单宁对反刍动物生产性能、瘤胃发酵及微生物区系影响的研究进展

单宁是一类广泛存在于植物中的多酚化合物,因其涩味降低反刍动物采食量,故通常被归类为饲料中的抗营养因子。近年来,研究发现单宁可与蛋白质结合,抑制蛋白质被瘤胃过度降解,增加了蛋白质在后肠道的消化吸收,提高了反刍动物对氮元素（N）的利用率。此外,研究表明单宁在调控瘤胃发酵和抑制甲烷排放方面表现出积极作用。本文主要综述了单宁对反刍动物生产性能、瘤胃发酵和微生物区系的影响,旨在为其应用于反刍动物健康养殖提供合理的理论参考依据。     

茶皂素对奶牛瘤胃发酵及瘤胃微生物区系的影响

本试验旨在研究茶皂素对奶牛瘤胃发酵及瘤胃微生物区系的影响。试验选用12头健康状况良好,体重相近的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,均饲喂基础饲粮,各组分别灌服0(对照)、20、30、40 g/d茶皂素,茶皂素与水混匀灌服,进行预试期14 d,正试期35 d的饲养试验。正试期期间每隔7 d,在晨饲前1 h用口腔采样器采集瘤胃液测定瘤胃发酵指标,用实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)法测定瘤胃微生物含量。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,茶皂素显著降低了瘤胃液p H(30、40 g/d组)、氨态氮的浓度(20、30、40 g/d组)(P0.05),但均未超过正常范围值;茶皂素显著提高了微生物蛋白(30、40 g/d组)、丙酸(20、30、40 g/d组)和丁酸浓度(20、30、40 g/d组)(P0.05),30 g/d组的微生物蛋白浓度提高了20.20%;但茶皂素对总挥发性脂肪酸和乙酸浓度的影响不显著(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,茶皂素各组的瘤胃液原虫、溶纤维丁酸弧菌含量均显著降低(P0.05),甲烷菌、白色瘤胃球菌、产琥珀酸丝状杆菌、黄色瘤胃球菌、真菌含量没有显著变化(P0.05)。综上所述,补饲茶皂素改善了奶牛瘤胃发酵模式,并显著影响了奶牛瘤胃微生物区系,30 g/d的剂量对奶牛较为适宜。     

日粮粗蛋白质对反刍动物微生物区系及生产性能的影响

本文旨在研究日粮粗蛋白质对反刍动物瘤胃微生物区系和生产性能的影响,促进反刍动物发育的营养调控,优化日粮粗蛋白质水平,为挖掘反刍动物的生产潜力提供新思路。     

植物精油调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵和甲烷排放的研究进展

植物精油是一类从植物中萃取出来的具有芳香气味的油状液体,具有广谱抗菌性,对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌均有一定的抑制作用。植物精油可减少反刍动物瘤胃中蛋白质的降解,降低其氨排放量,从而调控瘤胃中的氮代谢。植物精油在抑制反刍动物肠道甲烷排放方面表现出积极作用,具有作为饲料添加剂来调控瘤胃发酵的潜质。该文旨在阐述植物精油对瘤胃发酵和甲烷排放的调控作用,探讨其在生产中广泛应用的可行性。     

不同粗纤维源日粮对梅花鹿瘤胃微生物区系的影响

为了研究不同粗纤维源日粮对梅花鹿瘤胃微生物区系的影响,选择6头健康公鹿分成A,B 2组,每组3头,分别以玉米秸秆和柞树叶作为粗纤维源,试验时期为2个月。瘤胃穿刺采集瘤胃液,通过焦磷酸高通量测序技术进行瘤胃微生物多样性分析。结果表明A组微生物多样性大于B组,2组间微生物群落结构存在明显差异:A组以拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为优势菌门,2者约占瘤胃微生物总数量的80%以上;而B组的主要菌门为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria),占瘤胃中微生物中总数量的90%以上。即不同粗纤维源日粮对瘤胃微生物区系产生明显影响。     

