Lijst van planteziektenkundige termen

Due to rapid developments in plant pathology and increasing international contacts there is a considerable influx of new concepts and terms into Dutch phytopathological communication. Many terms are being directly derived from foreign languages and increasing specialization gives rise to a differential usage of certain terms.To promote clarity, uniformity, and intelligibility of Dutch phytopathological terms and to avoid use of any term which is liable to be misinterpreted the Committee on Terminology of the Netherlands Society of Plant Pathology has prepared an alphabetical list with definitions and explanations of terms, and has made recommendations on their use.The Committee encourages the use of good Dutch terms when available, since they should be intelligible to outsiders and beginners as well as to advisory workers, teachers, and growers who have to deal with practical aspects.It is accepted that terms defined here will have to be continuously reconsidered and adapted to developing understanding of the phenomena.     

关于在植物病理学及其相关学科中一些术语翻译的商榷

 本文指出在中国植物病理学及其相关文献中,一些中文译名的确切意义及其正确的选用似乎有商榷的必要。本文特别指出一些名词的译法和它们的确切涵义以及个别词的错译。有些是文义不够确切,有些是两种不同的译法。这些词在本文提出的有如下述:机理、机制、真菌、菌物、传染、侵染、感染、侵染循环、生活史、寄主、宿主、核苷、核甙、病毒、毒素、支原体、类菌原体、植原体、相克性、协生性、粒子、立体、衣壳、蓝绿藻、蓝细菌或绿细菌。     

Development of an integrated pest management programme for cotton. Part 2: Integration of a lucerne/cotton interplant system,food supplement sprays with biological and synthetic insecticides

Part 1 of the paper showed that the integration of a lucerne/ cotton interplant system with supplementary food sprays retained and increased populations of predatory insects in the cotton crop. The strategic use of biopesticides (Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV)) reduced the use of synthetic insecticides by 50% without sacrificing cotton yield and profitability. In economic terms, the average gross margin for the IPM plot was A$3255 compared with A$3020 and A$3218 for the plots treated with (1) conventional insecticides on transgenic (Ingard®) cotton and (2) conventional insecticides on non-transgenic cotton. The use of transgenic cotton affected a 25% saving on synthetic insecticide usage. The results clearly indicate that a refined IPM approach could have a distinctive advantages in terms of economic and environmental impacts on cotton production. The success of such an approach lies in a strict adherence to its methodology.     

黄土高原土石山区土地利用空间分布研究

在陕西省陇县土地利用数据和1∶5万地形图的基础上,利用ArcGIS 9.3软件和Spss17.0软件探讨不同海拔、坡度与坡向上土地利用类型的分布特征及土地利用的空间分布与地形因子的相关关系。结果表明:除林地、草地外,其他土地利用类型分布主要集中在海拔小于1300m、坡度小于15°的区域中;耕地在平地占优势地位,其他坡向级别中林地占最大比例,其次是耕地和草地,其他土地利用类型分布较少。耕地、林地、居民点及工矿用地、未利用土地与海拔相关关系均达显著水平;除水利设施用地外其余各类土地利用类型与坡度均显著相关;除耕地、草地和居民点及工矿用地外,其他土地利用类型与坡向的相关关系均不显著。     

土地变化多尺度研究进展与展望

土地变化是生物物理因素和人为因素在时空上相互作用的结果,具有显著的多尺度特征,目前多以遥感、G IS、统计回归分析等为主要技术手段,分析表征土地变化的多源数据,获取土地变化的多尺度特征。土地变化的多尺度研究主要存在3个方面的问题和不足:①缺乏土地变化微观与宏观之间相互联系的综合研究;②小尺度土地变化过程的聚合不能正确表征大尺度的变化过程,而且受测量范围和分辨率(精度)的限制,所得到的观测数据仅能描述部分土地变化;③现有的土地变化模型多基于单一尺度,在分析土地变化的多尺度特征时,存在明显的不足。对现有土地利用模型的整合以及与土地经济学模型的集成,将是深入研究土地变化多尺度科学问题的潜在方向,具体包括:土地变化的微观与宏观表达研究;土地变化多空间尺度的表征研究;土地变化的微观与宏观之间、不同空间尺度相互关系研究;土地变化多尺度分析模型研究。这将深化土地变化的驱动过程与机理研究,并推动土地变化科学的发展。     

Are Pesticides Suitable Model Substances for the Evaluation of Industrial Chemicals in the Environment?

