Latex agglutination test for canine parvovirus

Canine parvovirus (CPV) was detected in faeces from dogs with diarrhoea by a specific slide agglutination test using latex particles coated with anti-CPV monoclonal antibody (LA-anti-CPV). The agglutination of LA-anti-CPV with CPV on a glass slide was evident macroscopically within 2 min. The sensitivity of the latex agglutination (LA) test was similar to that of the hemagglutination test. The LA test is available for the rapid diagnosis of CPV infection at an animal hospital.     

Genetic complexity and multiple infections with more Parvovirus species in naturally infected cats

ABSTRACT: Parvoviruses of carnivores include three closely related autonomous parvoviruses: canine parvovirus (CPV), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and mink enteritis virus (MEV). These viruses cause a variety of serious diseases, especially in young patients, since they have a remarkable predilection for replication in rapidly dividing cells. FPV is not the only parvovirus species which infects cats; in addition to MEV, the new variants of canine parvovirus, CPV-2a, 2b and 2c have also penetrated the feline host-range, and they are able to infect and replicate in cats, causing diseases indistinguishable from feline panleukopenia. Furthermore, as cats are susceptible to both CPV-2 and FPV viruses, superinfection and co-infection with multiple parvovirus strains may occur, potentially facilitating recombination and high genetic heterogeneity. In the light of the importance of cats as a potential source of genetic diversity for parvoviruses and, since feline panleukopenia virus has re-emerged as a major cause of mortality in felines, the present study has explored the molecular characteristics of parvovirus strains circulating in cat populations. The most significant findings reported in this study were (a) the detection of mixed infection FPV/CPV with the presence of one parvovirus variant which is a true intermediate between FPV/CPV and (b) the quasispecies cloud size of one CPV sample variant 2c. In conclusion, this study provides new important results about the evolutionary dynamics of CPV infections in cats, showing that CPV has presumably started a new process of readaptation in feline hosts.     

犬细小病毒环介导等温扩增快速检测方法的初步建立

为建立犬细小病毒(CPV)环介导等温扩增(LAMP)检测方法,实现CPV的早期快速诊断,本研究根据GenBank登录的CPV VP2基因序列,在其序列保守区域设计LAMP引物,利用CPV基因组DNA为模板进行扩增。结果表明:LAMP方法检测灵敏度达到10-1TCID50/mL;并且与其它细小病毒等无特异性扩增,表现出良好的特异性。与PCR技术相比,LAMP法操作更加简单方便,更适合基层和实验室的快速检测。     

The emergence of parvoviruses of carnivores

The emergence of canine parvovirus (CPV) represents a well-documented example highlighting the emergence of a new virus through cross-species transmission. CPV emerged in the mid-1970s as a new pathogen of dogs and has since become endemic in the global dog population. Despite widespread vaccination, CPV has remained a widespread disease of dogs, and new genetic and antigenic variants have arisen and sometimes reached high frequency in certain geographic regions or throughout the world. Here we review our understanding of this emergence event and contrast it to what is known about the emergence of a disease in mink caused by mink enteritis virus (MEV). In addition, we summarize the evolution of CPV over the past 30 years in the global dog population, and describe the epidemiology of contemporary parvovirus infections of dogs and cats. CPV represents a valuable model for understanding disease emergence through cross-species transmission, while MEV provides an interesting comparison.     

犬细小病毒病免疫胶体金诊断技术的研究

建立一种简便、快速、准确检测犬细小病毒(CPV)的胶体金免疫层析法(GICA).采用柠檬酸三钠法制备胶体金颗粒,标记纯化的CPV单克隆抗体,在玻璃纤维素膜上喷加纯化的CPV多克隆抗体,制成诊断CPV抗原的快速诊断试纸条.用本试验研制的CPV试纸条检测收集到的120份犬粪便样品,其结果与HA结果相比对,HA效价在1:40以上,试纸条均能检测到为阳性.CPV试纸条与犬瘟热病毒及犬传染性肝炎病毒无交叉反应.且试纸条保存6个月后,其检测结果重复性为100%.试验证明,本研究建立的GICA是一种快速、灵敏、特异的抗原检测方法,可在临床上广泛应用,也可用于CPV的流行病学调查.     

