日粮类型和羊草细度对肉牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸比例及能量转化效率的影响

用装有瘤胃瘘管和真胃瘘管的肥育阉牛,按完全拉丁方设计,连续定点消化道食糜采样,用ＫＢ－１型自控大型呼吸测热室测定能量平衡和氮平衡。结果表明,４种不同加工细度羊草,在维持饲养水平（１Ｍ）下的ＤＥ／ＧＥ,ＭＥ／ＤＥ,ＨＰ／ＭＥ,Ｋｍ,ＶＦＡ总量,乙酸：丙酸比例等的组间差异均不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）,代谢能转化为维持净能效率（Ｋｍ）平均为６５．６９％（Ｃ．Ｖ＝０．８８％）;１．３Ｍ饲养水平的各种能量参数,４组间的差异亦均不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）,代谢能转化为增重净能效率（Ｋｆ）平均３３．９２％（Ｃ．Ｖ＝１．８６％）。４种不同精料：羊草比例的日粮,在维持饲养水平下,ＣＨ４（ＫＪ）／ＤＥ（ＫＪ）＝０．０７３８＋０．０６１５（ＮＤＦ／ＯＭ）,ｒ＝０．８９２８,Ｋｍ＝６０．８６５１＋０．３３０４（丙酸ｍｏｌ／１００ｍｏｌＶＦＡ）,ｒ＝０．９９５５;在１．５Ｍ下,ＨＰ／ＭＥ＝１４．３８３８＋０．７８０５（乙酸ｍｏｌ／１００ｍｏｌＶＦＡ）,ｒ＝０．９９０３,Ｋｆ＝２２．９６９７＋０．６０２２（丙酸ｍｏｌ／１００ｍｏｌＶＦＡ）,ｒ＝０．９９８１,或Ｋｆ＝５７．２２６５－０．３８１７（ＮＤＦ／ＯＭ）,ｒ＝－０．９９８７。     

日粮类型和羊草细度对肉牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸比例及能量转化效？…

用装有瘤胃兼管和真胃瘘管的肥育阉牛，按完全拉丁方设计，连续定点消化道食糜采样，用ＫＢ－１型自控大呼吸测热室测定能量平衡和氮平衡，结果表明，４种不同加工细度羊草，在维持饲养水平（１Ｍ）下的ＤＥ／ＧＥ，ＭＥ／ＤＥ，ＨＰ／ＭＥ，Ｋｍ，ＶＦＡ，总量，乙酸：丙酸比例等的组间差异均不显著（Ｐ〉０．５０），代谢能转化的维持净能效率（Ｋｍ）平均为６５．６９％（Ｃ．Ｖ＝０．８８％），１．３Ｍ饲养水平的各种能量参数，     

青山半泌乳期母羊的能量需要量研究

选用２４只山羊泌乳母羊，用饲养试验、消化代谢试验、比较屠宰试验及气体能量代谢试验等手段，研究其能量需要量。结果表明，在本试验条件下，试羊的能量消化率和代谢率分别为７０．４％和８５．０％。甲烷能占总能进食量（ＧＥＩ）的９．２０％。维持代谢能需要为５０２Ｗ＾０．７５ＫＪ／天，每产一千克标准乳（ＦＣＭ）需５０６０ＫＪ泌乳代谢能。泌乳母羊的维持效率（Ｋｍ）为０．８４５，泌乳效率（Ｋ１）为０．６３５，热增耗     

牛舍空气微生物及微环境传播的研究

采用４台ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ－微生物空气样品收集器对一个犊牛舍内及环境空气细菌含量进行了测量，需氧菌总数分别为８５３６－４６６９１ＣＦＵ／ｍ＾３和２６４９－２４７７５ＣＦＵ／ｍ＾３，厌氧菌浓度计３０１７－２４７７５ＣＦＵ／ｍ＾３和６６１－４１２２ＣＦＵ／ｍ＾３。根据ＨＥＳＫＥＴＨ（１９７４）计算公式和ＫＬＵＧ（１９６９）气溶胶颗粒扩散模式，得出犊牛舍菌源强度，即向环境排放需氧菌为１１００００－１４００     