Definitions are given for the terms «environmental chemical>> and «undue persistence>>. A suggested model for the general evaluation of environmental chemicals is a balanced combination of the evaluations of environmental radioactivity and of pesticides. The classification of environmental chemicals should be based on chemical structures only, independent of use patterns. For the evaluation of any chemical, the knowledge of its total production and of the quantitative use pattern is indispensable.     

The use of the analogue computer in pesticide research

The basic components of a general-purpose analogue computer are described in terms of their operational functions. Their use in pesticide research has been extremely limited but such examples as exist are reviewed. Examples of the use of analogue computers are given. These include the simulation of single and consecutive first-order reactions, the sorption-desorption processes affecting the availability of pesticides in soils, diffusion and leaching in soils and the build-up of residues in soils following repeated annual applications to the soil surface.     

Ecological network analysis: an application to the evaluation of effects of pesticide use in an agricultural environment

Ecological network analysis is used to evaluate the impact of pesticide use on ecological systems in the context of agricultural farmland environments. The aim is to provide support for the design of effective and minimally damaging pest control strategies. The ecological network analysis can identify species that are important to the integrity of the ecological network. The methodology can be used to monitor the impact of shifts in terms of types of pesticide used on the ecological system. The authors' intention is to use this methodology to provide supporting evidence for the UK Voluntary Initiative programme aimed at convincing farmers voluntarily to make improved choices in the use of a wide range of pesticides.     

Phenological adaptation in weeds—an evolutionary response to the use of herbicides?

The possibility of phenological adaptation in weed species is discussed in terms of an evolved response to herbicide use. Weed populations often exhibit heritable variation in life history traits that may reflect phenological adaptations. Approaches to assessing ‘adaptedness’ are discussed. Selection for seed dormancy in a grass weed is considered through life history analysis. It is concluded that too little is known about both life histories and fitness of weed species in varying environments for conclusions to be drawn concerning phenological adaptation for use in herbicide resistance management. ©1997 SCI     

Long‐term trends in books of terms related to forest pathology

Scientometric and bibliometric methods are increasingly applied to study temporal trends in scientific outputs, but there has been little application in plant and forest health. This research note uses the Google Books N‐Grams search engine to explore temporal trends in the use of terms related to forest pathology in published books. The search was performed for books in American and British English, French, German and Italian. There is evidence for a relative decline in the use of the term ‘forest pathology’, since the 1950s in books in American English and since the 1990s in books in British English. This decline was counterbalanced by a relative increase in the use of the term ‘forest health’ between the 1980s and the end of the 1990s, whereas the term ‘tree diseases’ roughly followed the same trend as ‘forest pathology’. A declining trend was observed for ‘pathologie forestière’ (since the 1980s), both ‘Waldschutz’ and ‘Forstschutz’ (since the 1990s), as well as ‘patologia forestale’ (since the 1950s). The use of the terms ‘dendrology’, ‘forest entomology’, ‘forest genetics’, ‘mycology’, ‘plant pathology’ appears to have followed the trend observed for ‘forest pathology’ in all studied languages. Conversely, there has been an increase in books mentioning topics such as ‘ecosystem health’ and ‘old‐growth forests.’ The trends observed here call for increased efforts to make the public aware of trees, their diseases and the health of forests.     

Designing resistance management programs: How can you choose?