犬细小病毒检测方法研究进展

随着犬细小病毒变异亚型毒株的增多及所呈现的复杂的流行态势,提高犬细小病毒(CPV)检测方法的实用性、敏感性、特异性和简单快捷性迫在眉睫。通过对传统分子生物学和免疫学检测方法的优化改进,相继衍生出了MT-PCR、ii PCR、IC-LAMP、CPV-GIA、PCR-RFLP和RPA等新型方法,明显提高了检测的时效性及便捷性。就衍生出的多种新型检测方法优势特点进行了综述,以期为CPV的临床和实验室快速检测提供参考。     

犬细小病毒实时荧光RPA检测方法的建立

由犬细小病毒(CPV)引起的犬细小病毒病是我国出入境口岸宠物检疫的重要疫病。为了提高检疫效率,本研究拟建立检测CPV的实时荧光重组酶聚合酶扩增(RPA)方法并进行评价。本研究根据CPV衣壳蛋白基因序列设计RPA引物,以GB/T 27533-2011中的PCR方法作为参照,通过检测其他4种犬病毒和3种其他种属的细小病毒来分析实时荧光RPA的特异性、检测不同浓度的模板分析实时荧光RPA的灵敏度、检测CPV阳性或阴性犬的不同组织、血液、尿、粪便等样本以及7株CPV野毒株来分析实时荧光RPA的稳定性。结果显示,本研究建立的实时荧光RPA特异性好、灵敏度高,检测临床组织、体液、粪便样本以及野毒株时都具有良好的稳定性。结果表明,本研究建立的实时荧光RPA可满足CPV快速检测要求。     

犬细小病毒荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立与评价

通过序列比对和Blast分析,选定犬细小病毒(Canine parvovirus,CPV)VP2蛋白保守区基因为检测的目的基因,引物采用Primer Premier 5.0软件设计。利用灵敏度较高的TaqMan探针法建立CPV核酸检测方法。通过对标准品的扩增、测序及对标准扩增曲线的绘制,建立CPV核酸检测方法。同时对建立的检测方法进行了检测特异性、灵敏度和重复性分析。将阳性对照标准品进行10倍梯度稀释后可检测到102拷贝/μL样品,表明该检测体系具有较高的检测灵敏度。通过分析表明,本检测方法在用空白对照及类似的猪细小病毒、猪圆环病毒作为扩增对照时,没有发现非特异性产物的产生,表明该体系对于CPV的检测是特异的。通过6次批间重复检测,体系的变异系数小于3%,表明该检测体系具有良好的重复性。     

Identification of parvovirus in the bone marrow of eight cats

Objective To determine if canine parvovirus (CPV) or feline panleucopenia virus (FPV) genomic sequences are present in adult feline bone marrow samples. Design Bone marrow samples were obtained from 32 semi‐feral cats that were euthanased at an animal shelter. DNA was extracted and subjected to conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) designed to determine if CPV or FPV DNA was present. Positive PCR products were purified, cloned and sequenced to differentiate between CPV and FPV. Results Eight of the bone marrow samples contained parvoviral DNA (7 CPV, 1 FPV). Conclusion CPV and FPV DNA can be found in the bone marrow of healthy adult cats.     

Host range relationships and the evolution of canine parvovirus.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an example of an unusual class of emerging virus-those that gain an altered host range through genetic variation and subsequently become widespread pathogens of their new and previously resistant host species. CPV was first detected in 1978 as the cause of new diseases in dogs throughout the world, when it rapidly spread throughout domestic populations, as well as becoming widespread in wild dogs. CPV was soon shown to be a variant of the long recognized feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), from which it differed in less than 1% at the nucleotide sequence level. Genetic analysis showed that virtually all of the biological differences between CPV and FPV, including the canine host range, were determined by three or four sequence differences in the viral capsid protein gene. Analysis of the atomic structures of the CPV and FPV capsids showed that the differences controlling host range were located within two different structural regions and were exposed on the capsid surface. The CPV which first emerged in 1978 appeared to be derived from a single ancestral sequence, which has allowed the ready analysis of the subsequent evolution of the virus in nature. Sequence analysis has also revealed that CPV strains have undergone a series of evolutionary selections in nature which have resulted in the global distribution of new virus variants. This was first seen in the global replacement between 1979 and 1981 of the original (1978) strain of the virus by a genetically and antigenically variant strain, and the subsequent widespread selection of other variants which have also become globally distributed. The genetic and antigenic variation in the virus strains was also correlated with changes in the host range of the virus, in particular in the ability to replicate in cats, and in canine host range differences seen in tissue culture cells.     

Surveillance activity for canine parvovirus in Italy

Recent identification of unusual canine parvovirus (CPV) mutants in cats and dogs suggests that CPV type 2 (CPV-2), which emerged suddenly in the late 1970s, is undergoing continual genetic and antigenic variations. A peculiarity of parvoviruses is that single-nucleotide substitutions may determine drastic phenotypic changes. The effects of either natural or artificial mutations on CPV phenotypic properties have been largely investigated, and this sets up CPV as an interesting model to study virus evolution. By monitoring the evolution of CPV-2 in Italy, we observed the onset and quick spread of a Glu-426 mutant, antigenically different from the pre-existing variants that were partially displaced within a few years of the initial identification of the new mutant. The identification of CPV-2 variants raises several questions concerning their impact on the efficacy of the current CPV-2 vaccines, based on the original CPV-2 strain that no longer exists in the field.     