用单抗介导的荧光抗体技术检测鸡尿囊细胞内传染性支气管炎病毒的研究

用传染性支气管炎病毒（ＩＢＶ）Ｈ１２０、Ｈ５２、Ｍ４１、ＡＲＫ、澳大利亚Ｔ株、野外分离株ＲＳ、ＲＹ及鸡新城疫病毒（ＮＤＶ）、鸡传染性法氏囊病毒（ＩＢＤＶ），鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒（ＩＬＴＶ）、减蛋综合症病毒（ＥＤＳＶ）等分别接种９日龄ＳＰＦ鸡胚，３７℃孵育４８小时后，将其尿囊液离心，沉淀用ＰＢＳ悬浮，涂片，用抗ＩＢＶ单抗ＭＣ作一抗、进行间接荧光抗体检测。结果：Ｈ１２Ｏ、Ｈ５２、Ｍ４１“ＡＲＫ、Ｔ株及ＲＳ、ＲＹ均显阳性，而ＮＤＶ、ＩＢＤＶ、ＩＬＴＶ、ＥＤＳＶ均为阴性。结果表明、用此法检测鸡胚尿囊液中ＩＢＶ．具有快速、敏感、特异的优点。     

大尾寒洋泌乳期母羊能量需要量及其代谢规律研究

选大尾寒羊泌乳期母羊８只，采用饲养试验、消化代谢试验、比较屠宰试验及气体能量代谢试验等手段研究其能量利用规律。各项试验分前期、中期和后期三个阶段进行。结果表明，大尾寒羊泌乳母羊在整个泌乳期内体重和体能值变化不明显（Ｐ＞０．０５），试羊的ＤＭＩ、ＯＭＩ分别为１３８５和１２８８ｇ，ＭＥＩ为１５６９ｋＪ，泌乳量为４８０ｇ、ＮＥＬ值为４８２８ｋＪ／ｋｇ原乳。试羊饲喂本试验日粮对ＤＭ、ＯＭ和ＧＥ的表观消化率     

瘤胃灌注不同比例的混合VFA对肉牛瘤胃发酵、能量和氮代谢的研究

以装有瘤胃瘘管的肉牛（３９０±３０ｋｇ）饲喂全羊草的基础日粮，瘤胃灌注４种不同摩尔比例的混合ＶＦＡ（乙酸：丙酸：丁酸为７５∶１５∶１０，６５∶２５∶１０，５５∶３５∶１０和４５∶４５∶１０），按４×４拉丁方试验设计测定了灌注后代谢产热率（ＨＰ／ＭＥ），ＶＦＡ转化为体脂肪的效率（Ｋｆ）和可消化氮转化为沉积氮的效率。结果表明，随着灌注混合ＶＦＡ中丙酸比例超过２５％，ＨＰ／ＭＥ明显降低（Ｐ＜００５），Ｋｆ值极显著地增加（Ｐ＜００１）；可消化氮转化为沉积氮的效率显著增加（Ｐ＜００５）；ＨＰ／ＭＥ与瘤胃中乙酸比例、Ｋｆ值与瘤胃液中丙酸比例均呈线性正相关。     

玉米粒度对哺乳猪的影响

Ｋ．Ｊ．Ｗｏｎｄｒａ等人选用哺乳猪（二产）３８头 ,饲喂以豆粕和玉米为主组成的饲料 ,饲料中玉米粉碎粒度（大小）分为１２００、９００、６００和４００μｍ四种规格 ,研究玉米粒度对营养素代谢的影响。试验结果表明 ,玉米粉碎粒度对体重和背脂肪厚度均没有明显的影响。但是 ,玉米４００μｍ粒度与１２００μｍ粒度相比 ,前者的干物质（ＤＭ）和氮（Ｎ）的表观消化率比后者分别提高７ %和１０ % ,粪中ＤＭ和氮的排泄量分别减少３５%和４５ % ,还有 ,前者提高了饲料可消化能（ＤＥ）和代谢能（ＭＥ）量 ,即玉米粒度为４００μｍ时 ,ＭＥ…     

