云南省主要地质背景区铜、锰、锌、镁、钾在岩石-土壤-饲料系统的分布与迁移规律研究

对云南省6个主要地质背景区的土壤、岩石和饲料样品的铜、锰、锌、镁和钾元素进行测定分析。结果表明:玄武岩和碳酸盐岩红壤区土壤和饲料钾、镁、锌、锰和铜元素含量较丰富;碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩和玄武岩混合型黄红壤区居中;而由碎屑岩和变质岩发育的土壤区土壤和饲料钾、镁、锌、锰和铜元素最低。饲料中钾、镁、锌、锰和铜的含量受地质背景值,特别是土壤中元素的丰度的影响不大。     

云南省主要地质背景区钴、铁和硒在岩石—土壤—饲料中的分布与转移规律研究

对云南省反刍家畜主要生产基地所属的6个地质背景区的土壤、岩石和饲料样品的钴、铁和硒元素进行测定分析。结果表明:土壤和饲料钴、铁和硒元素含量在玄武岩(Ⅴ)和碳酸岩盐红壤区(Ⅰ)较丰富;碳酸岩盐、碎屑岩和玄武岩混合型黄红壤区(Ⅱ)居中;而由碎屑岩(Ⅲ)和变质岩(Ⅵ)发育的土壤区土壤和饲料钴、铁和硒元素最低。饲料中钴、铁和硒的含量受地质背景值,特别是土壤中元素的丰度的影响较大。     

云南省主要地质背景区土壤理化性质及矿物质元素丰度分析

对云南省反刍动物生产基地所属的6个主要地质背景区的土壤和岩石样品的K、Na、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn、Co、Fe、Se、I和F元素及土壤的有机质、阳离子交换量(CEC)和pH进行测定分析,结果表明:晚古生代玄武岩红壤区(V)和碳酸岩盐红壤区(Ⅰ)土壤各种矿质元素都比较高,有机质含量与CEC都较高,特别是V区最为显著;碳酸岩盐、碎屑岩和玄武岩混合型黄红壤区(Ⅱ)除了Co含量较低外,其他元素含量都居中等或偏上水平,有机质含量与CEC仅次于第1类背景区:碎屑岩紫色土区(Ⅲ)、变质岩赤红壤区(Ⅵ)和碎屑岩黄红壤区(Ⅳ)大多数矿质养分相对都比较低,有机质含量与CEC最低.     

南阳烟区土壤部分矿质元素的含量与分布

镁、硫、铁、锌、硼、铜、锰等矿质元素是烟草生长发育所必需的营养元素，在烟株生长发育过程中起着不可替代的作用。这些矿质元素供应不足或过多时，烟叶的正常生长发育受阻，产量和质量降低。为了摸清南阳烟区不同区域植烟土壤中的矿质元素分布状况，从2002年开始对南阳烟区植烟土壤中的镁、硫、铁、锌、硼、铜、锰等矿质元素进行了取样分析研究。     

ICP-AES同步检测微量元素预混合饲料中多种元素的方法研究

建立了以电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同步测定微量元素预混合饲料中铜、铁、锌、锰、碘、硒、钴、铅共8种元素的检测方法。通过对ICP-AES法测定微量元素预混合饲料时前处理条件进行研究,确定微波消解样品前处理方法;明确了铜、铁、锌、锰、碘、硒、钴、铅等8种元素的检出限分别为0.002、0.003、0.003、0.003、0.013、0.005、0.002、0.002 mg/L,加标回收率为86.3%~103.8%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.29%~1.53%。在测定铅元素含量时,当试样品中铜元素含量超过0.8 mg/L,则会干扰浓度低于0.020 mg/L的铅元素的测定结果。     

不同轮作体系土壤残留硒锌对小麦产量与营养品质的影响

采用盆栽试验,通过玉米-小麦和大豆-小麦轮作,探讨了不同种植模式中,土壤残留硒锌对小麦产量与营养品质的影响。结果表明,土壤中残留硒锌对小麦生物量和产量的影响与作物轮作体系有关。玉米-小麦轮作,土壤残留硒锌并没有表现出增加小麦产量的趋势,而大豆-小麦轮作,土壤残留硒锌对小麦生物量和产量呈增加趋势。土壤残留硒锌可改变作物体内元素组成。玉米-小麦轮作,土壤残留硒锌有利于小麦籽粒对氮、钾、硫、钙、铁、锌、硒、铜元素的吸收累积。大豆-小麦轮作,土壤残留硒锌促进小麦对钾、硫、镁、铁、锌、硒、铜、锰、硼的吸收,而氮、磷、钙吸收减少。     

