福建省转基因抗虫稻田节肢动物群落多样性研究

试验研究转MH86^CpTI基因抗虫水稻和转MH86^CpTI＋Bt双价基因抗虫水稻稻田节肢动物群落的多样性，结果表明：转基因稻田节肢动物群落可分为先锋群落、郁闭未稳定群落和郁闭稳定群落3个阶段；在水稻灌浆期到蜡熟期，转基因水稻稽田中每次采得的节肢动物的物种数为CK〉MH86^CpTI〉MH86^CpTI＋Bt，个体数量大小为CK〉MH86^CpTI〉MH86^CpTI＋Bt，总体多样性指数与均匀性指数均为CK〉MH86^CpTI〉MH86^CpT＋Bt；转基因水稻稻田节肢动物群落的多样性与常规稻相比未见明显差异。在水稻生育前期与后期，转基因抗虫水稻田害虫优势度最高的分别为电光叶蝉和褐飞虱。     

华北地区转Cry1A+CpTI和Cry1A基因棉棉田害虫和天敌昆虫的群落结构*

2000～2001年采用背负式机动吸虫器取样法研究了转抗虫基因棉,双价(Cry1A十CpTI)转基因棉(SGK321)和Bt(Cry1A)棉(GK12),棉田的害虫和天敌群落结构。结果表明,从害虫群落组成上看,转抗虫基因棉田平均查得15科19种,从普通棉不施药和施药对照田平均分别查得14科17．5种和13．5科17．5种;转抗虫基因棉田的主要种类数量多于普通棉不施药和施药对照田,普通棉施药田主要优势种类为烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)和棉蚜(Aphis gossypii)2种;转抗虫基因棉田的绿盲蝽(Lygus lucorum)高于普通棉不施药和施药对照田,棉铃虫(Helicovcrpa armigera)是普通棉不施药对照田的常见种,转抗虫基因棉田则无。从天敌群落组成上来看,从转抗虫基因棉田共查得平均24．3科39.3种,从普通棉不施药和施药对照田平均分别查得24科43．5种和25科38种;微小花蝽、姬小蜂(Chrysonotomyia)和异须盲蝽(Cumpylomms diversicornis)为转基因棉和普通棉不施药对照的优势种,蜘蛛(Araneida)的优势度有所上升并成为丰盛种;而在普通棉施药处理田中,棉短瘤蚜茧蜂(Trioxys rietscheli)和龟纹瓢虫(Propylaea japonica)为优势种,寄生蚜虫跳小蜂(Aphidencyrtus shikokians)、棉短瘤蚜茧蜂(Trioxys rietschcli)和黄足蚜小蜂(Aphelinus flavipes)数量有所上升,成为丰盛种。相比而言,转抗虫基因棉田害虫和天敌的主要种类数量都明显多于普通棉施药田,表明转抗虫基因棉有利于保护棉田的生物多样性和棉田生态系统的管理。     

转Cry1Ac和Cry1A+CpTI基因棉花粉对柞蚕生长发育影响的评价*

柞蚕(Antheraea pemyi)是中国华北和东北地区大面积人工野外饲养的重要经济昆虫,以天然柞林形成的蚕场与棉花常处于同一生态系统中。采用田间花粉沉积量测定结合室内生物测定的方法评价了转Cry1Ac基因和Cry1A CpTI基因棉(Gossypium hirsutum)花粉对柞蚕生长发育的生态风险。花粉沉积量测定表明,棉田内1m至棉田外1m的范围内,棉花花粉5d累积密度低于200粒／cm^2。用转基因抗虫棉花粉处理(花粉密度约l000粒／cm^2和10000粒／cm^2)的辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)叶片分别饲养蚁蚕至3龄末,结果显示,与非转基因棉花粉处理相比1～3龄期柞蚕的死亡率、发育历期、以及食物利用率、食物转化率、相对代谢速率、相对取食量和近似消化率等营养指标均无显著差别。表明两种供试转基因抗虫棉的种植不会对柞蚕的生长发育带来显著不利影响。     

河北省坝上地区森林节肢动物群落生物多样性研究

通过对位于河北省北部的塞罕坝国家森林公园的森林节肢动物群落进行调查,发现随林分类型不同节肢动物群落存在差异。混交林中节肢动物的物种数要多于纯林,且物种的个体数也较纯林分布的均匀;纯林则经常会存在一个优势种,其数量有时可达到总个体数的70%之多。分别运用物种多样性、物种均匀度、物种优势度等指数的计算公式分析各样地所的数据,发现混交林的物种多样性指数和物种均匀度指数要高于纯林,而对物种优势度进行方差分析则发现混交林和纯林优势度指数并没有显著差异。     