游离棉酚对绵羊瘤胃发酵和微生物区系的影响

为研究游离棉酚对绵羊瘤胃发酵和微生物区系的影响,试验采用单因素完全随机设计,将6只健康的、体重50 kg左右的内蒙古半细毛绵羊随机分为2组.对照组绵羊日粮中不添加棉酚,试验组日粮中添加0.10 g/kg的游离棉酚.试验预试期15d,正试期10 d.试验结果显示,日粮中添加0.10 g/kg游离棉酚,对绵羊瘤胃pH、干物质降解率和瘤胃发酵类型无显著影响(P＞0.05).但与对照组相比,饲喂2h时,试验组绵羊瘤胃氨氮(NH3-N)浓度显著提高(P＜0.05),饲喂2h和4h时,总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量显著降低(P＜0.05).试验组绵羊瘤胃细菌(P＜0.01)、纤维分解菌(P＜0.05)和原虫(P＜0.01)的数量较对照组显著提高,但真菌的数量显著降低(P＜0.01).由此可见,瘤胃细菌、纤维分解菌和原虫可能在提高反刍动物对游离棉酚的耐受性方面具有重要作用.     

日粮精粗比对瘤胃内环境及微生物区系影响的研究

瘤胃作为反刍动物体内的饲料加工厂,其内环境稳定和微生物区系的平衡影响着动物对饲料的利用,日粮精粗比的改变影响瘤胃内环境稳态以及微生物区系组成,从而影响反刍动物的生产效率。本文综述了日粮精粗比影响瘤胃pH、NH3-N浓度、VFA浓度和瘤胃微生物区系组成的研究进展,为在生产实践中提高反刍动物生产效率提供理论依据。     

沙葱及其提取物对肉羊瘤胃发酵及微生物区系的影响

本试验旨在研究沙葱、沙葱水溶性提取物和脂溶性提取物对肉羊瘤胃发酵及微生物区系的影响。试验选用24只体况良好、体重为(37.1±0.5) kg的杜寒F1杂交羊,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1只羊。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,沙葱组在基础饲粮中添加沙葱粉[10.0 g/(d·只)],脂溶组在基础饲粮中添加沙葱脂溶性提取物[2.8 g/(d·只)],水溶组在基础饲粮中添加沙葱水溶性提取物[3.4 g/(d·只)]。饲养试验共持续75 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期60 d;在正试期的第0、30和60天晨饲后2 h通过口腔采集瘤胃液测定瘤胃发酵参数和瘤胃微生物的含量。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,在60 d时,饲粮中添加沙葱及其提取物显著提高了瘤胃液pH(P<0.05),降低了瘤胃液氨态氮的浓度(P>0.05),但均未超过正常范围;饲粮中添加沙葱显著提高了瘤胃液菌体蛋白浓度(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,在60 d时,饲粮中添加沙葱和其脂溶性提取物显著提高了瘤胃液丙酸浓度(P<0.05),添加沙葱显著提高了瘤胃液丁酸浓度(P<0.05)并显著降低了异丁酸的浓度(P<0.05),乙酸、戊酸和异戊酸浓度各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)与对照组相比,在30、60 d时,饲粮中添加沙葱及其提取物显著提高了产琥珀酸丝状杆菌和黄色瘤胃球菌含量(P<0.05),对溶纤维丁酸弧菌、甲烷菌、白色瘤胃球菌含量没有显著影响(P>0.05);在60 d时,饲粮中添加沙葱水溶性提取物显著提高瘤胃液真菌含量(P<0.05),饲粮中添加沙葱显著降低瘤胃液原虫含量(P<0.05)。综上,沙葱及其提取物改善了瘤胃发酵模式,显著影响了肉羊瘤胃微生物区系。     

反刍动物瘤胃功能调控技术的研究进展

反刍动物（牛、羊）瘤胃功能的健康与否，直接影响着对饲料的消化吸收。养好反刍动物实质上就是养好瘤胃。如何保持瘤胃微生物区系，维持正常的瘤胃内环境，是反刍动物饲养过程中的关键。     