黄牛寒证的血液动力流变学初探

首次应用无创检测技术对１８例寒证黄牛的２３项血液动力流变学指标进行了检测：ＰＲ，ＳＶ，ＣＯ，ＳＩ，ＣＩ，ＶＰＥ，ＬＶＷＩ，ＦＥＫ和ＡＣ等心血管动力学指标均有不同程度的降低，其中ＰＲ，ＣＯ，ＣＩ和ＦＥＫ变化显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），η，ＭＨＲ，ＭＲＴ，ＭＳＴ等流变学指标变化明显（Ｐ＜０．０５—０．０１），呈现微循环瘀滞和高粘血症。     

鸡蛋的前期处理与分级包装程序与设备

鸡蛋的前期处理与分级包装程序与设备鸡蛋的前期处理与分级包装程序与设备■雷鹏魁（台湾省中兴大学农业机械系目前世界上共有六家主要的鸡蛋处理机械制造厂商，其中在荷兰有两家公司（ＭＯＢＡ）与ＳＴＡＵＬＫＡＴ），美国有两家公司（ＤＩＡＭＯＮＤＭＯＤＥＲＮＰＯＵ...     

成年梅花鹿维持能量需要的研究

选用4头成年梅花公鹿,采用回归分析法,设置不同的能量进食水平,应用北京农业大学KB-Ⅰ型呼吸测热室测定其各自的产热量,将所测得的梅花鹿的代谢能日采食量(MEI)与日产热量(HP)代入Lofgreen的曲线回归方程(1gHp=a+bMEI),求得梅花鹿的维持代谢能需要量(MEm)为516KJ/W~(0.75)kg;维持代谢能利用效率(Km)为0.707;每日产热量与食入代谢能水平呈强直线相关(P<0.01):HP/W~(0.75)=304.84+0.413MEI/W~(0.75)。     

Measurements of heat production for estimation of maintenance energy requirements of Hereford steers

This study aimed to test the hypothesis that maintenance energy requirement (MEm) can be estimated from continuous heat production measurements during a change from a near maintenance feeding level to far below maintenance for two consecutive days. The MEm of eight Hereford steers weighing 286 +/- 5 kg (mean +/- SE) was determined in a balance trial. In addition, during the 10-d collection period, the animals were kept in open-circuit respiration chambers to measure 24-h gas exchange continuously at 10-min intervals. During the balance trial, the animals were fed dried chopped grass twice daily at an estimated level of 1.2 x MEm. After termination of the collection period on the 11th d of the balance trial, the steers were offered 2 kg/d of wheat straw while only gas exchange was measured. Estimates of MEm were derived from heat production (HP) data. The analyses included values of 24-h HP, HP of the nocturnal period (0000 to 0630), HP of the nocturnal period (excluding HP caused by standing) during the grass-feeding period and 24-h HP, nocturnal HP, and nocturnal HP (excluding HP caused by standing) during the straw feeding period. The MEm predicted from estimates of HP measurements were 536 +/- 9, 470 +/- 8, 441 +/- 8, 435 +/- 8, 393 +/- 9, and 373 +/- 9 kJ.kg of BW(-0.75).d(-1), respectively, whereas MEm calculated from data of the balance trial were 416 +/- 9 kJ.kg of BW(-0.75).d(-1). Values predicted for nocturnal HP (excluding HP caused by standing) of grass fed animals, 24-h HP, and nocturnal HP during straw feeding did not differ significantly from MEm. The differences in MEm among animals were reflected by all estimates of HP, whereas the correlation with the 24-h HP during straw feeding reached 0.9 (P = 0.002). We conclude that the method described is adequate to determine MEm with a sufficient degree of accuracy.     