转BT基因棉对棉田植物,节肢动物影响的调查

为有效地控制日益猖獗的棉铃虫危害,河北省从１９９５年开始含有转ＢＴ基因棉花品种。我们就“转ＢＴ基因棉地棉田植物、节肢动物的影响”进行了跟踪对比调查研究。初步认为：转ＢＴ基因棉对棉田植物群落结构没有影响,对其它植物的生长未发现不良影响,对田间非耗标节肢动物发现不良影响。转ＢＴ基因棉的种植大大减少,棉田化学农药的施用量,降低了对环境的污染,具有良好的生态效应;转ＢＴ基因棉田的生物多样性高于普通棉田,维     

转BT基因棉对棉田植物、节肢动物影响的调查

为有效地控制日益猖獗的棉铃虫危害,河北省从１９９５年开始试种含有转ＢＴ基因棉花品种。我们就“转ＢＴ基因棉对棉田植物、节肢动物的影响”进行了跟踪对比调查研究。初步认为：转ＢＴ基因棉对棉田植物群落结构没有影响,对其它植物的生长未发现不良影响,对田间非靶标节肢动物未发现不良影响。转ＢＴ基因棉的种植大大减少了棉田化学农药的施用量,降低了对环境的污染,具有良好的生态效应;转ＢＴ基因棉田的生物多样性高于普通棉田,维持了棉田的生态平衡,对可持续发展起到了良好的促进作用。     

转基因抗除草剂水稻对稻田叶冠层节肢动物群落多样性的影响

转基因抗除草剂水稻可能对稻田节肢动物产生影响。对转Bar基因抗除草剂籼稻"Bar68-1"和非转基因对照"D68"稻田叶冠层节肢动物群落的结构和特征进行调查、比较。结果显示,转基因水稻和非转基因对照水稻间的冠层节肢动物各亚群落中相对丰盛度高的物种(科)具有较大相似性,但在相对丰盛度低的科上有所差别;除2007年不喷药处理区天敌亚群落的Simpson指数(D)有差异外,转基因与非转基因对照稻田之间叶冠层节肢动物群落、亚群落的多样性指数(物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson优势集中性指数)差异不显著;在水稻分蘖中期、分蘖末期、齐穗期和乳熟期等4个生育期,95.3%的稻田节肢动物群落主要参数时间动态的品种间差异不显著。研究结果表明转Bar基因抗除草剂水稻"Bar68-1"对稻田叶冠层节肢动物的群落组成和多样性无显著影响。     

生境和施肥对棉田节肢动物群落结构的影响

采用不同的生境和施肥组合方法,研究生境复杂性和施肥对棉田节肢动物群落结构的影响,以期为棉田害虫生态防治提供理论依据。生境复杂性设棉田未覆盖稻草(A1)与覆盖稻草(A2)2种方式,施肥设复合肥90 kg(N).hm 2(B1)、复合肥90 kg(N).hm 2添加沼肥90 kg(N).hm 2(B2)、复合肥90 kg(N).hm 2添加尿素90 kg(N).hm 2(B3)3种方式。每个小区采取平行线跳跃法抽取10株棉花,每周一次调查每株棉花上和植株周围0.25 m2地表部分所有节肢动物种类数量和个体数量。结果表明,蜘蛛类(Araneae)个体数[A2(391.1±70.1)头.10株1,A1(226.8±29.3)头.10株1]、优势种天敌星豹蛛(Pardosa astrigera)个体数[A2(171.7±13.3)头.10株1,A1(59.3±9.8)头.10株1]、蜘蛛类优势集中性(A20.527±0.089,A10.258±0.049)、害虫类多样性(A21.459±0.067,A11.245±0.249)覆草生境极显著高于未覆草生境。害虫类均匀度(A20.635±0.040,A10.588±0.100)覆草生境显著高于未覆草生境。害虫类个体数[A2(772.4±206.9)头.10株1,A1(1 156.4±243.7)头.10株1]]、目标害虫棉大卷叶螟(Syleptahn derogate)个体数[A2(320.8±80.6)头.10株1,A1(659.5±254.8)头.10株1]、害虫类优势集中性(A20.311±0.029,A10.400±0.107)、蜘蛛类多样性(A20.997±0.169,A11.584±0.138)、蜘蛛类均匀度(A20.536±0.073,A10.803±0.052)覆草生境极显著低于未覆草生境。施肥方式极显著影响了害虫类个体数[B1(1 015.3±344.1)头.10株1,B2(714.0±152.2)头.10株1,B3(1 164.0±168.9)头.10株1]、棉大卷叶螟个体数[B1(552.0±253.8)头.10株1,B2(280.6±63.7)头.10株1,B3(638.0±256.0)头.10株1]、害虫类优势集中性(B10.370±0.055,B20.282±0.022,B30.414±0.111)、害虫类多样性(B11.324±0.228,B21.511±0.066,B31.222±0.200)、蜘蛛类多样性(B11.167±0.374,B21.418±0.373,B31.286±0.262)、害虫类均匀度(B10.600±0.039,B20.683±0.043,B30.550±0.081);显著影响了蜘蛛类优势集中性(B10.457±0.175,B20.353±0.167,B30.368±0.123)、蜘蛛类均匀度(B10.613±0.160,B20.701±0.130,B30.695±0.168)、捕食性昆虫类多样性(B11.190±0.153,B21.496±0.179,B31.474±0.125)。生境与施肥对害虫类个体数、棉大卷叶螟数个体数、害虫类优势集中性、害虫类多样性、害虫类均匀度的交互作用极显著,生境与施肥对蜘蛛物种数的交互作用显著。棉田覆草改善优势种天敌星豹蛛的生存环境,显著提高对棉大卷叶螟的控制效果;复合肥添加沼肥不利于棉大卷叶螟种群数量的增长。     