A list of often-discussed resistance management tactics is critically reviewed. Alteration of insecticides across generations, non-persistent formulations, and the use of pesticides conferring only low magnitudes of resistance seem to be among the most promising tactics for general use in resistance management. Justifying the first two choices usually requires little more than data on product persistence in terms of toxic effect on susceptible individuals under field conditions. The last tactic requires additional information on resistance ratios for resistant and susceptible genotypes under field exposure. The efficacy of pesticide mixtures is highly dependent on equal persistence of both compounds used in the mixture. The number of genes involved in resistance and the fitness disadvantages they may confer in the absence of use appear to be of relatively little significance in choosing management tactics.     

区域模型在黄土高原丘陵区尺度转换研究中的应用

针对黄土高原的土地可持续利用研究方法中的尺度转换研究需要,利用较为先进的土地情景利用规划思路与土壤侵蚀与生产力测算模型APEX(AgriculturalPolicy/EnvironmentaleXtender),对于黄土高原区域综合治理典型面积为8.27km2的纸坊沟流域土地利用结构进行了模拟计算。结果表明,模型模拟计算的水土流失量与实际观测量的误差小于10%,5年加权平均的作物模拟产量与实测值的差异不显著。据此计算了55km2县南沟不同轮作方式、不同耕作措施等生产设计所产生的不同结果,并经由计算结果做出比较分析。     

干旱区农户灌溉方式选择的影响因素--以河北省张北县为例

对于干旱缺水的华北地区,推动节水灌溉被认为是可以有效减少农业用水的措施,近年来我国政府也加大了对该地区农业节水技术的投资力度。但由于缺乏对采用农业节水技术影响因素的深入了解,在很大程度上阻碍了节水技术的大面积推广。本文基于河北省张北县的实际调研数据,从地块特征、农户自身特征以及社会环境因素三个方面,采用多项Logit和决策树两种模型对比研究了干旱区农户选择灌溉方式的影响因素;同时构建了一般线性模型,分析了农户采用现代社区型节水技术程度的影响因素。结果表明:政府扶持是农户选择现代社区型节水技术的关键因素,其次是地块面积和家庭水浇地经营规模,但这三个因素对采用该技术程度的影响并不显著。此外,农户的年龄、受教育程度以及土壤类型对灌溉方式选择及其采用程度都具有重要影响,但农户所感知的水资源供求状况没有显著影响。     

有限水资源条件下西北旱区农业发展途径

以综述的方式，从以下几个方面对西北旱区农业发展出路做了讨论：1.西北五省（区）水资源分布状况；2.资源农业利用现状；3.旱区农业的发展出路以及政策与工程保障制度。并从对水资源合理利用和开发的角度，阐述了 新形势下西北干旱地区农业用水问题，以及对于我国农业发展重要战略意义。通过讨论分析得出，西北五省（区）农业只有综合发展，多种经营，依靠科技及政策，才能走出一条适合本地区的多元化农业发展之路。     

Herbicides inhibiting branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis

Herbicides inhibiting branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis represent a signal advance in crop protection chemistry, with implications for both practical weed control and basic agricultural science. In practical terms, at least 20 different active ingredients are currently marketed or are in development, and more may be expected. They offer selectivity in virtually every major crop, unprecedented low use rates, and inherently selective toxicity to plants. In scientific terms, the research behind these compounds shows modern agricultural chemistry at its best. Synthesis has been integrated with other disciplines to understand and rapidly optimize properties. In the process, basic knowledge has been gained in chemistry, biochemistry, and strategies for finding new agrochemicals. This issue provides the first unified, interdisciplinary overview of the three major classes of inhibitors–sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, and triazolopyrimidines. The following introductory note explores some implications of this research.     