日粮不同CP及RUP水平对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在研究不同水平的粗蛋白(CP)及瘤胃非降解蛋白(RUP)的日粮对奶牛瘤胃代谢的影响。试验选择18头健康、体重相近的荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,随机分为6组,每组3头。采用2×3因子完全随机试验设计,其中CP设7.5%(低)、9%(中)1、0.5%(高)三个水平,RUP设45%CP(低)、55%CP(高)两个水平,共6个处理组,饲喂相同基础日粮,精粗比为3:7,预饲期10 d,饲喂后2、4、8、12、24 h从食道采集瘤胃液2 d,测定瘤胃液pH值,NH3-N、微生物蛋白质(BCP)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量。结果表明:日粮CP水平对瘤胃液氨氮浓度的影响极显著(P<0.01),对BCP及VFA的含量影响较小,总体而言,9%CP水平组对奶牛的瘤胃发酵略好于其他两组;日粮中高RUP(55%CP)可以显著降低瘤胃pH值且有降低NH3-N浓度的趋势,同时,对瘤胃BCP及VFA的合成有一定的促进作用。本试验条件下,日粮中CP(9%)和RUP(55%CP)可在一定程度上改善瘤胃代谢。     

日粮蛋白质水平时黄羽鹌鹑饲料消化率及肠道菌群的影响

试验旨在了解日粮粗蛋白质水平对黄羽鹌鹑饲料消化率及肠道菌群的影响。以粗蛋白质水平分别为:17.75%、19.95%、21.85%、24.08%的日粮作为4个处理,选用35日龄蛋用黄羽鹌鹑120只作为试验动物,完全随机地分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只。试验预试期10d,正试期30d,采用全收粪法进行消化试验,为分析不同的日粮蛋白质水平对黄羽鹌鹑营养物质消化率和粗蛋白利用率的影响。消化试验结束时,每个重复随机抽取2只,每处理抽取6只鹌鹑,处死后取盲肠内容物检测大肠杆菌、乳酸菌和双歧杆菌的数量,分析日粮蛋白质水平对黄羽鹌鹑肠道菌群的影响。试验结果表明:不同蛋白质水平的处理,对粗纤维的消化率影响不显著(P>0.05);而对粗脂肪和总有机物的消化率有显著影响(P<0.05);且对粗蛋白质利用率有显著影响(P<0.05);大肠杆菌和双歧杆菌随日粮蛋白质水平的提高有下降的趋势,而乳酸杆菌则有上升的趋势,但均没有达到显著水平(P>0.05)。从本研究结果可以看出,日粮粗蛋白水平对黄羽鹌鹑饲料消化率有显著影响,对肠道菌群影响不显著。     

Effects of sodium selenite addition on ruminal fermentation,microflora and urinary excretion of purine derivatives in Holstein dairy bulls

Researches on sodium selenite (SS) mainly focus on production performance and rumen fermentation in ruminants, and the influence of dietary Se addition on ruminal microbial population and enzyme activity in dairy bulls is scarce. This study mainly evaluated the effects of SS on ruminal fermentation, microflora and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) in dairy bulls. Eight ruminally cannulated dairy bulls were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were control, low SS (LSS), medium SS (MSS) and high SS (HSS) with 0, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg of selenium (Se) from SS in dietary dry matter (DM), respectively. The supplement of SS (1.0 g/kg of Se) was mixed into the first third of the daily ration. Bulls were fed a total mixed ration with corn silage to concentrate ratio of 50:50 on a DM basis. Dry matter intake was not affected, average daily gain linearly increased, while feed conversion ratio quadratically decreased with increasing Se addition. The linearly increased digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre was observed. Both ruminal pH and ammonia‐N concentration linearly decreased, whereas total volatile fatty acid concentration linearly increased. A lower acetate to propionate ratio was observed due to the unchanged acetate proportion and increased propionate proportion. Activity of cellobiase, xylanase, pectinase, α‐amylase and protease, populations of total bacteria, fungi, protozoa, Ruminococcus (R.) albus, R. flavefaciens, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Ruminobacter amylophilus as well as urinary total PD excretion linearly increased, whereas populations of total methanogens and Prevotella ruminicola linearly decreased. The data indicated that dietary Se addition stimulated ruminal microbial growth and enzyme activity, and resulting in the increased nutrient digestion and growth performance, and the optimum supplementary dose of Se was 0.3 mg/kg dietary DM from SS in dairy bulls.     