生态管理对茶园节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响

以广西融水县红水乡元宝山茶业公司茶园为试验基地,研究了生态管理对茶树节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响。结果表明:与常规管理茶园比较,生态管理茶园节肢动物群落的物种组成增加15科、84种;害虫类群的个体数量减少55.9%,天敌类群的个体数量增加188.4%;生态管理茶园节肢动物群落的丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度显著高于常规管理茶园,优势指数和群落相似性指数等指标显著低于常规管理茶园。生态管理方式能够提高和恢复茶园节肢动物群落的多样性,有助于实现对茶树害虫的生态控制。     

Persistence of Cry1Ac Protein from Transgenic Bt Cotton Cultivation and Residue Returning in Fields and Its Effect on Functional Diversity of Soil Microbial Communities

The persistence of Cry1Ac protein in the soil and its effect on soil microbial communities are a core issue in assessing the ecological risk of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton. In this study a field experiment was conducted on the cultivation of transgenic Bt cotton (Jin 26 and BtJi 668) with the immediate returning of residues to the fields, in order to quantify the Cry1Ac protein content in the fields and investigate its effects on the functional diversity of soil microbial communities. Cry1Ac protein in the residue-soil mixture was gradually degraded in the transgenic Bt cotton fields. After transgenic Bt cotton straw was returned to the fields for 30 d, 63.73% and 58.33% of the initial amounts of Cry1Ac protein were degraded in the Jin 26 and BtJi 668 fields, respectively. Before the crops were sown in the following year (180 d after returning the straw), no Cry1Ac protein was detected in the fields. After returning the cotton straw to the fields for 30 d, the Shannon-Wiener and McIntosh indices of soil microbial communities in the transgenic Bt cotton fields were significantly higher than those in the non-transgenic cotton fields. Meanwhile, the utilization of carbon sources including amino acids, amines, and carbohydrates by the soil microbial communities significantly increased. Both the McIntosh index and the utilization of carbohydrates increased until 180 d. Principal component analysis revealed that amino acids, amides, and carbohydrates were the main carbon sources distinguishing the two principal component factors. These findings indicated that Cry1Ac protein did not accumulate in the fields after transgenic Bt cotton was planted for one year and the residues were immediately returned to the fields; however, the original functional diversity of soil microbial communities was affected continuously.     