土壤-烤烟矿质营养元素相互关系的主组分分析

对云南五种植烟土壤上烤烟三个品种、六个生育期烟叶中钾、磷、硫、钙、镁、铁、锰、锌、铜、硼浓度和烟株根区土壤中ＡＢ／Ｄ联合提取的养分含量及土壤ｐＨ、有机质和碱解氮的测试数据，用主组分分析（ＰＣＡ）方法，讨论土壤─烤烟系统矿质营养元素的相互关系及交互作用。结果显示：①烟叶矿质营养元素浓度随烤烟生育期有规律的变化，受根区土壤化学性质影响的变异大于品种间的差异；②烟叶钾、磷、铜、硼表现明显的稀释效应，钙、镁表现积累效应；③烤烟钾、磷、铜、硼营养存在相互协同作用，钙对钾、磷、铜、硼营养有明显的拮抗作用。④增加土壤有机质，利用钾、磷、铜、硼的协同作用，减轻钙对钾、磷、硼的拮抗是改善烤烟营养，提高烤烟产量品质的关键之一。     

新疆灰枣园土壤养分与枣果矿质元素关系的多元分析

为了研究新疆灰枣园土壤养分与枣果矿质养分间的复杂关系,制定土壤养分因子的优化方案,从而为新疆枣园的科学施肥与精准化管理提供参考依据和技术指导。对新疆9个灰枣主产县市的20个枣园的枣果矿质元素含量和土壤养分含量进行测定,运用R语言和SIMCA多元统计软件分析并筛选出影响枣果矿质养分的重要土壤养分因子,并利用Lingo软件建立线性规划方程,探明枣果矿质养分最优时土壤养分因子的优化方案。结果表明,研究区的枣园土壤皆为碱性土壤,各样点间土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷含量具有极显著性差异;各样点间土壤速效钾含量具有显著性差异;各样点间土壤交换性钙、交换性镁、有效硫、有效硼、有效锌含量具有极显著性差异;各样点间土壤有效铁、有效锰、有效铜含量具有显著性差异。枣果矿质营养是土壤养分因子共同作用的结果。偏最小二乘回归分析结果表明,土壤养分影响枣果中的氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硫、硼、铁、锰、锌、铜含量最大的指标分别为土壤速效钾、有效硼、碱解氮、有机质、有效硼、有效铁、有效硼、有效锰、有机质、pH值、有效锌,同一土壤养分指标影响着不同的果实矿质元素含量,且果实一种矿质元素受不同土壤养分影响皆不同,其中土壤有机质和有...     

锰、硼对紫花苜蓿草产量和矿质元素含量的影响

采用叶面喷施的方法,研究不同水平锰、硼对紫花苜蓿草产量和矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,喷施锰、硼可增加紫花苜蓿产草量;施锰200 mg/kg（Mn2处理）和硼600 mg/kg（B3处理）效果最好,草产量比CK分别显著提高809.49和1065.35 kg/hm2。喷施锰肥能显著提高紫花苜蓿锌和锰的含量,适量喷施能显著提高磷、钴、硒、铁和钼的含量;但喷施锰肥降低了紫花苜蓿钙、铜和硼的含量,适量喷施能显著降低钙和铜的含量。紫花苜蓿锰含量与施锰量呈正相关,硒、铜含量与施锰量呈负相关,而铁、锌含量随施锰量增加呈先升后降趋势。喷施硼肥显著提高了紫花苜蓿锌和磷含量,显著降低了钙、钼、硒的含量,而适量喷施硼肥能显著提高钴、铁、锰、硼的含量,但喷施硼肥未显著降低紫花苜蓿铜的含量。紫花苜蓿锌、硼含量与施硼量呈正相关,铁、钙、钼、铜、硒含量与施硼量呈负相关,而锰、磷含量随施硼量增加呈先升后降趋势。     