Interactive effects of dietary crude protein and fermentable carbohydrate levels on odour from pig manure

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary levels of crude protein (CP) and levels of fermentable carbohydrates (FC) and their interaction on odour emission, odour intensity, odour hedonic tone, and ammonia emission from pig manure, and manure characteristics. An experiment was conducted with finishing pigs (n = 36) in a 2 × 3 factorial randomized complete block arrangement with 6 treatment combinations in 6 blocks. There were 2 dietary CP levels (low 12%; high 18%) and 3 digestible FC levels: (low 95.5; medium 145.5; and high 195.5 g/kg feed, as-fed basis). Pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 57.7 ± 2.5 kg were penned individually in partly slatted floor pens. Faeces and urine of each pig accumulated in separate manure pits under the slatted floor. In the 6th week of the collection period air samples were collected directly above the manure in each pit. Manure samples were taken for manure characteristics. Air samples were analyzed for odour concentration and for hedonic tone and odour intensity. Manure samples were analyzed for volatile fatty acids (VFA), indoles, phenoles, sulphurous compounds, ammonium, and total N concentrations. Dietary CP level and FC level did not affect odour emission, odour intensity and hedonic tone but their interaction affected odour emission at P = 0.06. At a high dietary CP level, increased FC level decreased odour emission, while at a low CP level, increased FC level increased odour emission from pig manure. Total N and ammonium concentrations, and ammonia emission from pig manure were reduced at low dietary CP level (P < 0.001). High FC level led to low ammonia emission from pig manure (P = 0.01). Manure pH increased at high dietary CP level (P < 0.001) and decreased when FC level increased (P < 0.05). Total VFA concentration increased at high dietary CP level (P < 0.001) and when FC level increased (P < 0.001). Enhanced dietary CP increased the manure concentrations of phenol (P < 0.001), cresols (P = 0.01), indole (P < 0.001), 4-ethylphenol (P < 0.001) and carbon disulfide (P < 0.001), but FC did not affect concentrations of these compounds (P > 0.05) in the manure. We conclude that the interaction between dietary CP and FC plays a role in odour production and emission. Ammonia emission from pig manure can be reduced substantially by decreasing dietary CP and by increasing FC.     

硒对热应激条件下放牧绵羊瘤胃发酵及瘤胃微生物区系的影响

为探讨热应激条件下补硒对放牧绵羊瘤胃发酵以及瘤胃微生物区系的影响,试验选择体重相近、健康的7～8月龄杜寒杂交羊10只,采用单因素完全随机试验设计,随机分成2组,每组5只.对照组不添加硒,试验组硒添加水平为0.2 mg/d(硒源为酵母硒).在夏季温度最高的初伏到中伏期间,以自然放牧方式饲养20 d后,颈静脉采集血液测定血...     

Effect of dietary polymer-coated urea and sodium bentonite on digestibility,rumen fermentation,and microbial protein yield in sheep fed high levels of corn stalk

