.结果表明,草地贪夜蛾幼虫对6个玉米品种的取食选择率和取食量具有显著差异,最喜欢取食特用玉米白甜糯,最不喜欢取食普...     

棉蚜在不同棉花品种上的取食行为及相对取食量的研究

应用电动穿刺记录技术(EPG)对棉蚜在不同棉花品种上的取食行为进行了测定,结果记录到棉蚜的6种取食行为基本波型。棉花的多毛、红叶性状及抗、感水平对棉蚜的取食都有显著的影响。与CK非洲E40相比,多毛可以显著降低棉蚜的取食周期E2,并可显著延长第1非取食周期和增加蚜虫口针的刺探频率。棉蚜在多毛品种上的取食周期占总时间的6.0％,仅为CK品种的1/2。棉蚜在红叶棉上取食周期E2占总时间的百分率(10％)要显著低于黄叶棉品种(15％)(P<0.01)。而棉蚜在抗、感品种间的取食周期E2及取食前期波型C的周期差异也达到了极显著水平(P<0.01)。用同位素液闪技术测定了棉蚜在抗、感品种上的相对取食量,结果显示棉蚜在抗蚜品种上相对取食量也明显低于感蚜品种,并且随着取食周期的增长,抗、感品种之间比值差异更大。     

5种竹子对黄脊竹蝗生长发育和取食选择的影响

为明确寄主植物对黄脊竹蝗Ceracris kiangsu生长发育及取食选择的影响,采用毛竹Phyllostachys edulis、苦竹Pleioblastus amarus、大叶箬竹Indocalamus tessellatus、铺地竹Pleioblastus argenteostriatus和靓竹Sasaella glabra f.albostriata单寄主饲养黄脊竹蝗初孵若虫至成虫,分别测定取食5种竹子的黄脊竹蝗1～5龄若虫和成虫的死亡率,若虫的发育历期,成虫的体重和寿命,并测定了黄脊竹蝗不同发育阶段对5种竹子的取食选择。结果表明,黄脊竹蝗1、2龄若虫取食大叶箬竹的死亡率最高;3～5龄若虫取食铺地竹的死亡率最高,尤其是4、5龄若虫死亡率显著高于取食其余4种寄主;成虫期取食5种竹子的死亡率则无显著差异;黄脊竹蝗若虫取食不同竹子的总发育历期存在显著差异,其中取食毛竹的发育历期最短。发育至成虫后,毛竹处理组的黄脊竹蝗雌、雄成虫体重均为最高,靓竹处理组雌虫体重最低,铺地竹处理组雄虫体重最低,两处理组成虫体重均显著小于毛竹处理组;取食5种竹子的黄脊竹蝗雌、雄成虫寿命均无显著差异。取食选择...     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.