Variation among twin beef cattle in maintenance energy requirements

The genetic variation in energy expenditures of cattle at fasting (FHP) and maintenance (MEm) was determined by using 12 pairs of monozygous twins at 20 mo of age. The pairs were of two breed types, eight Angus x Hereford (three steers, five heifers) and four Barzona x Hereford (three steers, one heifer). The heifers were 132 +/- 13 d pregnant at the time of measurement. The pairs were fed at 1.15 x maintenance energy requirements for a minimum of 30 d prior to heat production (HP) measurements in dual indirect respiration calorimetry chambers. The diet fed was cracked corn:alfalfa hay (45:55) with a determined ME of 2.47 +/- .02 Mcal/kg DM. This diet was fed individually for 7 d prior to and during two consecutive 22-h HP measurements. The animals then were fasted for 2 d and fasting heat production measurements (FHP) were made on d 3 and 4 of the fast. Metabolizable energy required for MEm was calculated iteratively by assuming a semi-log relationship between HP and metabolizable energy intake. There were no differences (P greater than .10) in measured energy expenditures due to different breed type. The FHP and efficiency of ME use for MEm (Km) were similar between sexes, although heifers had lower (P less than .025) MEm than steers. Twin pair effects were detected for FHP (P less than .005) and MEm (P less than .05) but not for Km. Broad sense heritability estimates were calculated as the intraclass correlation between members of monozygous twin pairs. Heritability estimates for MEm, FHP, and Km were .52 +/- .22, .75 +/- .13, and .34 +/- .27, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of dietary net energy concentration on dry matter intake and energy partition in cows in mid‐lactation under heat stress

This study aimed to determine the net energy requirement of Holstein cows in mid‐lactation under heat stress. Twenty‐five multiparous Holstein cows were randomly allocated to five groups corresponding to five isonitrogenous total mixed rations, with net energy for lactation (NE_L) content of 6.15 (NE‐6.15), 6.36 (NE‐6.36), 6.64 (NE‐6.64), 6.95 (NE‐6.95), 7.36 (NE‐7.36) MJ/kg of dry matter (DM), respectively. Throughout the experimental period the average temperature humidity index at 07.00, 14.00 and 22.00 hours was 72.1, 88.7, and 77.6, respectively. DM intake decreased significantly with the elevated dietary NE_L concentration. Fat corrected milk increased quadratically, and milk fat content and milk energy (MJ/kg) reached the greatest in the NE‐6.95 group with increasing dietary NE_L content. Strong correlations were found between dietary NE_L content and: (i) DM intake; (ii) NE_L intake; (iii) milk energy (E_l); (iv) E_l/metabolizable energy intake (MEI); (v) E_l/NE_L intake, as well as between NE_L intake and fat corrected milk yield (FCM). The suitable net energy required for dairy cows producing 1 kg FCM ranged from 5.01 to 5.03 MJ, was concluded from the above‐stated regressions. Correlation between heat production (HP) and MEI could be expressed as: Log (HP) = ?0.4304 + 0.2963*MEI (n = 15, R² = 0.99, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) = 0.18). Fasting HP was 0.3712 MJ/kg^0.75 when extrapolating MEI to zero.     

Heat production, eating behavior and milk yield of lactating cows fed two rations differing in roughage content and digestibility under heat load conditions