土壤--泡桐体系中的养分含量及其在丛枝病发生中的作用

本文用对经和分析方法研究了土壤与泡桐叶中养分含量、相互关系及其在丛枝病发生中的作用。土壤中磷、铜、锌、铁和钾的比值呈极显著的正相关（r=0.918^**），表明土壤养分含量的多寡对泡桐丛枝病的发生起着十分重要的作用。土壤低的磷和高的铜含量以及磷钾、磷铜、磷锌、铜锌、铁铜和铁锰等元素间的拮抗作用，使得泡桐树体内钾和铜的含量过高，磷和锰的含量偏低，树体正常生长所需的磷钾、铜锰、铁锰比遭到破坏，引起代谢紊乱，导致泡桐树的抗病能力下降而患上丛枝病。     

几种土壤及黏土矿物对多氯联苯吸附特性的研究

采用批量平衡试验,研究了不同土壤及长黏土矿物对多氯联苯吸附特性。结果表明:多氯联苯浓度范围为0.25~5.0mg L-1时,不同土壤及黏土矿物对多氯联苯的吸附均能用Freundlich方程很好地拟合,随着溶液中多氯联苯浓度的增加,土壤及黏土矿物对多氯联苯的吸附量增加;几种土壤对多氯联苯吸附量大小顺序为:红壤>黄褐土>砂姜黑土,土壤有机质、粘粒等对多氯联苯吸附起主要作用,土壤更易吸附高氯代PCB77;黏土矿物对多氯联苯吸附量大小顺序为:纳米蒙脱石>纳米SiO2>凹凸棒石,黏土矿物吸附多氯联苯能力的大小与黏土矿物的比表面积、粒径、层状结构等有关;多氯联苯本身分子的大小影响其在黏土矿物上的吸附;土壤中添加黏土矿物可以提高对多氯联苯的吸附。     

Characteristics of Clay Minerals in Podzols and Podzolic Soils

The clay minerals in Podzols and podzolic soils developed under coniferous forests in the Subarctic and Cool-temperate zones are characterized by the predominance of smectite and/or mica-smectite interstratified minerals in the eluvial horizons and chlorite-vermiculite intergrade in the illuvial horizons. A large amount of vermiculite is present in the eluvial horizons of some podzolic soils in the Cool-temperate zone. The illuvial horizons of these soils also contain free iron oxides such as goethite. Imogolite and allophane are present in the illuvial horizons of several soils derived from volcanic ashes. It is suggested that the critical bioclimate for the release of interlayered aluminum from the 2:1-type minerals lies between the Cool- and Warm-temperate zone. In the eluvial horizons of Podzols and podzolic soils, mica minerals and chlorite, as primary minerals, have been transformed to smectite through the pedogenic process. Based on previous studies on the structure and degradation of the dioctahedral mica minerals, it is considered that smectite is transformed from 1M-type mica minerals directly, and from 2M-type mica minerals via mica-smectite interstratifled minerals. The formation of a smectite lattice in the eluvial horizon should be a clay-mineralogical indicator of podzolization.     

纳米粘土矿物对阿特拉津的吸附-解吸特性研究

采用批量平衡实验,研究了纳米粘土矿物与原粘土矿物对除草剂阿特拉津的吸附解吸特陛。结果表明,粘土矿物对阿特拉津的吸附-解吸均能用Freundlich方程很好地拟合。随着溶液中阿特拉津浓度的增加,粘土矿物对阿特拉津的吸附量增加;粘土矿物粒径越小,吸附量越大,纳米粘土矿物的吸附量显著大于原粘土矿物。粘土矿物对阿特拉津吸附量大小顺序为：纳米SiO2）纳米蒙脱石〉凹凸棒石〉蒙脱石〉SiO2。粘土矿物对阿特拉津的解吸表现出一定的滞后效应,即粘土矿物吸附的阿特拉津越多,解吸的越少。粘土矿物对阿特拉津的解吸率大小顺序为：SiO2〉凹凸棒石〉纳米蒙脱石〉纳米SiO2〉蒙脱石。     

磷酸根在矿物表面的吸附-解吸特性研究进展

综述了磷酸根在一些常见土壤矿物表面吸附-解吸特性的研究进展.磷酸根在矿物表面的吸附特性受环境pH、离子强度、温度、反应时间、矿物类型等多种因素的共同影响.一般说来,矿物表面的磷吸附量随pH降低而增加,受离子强度的影响较小.磷酸根在矿物表面的吸附动力学过程可分为快速吸附过程和慢速吸附过程,且在弱结晶矿物中存在微孔扩散过程...     