华北土石山区植物群落多样性特征分析

根据12个样地的调查资料，分析了八达岭地区天然林植物群落物种多样性的特征，群落内部各层次物种多样性指数的顺序依次为：草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层，但在糠椴（Tilia mandshurica）林和核桃楸（Juglans mandshurica）林中由于特殊的生境表现为：灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层。白梨（Pyrus bretschneideri）山丁子（Malus baccata）林和核桃楸林群落中Sorenson指数最小，共有种最少，群落间多样性最大。     

我国转Bt抗虫基因棉杀虫活性的时间与空间动态分析

利用我国研制的转Ｂｔ抗虫基因棉ＧＫ－１２品系,系统测定了对棉铃虫杀虫活性的时间与空间动态。结果表明,转Ｂｔ抗虫基因棉相同部位叶片的杀虫活性随着棉花的生育期呈下降的趋势,并在盛花期之后显著降低;各花器的杀虫活性在田间棉铃虫第三代期明显高于第四代期;在模拟棉铃虫田间自然取食的条件下,第四代期的幼虫世代存活率明显高于二代期,有０．４％的幼虫可以发育至蛹期。转Ｂｔ抗虫基因棉不同器官杀虫活性的顺序为：叶〉蕾     

Mineralization of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac endotoxin in soil

Although a number of studies have been done describing the fate of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal endotoxins in soil, there is conflicting information on the persistence of this class of insecticidal toxins. This is partly due to methodological limitations in many of the previous studies. In the experiments reported here, 14C-labeled B. thuringiensis Cry1Ac endotoxin was used to study its mineralization in soil incubated under controlled conditions. Fifty-nine percent of the radiolabeled Cry1Ac was recovered as 14CO2 at the end of the 20 day incubation period. The addition of 4.5% corn residues stimulated mineralization of [14C]Cry1Ac toxin, and mineralization of glucose was 3.6 times faster than that of the Cry1Ac toxin, indicating that the soil was microbiologically and metabolically active. Because only low mineralization (approximately 6%) of the radiolabeled toxin was observed in autoclaved soil, the current findings indicate that microbial processes play a major role in the dissipation of the Cry1Ac endotoxin in soil. The results of this study suggest that there may be limited risk of the bioaccumulation of Cry1Ac in soil due to the eventual release of this insecticidal toxin by Bt-protected crops.     

转cry1Ac/CpTI双价抗虫水稻CrylAc杀虫蛋白的表达特性及其对二化螟的毒杀效果

CrylAc杀虫蛋白基因在转crylIAc／CpTI双价抗虫水稻(Oryza sativa L.)各部位中均得到了表达。不同水稻生育期及不同部位中CrylAc杀虫蛋白的表达量均有所不同。总的趋势是生育前期的表达量较生育后期高。在时间上，主茎叶片中的杀虫蛋白在拔节期最高，孕穗期开始下降，在扬花期和和灌浆期达到最低，到成熟期略有回升；主茎中的杀虫蛋白在苗期、拔节期和扬花期较高，种子中含量很低。不同生育期转基因水稻主茎顶叶对二化螟(Chilo suppressalis)初孵幼虫表现出了很强的抗虫性。在灌浆期前，取食转基因水稻顶叶的二化螟幼虫校正死亡率均90％左右，灌浆期后抗虫性有所下降，校正死亡率在60％左右。活体成株测定法评价结果表明，转crylAc／CpTI双价抗虫水稻对二化螟表现高抗。     

华北土石山区天然森林植被演替中群落结构和物种多样性变化的研究

基于华北土石山区潮关西沟流域天然森林植被调查的基础上．对森林植被群落演替中群落树种组成、胸径结构和生物多样性变化进行了研究。结果表明，随着演替的进行．群落的乔灌木树种数先升高后降低，趋于稳定。而乔木密度呈增加趋势，而灌木密度和乔木树种的最大株数比例的胸径范围呈不断降低趋势。群落的乔木、灌木和乔灌木的物种多样性、丰富度随着演替的进行先升高后降低。除了栎树林乔木和平榛灌丛的乔灌木的均匀度较低外，乔木、灌木和乔灌木其他群落的均匀度变化不明显。     

Influence of Cry1Ac toxin on mineralization and bioavailability of glyphosate in soil

The impact of transgenic plants containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin on soil processes has received recent attention. In these studies, we examined the influence of the lepidopterean Bt Cry1Ac toxin on mineralization and bioavailability of the herbicide glyphosate in two different soils. The addition of 0.25-1.0 microg g(-1) soil of purified Cry1Ac toxin did not significantly affect glyphosate mineralization and sorption in either a sandy loam or a sandy soil. In contrast, extractable glyphosate decreased over the 28 day incubation period in both soils. Our findings suggest that the reduction in the bioavailability of glyphosate was not influenced by the presence of Cry1Ac toxin but rather the results of aging or sorption processes. Results from this investigation suggest that the presence of moderate concentrations of Bt-derived Cry1Ac toxin would have no appreciable impact on processes controlling the fate of glyphosate in soils.