The objective of this study was to measure the effect of feeding two total mixed rations (TMRs), differing in their roughage content and in vitro dry matter digestibility, on the respiratory rate, body temperature, eating behavior and energy balance of lactating cows. The partitioning of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) between heat production (HP) and retained energy (RE) of cows held under heat load conditions was measured. Forty-two lactating cows were divided into two similar sub-groups, each of 21 animals, and were fed either a control (CON) ration containing 18% roughage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or an experimental (EXP) TMR that contained 12% roughage NDF and used soy hulls as partial wheat silage replacer. The in vitro DM digestibility of the CON and EXP TMRs was 75.3 and 78.6%, respectively (P < 0.05). The EXP diet reduced rectal temperature and respiratory rate of the cows while increasing their number of meals per day by 32.7% as compared with the CON fed cows, and these meals were shorter in duration and were eaten faster. The EXP diet increased total DM intake from 19.6 to 21.5 kg/cow/d, milk yield from 32.3 to 34.6 kg, and yield of energy corrected milk from 30.9 to 32.2 kg, as compared with the CON group. Cows fed the EXP TMR had increased RE in milk and body tissue, as compared with the CON group, but the diets had no effect on the measured HP that was maintained similar (121 vs. 127 MJ/cow/d) in the two groups. The measured MEI (MEI = RE + HP) and the efficiency of MEI utilization for RE production, were similar in the two dietary groups.     

Intake energy, energy retention and heat production in lambs from birth to 24 weeks of age

Intake energy (IE), metabolizable energy intake (MEI), energy retention (ER) and heat production (HP) were estimated in twelve male and six female suckling lambs from birth to 4 wk of age and in nine of these male lambs after weaning from 9 to 24 wk of age. Intake energy and MEI were estimated from the milk intake and combustible energy of the milk in the suckling lambs and from digestibility trials and energy content of feed and feces in the weaned lambs. Energy retention was estimated from body composition changes and HP was calculated from MEI - ER and from the rate of O2 consumption. The O2 consumption of the ewes was also measured during late pregnancy and during lactation. In the suckling lambs, daily MEI was 277 kcal/kg.75 and ER was 112 kcal/kg.75 and as calculated from O2 consumption was 168 kcal/kg.75. Daily HP as calculated by MEI - ER was 165 kcal/kg.75. Daily maintenance HP was equal to 121 kcal/kg.75 and the efficiency of utilization of energy for ER was 70.7%. In the weaned lambs, HP as measured from O2 consumption was 10% lower than that estimated using MEI and ER. Comparison of 9- to 16-wk-old with 17- to 24-wk-old lambs, showed daily increases in MEI from 212 to 228 kcal/kg.75, in ER from 54 to 95 kcal/kg.75 and in HP from 158 to 194 kcal/kg.75, whereas there was a daily decrease in maintenance HP from 101 to 90 kcal/kg.75. Efficiency of utilization of energy for production was similar in the two postweaning periods (48.8 and 46.5%, respectively). The O2 consumption of the ewes (/kg.75) was increased over that of nonpregnant, nonlactating controls by 30% in late pregnancy, by 62% in the first month of lactation and by 50% in the second month of lactation.     

湖羊妊娠期维持代谢能需要量的测定

应用呼吸面具测热法测定湖羊妊娠期4个阶段(即0—60天,61—90天,91—120天与121—147天)每日产热量(HP),并用消化代谢试验测出不同阶段每日代谢能采食量(MEI),将测得数据,套入Lofgreen(1968)曲线回归方程,然后推算妊娠期4个阶段的每日维持代谢能需要量(千焦耳/W~(0.75)公斤)依次为432.58、437.52、461.70与458.40。本研究阐明妊娠后期的维持需要(MEM/W~(0.75)公斤)较妊娠前期为多,符合妊娠母畜能量代谢的生理变化规律。     

笼养紫貂生长期能量代谢研究

选择育成前期6只雄性紫貂进行饥饿代谢呼吸测热试验。另选18只雄性紫貂随机分成3个试验组,分别按1.2MEm值、1.8MEm值和2.4MEm值3个代谢能食入水平做梯度饲养、消化代谢试验和生长的呼吸测热试验。试验数据进行一元或二元线性回归分析。结果表明:生长紫貂的饥饿代谢每日产热量为681.47KJ/Kg~(0.75);其基础代谢产热量为602.34KJ/Kg~(0.75);生长紫貂每活动1小时,其饥饿代谢产热量平均增加35 KJ/Kg~(0.75)。生长紫貂每日的维持代谢能需要量为753.11KJ/Kg~(0.75);其代谢能的各种利用效率分别为:Km:0.90,Kg:0.75,Kp:0.66:Kf=0.78。生长期紫貂的能量代谢出现负平衡时,以氧化分解体脂肪供热为主;当体内能量代谢为正平衡时,优先沉积于体蛋白质。     