Minerals controlling arsenic distribution in floodplain soils

As a consequence of intensive mining of the western Erzgebirge since medieval times, floodplain soils of the Mulde river contain large concentrations of arsenic (As) (>50 mg kg⁻¹). Arsenic in soil is often bound to poorly crystalline Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides, which may dissolve under reducing conditions. Part of the As may also exist in primary minerals, predominately sulphides, or in secondary minerals formed upon weathering. In order to better understand the impact of seasonal flooding, we surveyed As‐bearing mineral phases, especially of iron (Fe) (hydr)oxides. Because Fe (hydr)oxides are clay‐sized, soil samples were fractionated into six particle‐size fractions. The fractions were digested with aqua regia for determination of total element concentrations, extracted with hydroxylammonium chloride (NH₃OHCl; selective for Mn (hydr)oxides and NH₄ oxalate), and analysed by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The largely similar distribution of As and lead (Pb) suggested the potential co‐existence of the two elements in primary or secondary mineral phases. However, neither As–Pb minerals nor any other As mineral were detected. Association with Mn oxides was negligible. The predominant As‐bearing phases were poorly crystalline Fe (hydr)oxides, which also incorporated large amounts of Pb and were affected by redox dynamics.     

Adsorption of Acrylonitrile on Some Soils and Minerals from Aqueous Solutions

Equilibrium and kinetic studies have been made on the adsorption of acrylonitrile(CH2=CHCN) on three soils and four minerals from aqueous solutions.It was shown that the organic matter was the major factor affecting the adsorption process in the soils.The conformity of the equilibrium data to linear type(one soil) and Langmuir type(two soils) isotherms indicated that different mechanisms were involved in the adsorption.This behavior appears bo be related to the hydrophobicity of soil organic matter due to their composition and E4/E6 ratio of humic acids.The adsorption kinetics were also different among the soils,indicating the difference in porosity of organic matter among the soils,and the kinetics strongly affected the adsorption capacity of soils for acrylonitrile.Acrylonitrile was slightly adsorbed from aqueous solutions on pyrophyllite with electrically neutral and hydrophobic nature,and practically not on montmorillonite and kaolinite saturated with Ca.However,much higher adsorption occurred on the zeolitized coal ash,probably caused by high organic carbon content(107g/kg).     

Assessing Molybdenum Adsorption onto an Industrial Soil and Iron Minerals

Spatial accuracy of hydrologic modeling inputs influences the output from hydrologic models. A pertinent question is to know the optimal level of soil sampling or how many soil samples are needed for model input, in order to improve model predictions. In this study, measured soil properties were clustered into five different configurations as inputs to the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) simulation of the Castor River watershed (11-km² area) in southern Quebec, Canada. SWAT is a process-based model that predicts the impacts of climate and land use management on water yield, sediment, and nutrient fluxes. SWAT requires geographical information system inputs such as the digital elevation model as well as soil and land use maps. Mean values of soil properties are used in soil polygons (soil series); thus, the spatial variability of these properties is neglected. The primary objective of this study was to quantify the impacts of spatial variability of soil properties on the prediction of runoff, sediment, and total phosphorus using SWAT. The spatial clustering of the measured soil properties was undertaken using the regionalized with dynamically constrained agglomerative clustering and partitioning method. Measured soil data were clustered into 5, 10, 15, 20, and 24 heterogeneous regions. Soil data from the Castor watershed which have been used in previous studies was also set up and termed “Reference”. Overall, there was no significant difference in runoff simulation across the five configurations including the reference. This may be attributable to SWAT's use of the soil conservation service curve number method in flow simulation. Therefore having high spatial resolution inputs for soil data may not necessarily improve predictions when they are used in hydrologic modeling.     