Spatial distribution of Aphanomyces euteiches inoculum in a naturally infested pea field

The main objective of the study was to describe the horizontal and vertical distribution of Aphanomyces root rot in a naturally infested pea field. Measurements of inoculum potential clearly indicated a horizontal distribution of inoculum among several foci in the field, these foci differing in size and disease intensity. A highly significant relationship was observed between disease severity on plants during the cropping season and soil inoculum potential. In terms of the vertical distribution of inoculum in the soil, detection was maximal at a depth of 10 to 40 cm, but inoculum was detected down to a depth of 60 cm. Generally, inoculum potential was lowest for the layers at depths of 0 to 10 and 50 to 60 cm. Inoculum distribution and the value of the methodologies used are discussed in terms of possible use for epidemiology and disease forecasting.     

A review of pesticide policies and regulations for urban amenity areas in seven European countries

An analysis of the regulations of herbicide use for weed control in non-agricultural/urban amenity areas, including actual pesticide use, was carried out as a joint survey of seven European countries: Denmark, Finland, Germany, Latvia, the Netherlands, Sweden and United Kingdom. Herbicides constitute the major part of the pesticides used in urban amenity areas. Herbicide use on hard surfaces is the largest in terms of volume and potential contamination of surface and groundwater. The aim of the study was to investigate the differences in political interest and public debate on the 'use of pesticides in public urban amenity areas', regulations within each country at national, regional and local levels, possible use of alternative weed control methods and the amounts of pesticides used on urban amenity areas. A comparative analysis revealed major differences in political interest, regulations and availability of statistics on pesticide use. Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands and Germany have, or have had, a strong public and political interest for reducing the use of herbicides to control weeds in urban amenity areas and also have very strict regulations. The UK is currently undergoing a period of increasing awareness and strengthening regulation, while Latvia and Finland do not have specific regulations for weed control in urban amenity areas or on hard surfaces. Statistics on pesticide/herbicide use on urban amenity areas were only available in Denmark and the Netherlands. Developing this kind of information base reveals the differences in herbicide use, regulations and policies in European countries and may enhance the transfer of knowledge on sustainable weed control across countries.     

Fungicide resistance: definitions and use of terms

A first proposal on definitions and use of terms was made by Delp & Dekker in Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 15 , 333–335, following the EPPO Conference on Fungicide Resistance in Brussels in 1984. These definitions were reviewed by the EPPO Workshop on Fungicide Resistance Testing Methods, held in Changins (CH) in November 1986, which proposed the present version. This has been approved by the EPPO Working Party on Pesticides for Plant Protection, with the involvement of GIFAP, and has been approved by the Executive Committee and Council of EPPO.     

Evaluation of Rodent Depredations to Crops and Stored Products1

Estimates of food losses to rodents vary widely. In most cases, such estimates are not statistically defensible. Adequate sampling techniques have only been developed for a few crops and a few situations. Often, estimates have been related to rodent numbers, which have not been validly determined. Environmental management is basic to rodent control, both in terms of growing crops and stored products. Many aspects of intermediate technology have important applications to this need. Needs relate to better understanding of rodent ecology, adequate assessment of damages, training of specialists in management of vertebrate pests, and use and development of appropriate technologies.     

A direct-fired steam weeder

Flame weeders are a valuable weed management tool for organic growers and potentially for non-organic producers, if the number of registered herbicides continues to decrease. However, they have a number of problems including low-energy efficiency, fire risk and reduced performance in windy conditions. Steam has been shown to be a superior means of heat transfer to weeds and therefore steam weeders should outperform flame weeders. However, producing sufficient quantities of steam on tractor-mounted equipment has been problematic, because the standard designs of pressurised steam boilers are ill-suited for agricultural use. The 'direct-fired steam' weeder described here, is considered to resolve this problem, by spraying water as a fine mist directly into hot exhaust gases from a burner, causing it to evaporate quickly, thus negating the needs for a pressurised system. This design is diesel powered, but could also be run on renewable fuels such as vegetable oil, addressing concerns about the use of non-renewable 'fossil fuels' for thermal weeding. This approach is considered both effective in terms of steam generation and sufficiently practical and low enough in inherent risk for agricultural use. Production of commercial steam weeders based on this concept has commenced in New Zealand.