Interaction between energy level in the diet and environmental temperature on the utilization of energy in growing pigs

Thirty-two pigs weighing approximately 50 kg were maintained in respiration chambers to measure their heat production and the partition of energy retention between protein and fat deposition at two environmental temperatures (23 and 13 C) and with two energy levels in the diet: 3.39 (HE) and 2.92 (LE) Mcal ME/kg. From energy balance data, maintenance requirements (MEm) and the efficiency (k) of energy (ME) utilization for energy deposition were calculated for each treatment. For both diets, MEm averaged 122 kcal ME/kg.75 at 23 C, the rate of increase of MEm being 3.7 kcal ME/kg.75 for each 1 C decrease in the environmental temperature. At 23 C, k was higher with the HE diet (.81 vs .55) and similar for both diets (.78) at 13 C. At comparable ME intakes, heat production was higher with the LE diet at 23 C, and the rate of increase of heat production between 23 and 13 C was lower with the LE diet (1 kcal/kg.75) than with the HE diet (3 kcal/kg.75), resulting in similar heat production at 13 C for both diets. This resulted in an interaction (P less than .01) between temperature and diet on heat production. Protein retention was lower (P less than .01) at 13 C but unaffected by diet at both temperatures. This resulted in an interaction (P less than .01) between temperature and diet on fat retention. Consequently, energy of LE and HE diets was similarly utilized at 13 C, while at 23 C, the HE diet was better utilized. The comparison between these results and those obtained in growth experiments is discussed.     

评定菜籽粕的肉鸭净能的研究

本试验旨在实测菜籽粕的肉鸭净能(NE),并通过相关、回归分析建立菜籽粕NE与其常规组分之间的回归模型。试验采用析因法将菜籽粕的NE剖分为其提供给肉鸭的维持净能(NEm)和沉积净能(NEp),NEm用肉鸭禁食产热(FHP)来估计,NEp用比较屠宰法测定。选用760只7日龄、平均体重为(130.48±3.01)g的樱桃谷肉鸭进行试验:首先选择100只肉鸭进行NEm评定试验,设自由采食、限饲15%、限饲25%、限饲35%和限饲45%共5个处理,建立产热(HP)和食入代谢能(MEI)的回归关系,外推到MEI为0时求得FHP;然后选择640只鸭进行NEp评定试验,试验前屠宰20只肉鸭测定初始体能量作为起始对照,设基础饲粮组和菜籽粕替代基础饲粮组31个处理,所有处理均设5个重复,每个重复4只肉鸭,15日龄时将肉鸭全部屠宰测定体能量;最后将菜籽粕NE与其常规组分进行相关、回归分析并建立预测模型。结果表明:1)樱桃谷肉鸭的NEm为0.557 MJ/(kg W0.75·d)。2)31种不同菜籽粕的NE有较大差异,经套算法得到菜籽粕的NE为4.18~6.05 MJ/kg DM,NE/表观代谢能(AME)为0.56±0.06。3)菜籽粕NE与其常规组分高度相关,多元线性逐步回归建立的回归模型如下:NE=0.416 AME+0.041 CP-0.020 NDF+0.110 CF-1.093(R2=0.901,RSD=0.06,P0.01),式中:CP为粗蛋白质,NDF为中性洗涤纤维,CF为粗纤维。由此可见,不同来源的菜籽粕的常规组分和肉鸭NE有较大差异,菜籽粕NE与其常规组分高度相关,并具有回归关系。