土壤矿物和胡敏酸对阿特拉津的吸附-解吸作用研究

选取了6种土壤矿物(蒙脱石、高岭石、钙饱和处理蒙脱石、钙饱和处理高岭石、无定型氧化铁和无定型氧化铝),以及从土壤中提取纯化的3种胡敏酸为材料,采用批量吸附平衡法,研究土壤矿物和胡敏酸对阿特拉津的吸附特性。结果表明,各吸附剂对阿特拉津的吸附均能采用Frundlich方程进行较好地拟合(r≥0.982,p0.01)。胡敏酸对阿特拉津具有最大的吸附性能,其固-液分配系数(Kd值)随平衡浓度(Ce值)的变化基本恒定,吸附等温线呈线性(Frundlich方程常数N≈1),吸附以分配溶解作用为主,吸附可逆性较高。黏土矿物(特别是蒙脱石)对阿特拉津也具有较强的吸附能力,Kd值随Ce值增加而增加,吸附等温线呈S型(N1),吸附主要是通过表面亲水作用。无定型氧化铁铝的Kd值随Ce值增加而降低,当Ce达到一定水平后,Kd趋于恒定,吸附等温线呈L形(N1),吸附主要是通过无定型氧化物表面的羟基与阿特拉津分子间的化学键合作用,吸附可逆性最差。     

淳化黄土—古土壤序列黏土矿物分布特征及古环境意义

黄土-古土壤序列是记录第四纪气候环境变化的良好信息载体之一。以黄土高原南缘陕西省淳化黄土-古土壤序列为研究对象,通过X射线衍射法对黄土-古土壤剖面黏土矿物进行定性与半定量分析,调查不同土层黏土矿物相对含量及伊利石/绿泥石比值(I/C值)的变化规律,并结合伊利石结晶度的变化特征,探讨不同土层黏土矿物特征所对应的气候变化规律,揭示黄土高原南部地区在更新世时期的气候环境演变规律。结果表明:(1)淳化剖面黏土矿物的相对含量、I/C值以及伊利石结晶度IC值在反演古气候方面具有较好的指示性。(2)淳化剖面不同土层的黏土矿物类型基本相同,但其相对含量存在差异。在WL-3~S5阶段,即早更新世至中更新世中期,黏土矿物的组合类型为伊利石-蒙脱石-绿泥石-高岭石-蛭石,其中早更新世至中更新世早期(WL-3~L11阶段),伊利石相对含量相对偏低,气候以温凉为主,而中更新世中期(S10~S5阶段),伊利石相对含量上升,但蒙脱石、绿泥石含量均降低,气候相对温湿;在中更新世晚期(L5~S1阶段),黏土矿物的组合类型改变为伊利石-绿泥石-蛭石-高岭石-蒙脱石,以伊利石和绿泥石为主,气候较为干冷。黏土矿物类型及含量表明淳化地区从早更新世早期到中更新世晚期气候环境总体干冷化,并经历了温凉-温湿-干冷的变化过程。(3)I/C值以及伊利石结晶度IC值从剖面底部到顶部均经历了由小到大再到小的过程,它们与黏土矿物的含量所反映的气候变化规律一致。本研究有助于探索黄土高原南部地区在更新世时期的气候环境变化,为全面了解更新世黄土高原不同地区第四纪气候环境演变提供依据。     

Sb(V)在三种矿物表面的吸附行为

用研究了蒙脱土、高岭土和针铁矿在不同的pH与离子强度的介质条件下对Sb(V)的吸附及解吸行为。3种矿物对Sb(V)的吸附能力差别较大,蒙脱土的吸附量远大于针铁矿和高岭土,针铁矿与高岭土的吸附能力相近。pH对Sb(V)在3种矿物表面的吸附行为影响显著。随pH的升高,Sb(V)的吸附均减弱。吸附在高岭土表面的Sb(V)易解吸,而针铁矿和蒙脱土表面的Sb(V)不易解吸。随离子强度升高,高岭土对Sb(V)的吸附减弱;离子强度对Sb(V)在针铁矿和蒙脱土表面吸附的影响较小。