Accuracy of a point-of-care ELISA test kit for predicting the presence of protective canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus antibody concentrations in dogs

Canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) are highly infectious and often fatal diseases with worldwide distributions, and are important population management considerations in animal shelters. A point-of-care ELISA test kit is available to detect serum antibodies to CPV and CDV, and presumptively to predict protective status. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the test compared to CPV hemagglutination inhibition titers and CDV serum neutralization titers determined by a reference laboratory, using sera collected from dogs housed at animal shelters. The ELISA test was used under both field and laboratory conditions and duplicate specimens were processed using an extra wash step. The test kit yielded accurate results (CPV: sensitivity 92.3%, specificity 93.5%; CDV: sensitivity 75.7%, specificity 91.8%) under field conditions. CDV sensitivity was improved by performing the test under laboratory conditions and using an optical density (OD) meter (laboratory performed 94.0%; OD 88.1%). Point-of-care ELISA testing for serum CPV and CDV antibody titers was demonstrated to be a useful tool for determining antibody status when making decisions regarding the need for CPV and/or CDV vaccination and also in animal shelters for population management.     

Canine parvovirus type 2c identified from an outbreak of severe gastroenteritis in a litter in Sweden

A litter of recently-vaccinated puppies in Sweden experienced signs of severe haemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Canine parvovirus (CPV) was suspected as the cause of this outbreak on the basis of the clinical signs and the presence of parvoviral antigen in the faeces from one of the affected pups - confirmed using a commercial in-clinic faecal antigen ELISA test kit. A concern was raised about whether the vaccine (which contained a live, attenuated strain of CPV) could have caused the disease and so further faecal samples from the affected pups were submitted for laboratory virus isolation and identification.On cell culture, two out of four faecal samples were found to be virus-positive. This was confirmed as being canine parvovirus by immuno-staining with CPV specific monoclonal antibody. The virus was then tested using a series of PCR probes designed to confirm the identity of CPV and to distinguish the unique vaccine strain from field virus. This confirmed that the virus was indeed CPV but that it was not vaccine strain. The virus was then typed by sequencing the 426 amino acid region of the capsid gene which revealed this to be a type 2c virus.Since its emergence in the late 1970s, canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) has spread worldwide and is recognised as an important canine pathogen in all countries. The original CPV2 rapidly evolved into two antigenic variants, CPV2a and CPV2b, which progressively replaced the original CPV2. More recently a new antigenic variant, CPV2c, has appeared. To date this variant has been identified in many countries worldwide but there have been no reports yet of its presence in any Scandinavian countries. This case report therefore represents the first published evidence of the involvement of CPV2c in a severe outbreak of typical haemorrhagic gastroenteritis in a susceptible litter of pups in Scandinavia.     

犬细小病毒和犬冠状病毒双重PCR方法的建立及应用

根据GenBank中犬细小病毒(CPV)和犬冠状病毒(CCV)基因序列各设计了一对引物,经试验条件的优化,建立了检测CPV的PCR方法和CCV的RT-PCR方法,扩增目的片段大小分别为337 bp和852 bp.在此基础上建立了检测CPV和CCV双重PCR方法.该双重PCR方法能特异的扩增CPV和CCV,且分别扩增出1...     

Prevalence of antibodies against canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus among foxes and wolves from Spain

Viral diseases can influence the population dynamics of wild carnivores and can have effects on carnivore conservation. Hence, a serologic survey was conducted in an opportunistic sample of 137 foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and 37 wolves (Canis lupus) in Spain for 1997-2007 to detect antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV) and against canine parvovirus (CPV) by indirect ELISA. Antibodies against CDV were detected in 18.7% of the analyzed animals and antibodies against CPV in 17.2%. There was no difference in antibody prevalence to CDV between both species, even in the same region (P>0.05), but there was a significant difference in antibody prevalence to CPV between foxes (5.1%) and wolves (62.2%) (P<0.05). In fox populations there was a significant difference in antibody prevalence to CDV between geographic areas (Aragón 26.4%, La Mancha 7.8%, P<0.05). In wolf populations there was significantly higher antibody prevalence against CPV (P<0.05) in Castilla y León (100%) than in the Cantabric region (53.3%). There was no significant sex or age-related difference in the antibody prevalence against CDV or CPV in foxes. These results indicate that contact with CDV is widespread among wild canid populations in Spain and that CPV is endemic in the Iberian wolf population. The implications of these results are briefly discussed.     

Hemagglutination by canine parvovirus: serologic studies and diagnostic applications

Conditions for canine parvoviral hemagglutination (HA) and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) reactions were defined. The HA phenomena were used to differentiate canine parvovirus (CPV) from feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), mink enteritis virus (MEV), and minute virus of canines. Serologic comparisons of the CPV, FPV, and MEV by HA-HI and serum-neutralization tests indicated that CPV, FPV, and MEV were antigenically similar but were different from minute virus of canines. Diagnostic application of HA tests to fecal samples from acute cases of enteritis was discussed. Combinating HA tests with HI tests on fecal samples provided a rapid and specific diagnostic method for CPV infection. Secular seroprevalence studies indicated the emergence of CPV infeciton in the United States dog population-at-large in 1978.     

Canine parvovirus--a review of epidemiological and diagnostic aspects, with emphasis on type 2c

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) emerged in late 1970s causing severe epizootics in kennels and dog shelters worldwide. Soon after its emergence, CPV-2 underwent genetic evolution giving rise consecutively to two antigenic variants, CPV-2a and CPV-2b that replaced progressively the original type. In 2000, a new antigenic variant, CPV-2c, was detected in Italy and rapidly spread to several countries. In comparison to the original type CPV-2, the antigenic variants display increased pathogenicity in dogs and extended host range, being able to infect and cause disease in cats. Epidemiological survey indicate that the newest type CPV-2c is becoming prevalent in different geographic regions and is often associated to severe disease in adult dogs and also in dogs that have completed the vaccination protocols. However, the primary cause of failure of CPV vaccination is interference by maternally derived immunity. Diagnosis of CPV infection by traditional methods has been shown to be poorly sensitive, especially in the late stages of infections. New diagnostic approaches based on molecular methods have been developed for sensitive detection of CPV in clinical samples and rapid characterisation of the viral type. Continuous surveillance will help assess whether there is a real need to update currently available vaccines and diagnostic tests.     

环介导等温扩增技术快速检测犬细小病毒方法的建立

旨在建立一种利用环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)检测犬细小病毒感染的新方法。根据Gen-Bank中犬细小病毒(CPV)VP2基因序列,设计4条LAMP特异性引物,对反应条件、特异性、敏感性、可视化效果和应用效果进行研究。结果显示,在65℃等温条件下、1h内可完成LAMP扩增过程;病毒的最低检出限量为10-2个TCID50/mL;特异性和可视效果良好;对36份临床标本进行检测,阳性检出率为80.5%(29/36),检出率高于普通PCR 72.2%(26/36)。建立的LAMP检测方法,显示了较高的特异性和敏感性,而且兼具高效、快捷、可视化的优势,为临床检测犬细小病毒感染提供了一种快速简便的新方法。     

Canine parvovirus 2c infection in central Portugal

Canine parvovirus (CPV) has been evolving, generating new genetic and antigenic variants throughout the world. This study was conducted to determine the types of CPV circulating in dogs in Figueira da Foz, Portugal. Thirty fecal samples, collected between 2006 and 2007 from dogs with clinical signs of CPV infection, were tested for CPV by a rapid, in-clinic, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)/immunomigration test, by conventional real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and by minor-groove binding TaqMan PCR. Of the 29 PCR-positive samples, 15 were identified as CPV-2b and 14 as CPV-2c. No CPV-2a was detected. The sensitivity of the ELISA test was 82.76% compared with the PCR assays. No significant associations were found between CPV type, clinical outcome, breed, vaccination status, or age.     

Molecular characterization of canine parvovirus in Brazil by polymerase chain reaction assay

Canine parvovirus (CPV) was first isolated in 1978 in the USA. Analysis of CPV isolates by monoclonal antibodies and restriction enzymes have shown that after the first emergence of CPV (CPV-2) it evolved to give rise to new antigenic types, which were designated CPV type 2a and type 2b. These new types have replaced the original CPV type 2, although the proportions of each of the new antigenic types vary in different countries. In Brazil, CPV-like infections were first observed in 1979, however, there has been no information concerning the antigenic types of CPV prevailing in South America. In this study, we designed a PCR assay to type canine parvovirus strains in fecal samples collected from symptomatic dogs during 1980 through 1986 and 1990 through 1995. Our data showed that the CPV epizootic in Brazil followed the same pattern observed in the USA of emergence of CPV-2 followed by replacement by the variants CPV-2a and 2b. The predominant strain found during 1980 was CPV-2a, which was substantially replaced by CPV-2b from 1990 to 1995.