Four ruminally cannulated thin-tailed Han×Dorper crossbreed wethers were used in a 4×4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the effect of polymer-coated urea (PCU) (Optigen II, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) and sodium bentonite (SB) on intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention, rumen fermentation and microbial nitrogen in sheep fed high levels of corn stalk. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric dietary treatments composed of 60% corn stalk and 40% concentrate (DM basis) were offered twice daily in two equal portions at 7:00 and 19:00 h ad libitum to ensure about 5% ort. The treatments were control (CON), PCU (soybean meal replaced by 1.8% Optigen), SB (CON diet with an additional 2% SB), and PCUSB (PCU diet with an additional 2% SB). Sheep on PCU treatment showed a greater OM digestibility (P<0.05), and nitrogen digestibility (P<0.01) compared to other treatments, but digestibility of other nutrients and dry matter intake (DMI) did not change. SB did not alter nutrient digestibility except for nitrogen. Different treatments did not affect nitrogen intake, or its urinary excretion. Nitrogen retention tended to be higher (P=0.09) in sheep fed Optigen. Moreover, purine derivatives (PD) and microbial nitrogen were not influenced by different treatments. The pH and total VFA were also not influenced by the treatments. Propionate proportions increased (P<0.01) in diets that included Optigen, but an addition of SB to Optigen did not alter the ratios. NH₃–N levels in PCU continuously increased, with the highest level achieved 3 h after feeding, which were sustained for up to 7 h. No differences were discerned in ruminal kinetics of corn stalk DM for different treatments. The PCU improved the effective degradability (ED) of corn stalk DM in 0.02 or 0.04 flow rates out of the rumen compared to both CON and PCUSB (P<0.05), but SB improved ED in 0.06 flow rates out of the rumen compared to CON. Thus, using Optigen as a new source of non-protein nitrogen to replace soybean meal in sheep fed high levels of corn stalk improved the digestibility of OM, nitrogen, and ED. Addition of SB to Optigen had no beneficial effects on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention, microbial nitrogen, or rumen fermentation and ED.     

肉用仔鹅饲粮适宜粗纤维和粗蛋白水平的研究

采用3×3因子的析因设计,将189只1日龄健康肉用仔鹅随机分成9组,每组3个重复,每个重复7只;将日粮的粗纤维和粗蛋白分前、后期各设低、中、高3个水平,构成9个处理,18种日粮,研究不同粗纤维和粗蛋白水平对1~35日龄(前期)、36~63日龄(后期)肉仔鹅生长性能和营养物质利用率的影响。结果:1~35日龄肉仔鹅对日粮中粗纤维水平非常敏感,但对蛋白质水平要求不高;低纤维水平日粮组日增重与料重比明显好于中、高纤维组(P<0.01),日粮粗纤维和粗蛋白水平极显著影响鹅对能量和蛋白质的利用率(P<0.01);1~35日龄肉仔鹅饲粮粗纤维水平以3.5%、粗蛋白水平以17%~19%为宜。36~63日龄,较低的粗蛋白水平即可满足鹅的需要;高纤维水平日粮组鹅的日增重与料重比明显好于低纤维水平组(P<0.01);日粮粗纤维和粗蛋白水平极显著影响鹅对能量和蛋白质的利用率(P<0.01)。试验表明36~63日龄肉仔鹅饲粮适宜粗纤维水平为10%,粗蛋白水平为14%。     

饲粮蛋白质水平对藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌菌群结构及功能的影响北大核心CSCD

本研究旨在探究饲粮蛋白质水平对藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌菌群结构及功能的影响。试验选取18只12月龄健康、平均体重为(31.71±0.72)kg的藏系绵羊羯羊,随机分为3组,每组6只,分别饲喂代谢能相近而蛋白质含量不同(LP组,10.06%CP;MP组,12.10%CP;HP组,14.12%CP)的饲粮,试验为期120 d,包括15 d的预饲期和105 d的正试期。结果表明:1)LP组藏系绵羊的终末体重、平均日增重和平均日采食量均显著低于MP组和HP组(P<0.05),而料重比显著高于MP组和HP组(P<0.05)。2)3组18个瘤胃液样品共产生1547415条有效序列,聚类后共得到4073个OTUs。饲粮蛋白质水平并没有对藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌多样性指数产生显著性影响(P>0.05)。3)在门分类水平上,藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌优势菌门为子囊菌门、担子菌门、被孢霉亚门和新美鞭菌门等;在属分类水平上,瘤胃真菌优势菌属为青霉属、无茎真菌属、枝孢属、镰孢霉属和链格孢属等。4)采用LEfSe方法对各个分类水平上丰度有显著差异的微生物进行比较分析,共筛选到33个符合生物标记物的真菌菌群。5)基于FUNGuid对藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌群落的营养型进行功能预测,发现腐生营养型是最主要的营养型。以上结果表明,适当提高饲粮中蛋白质水平可以显著提高藏系绵羊的生长性能,但对瘤胃真菌菌群的多样性和结构组成并未产生明显的影响。     

日粮硝酸盐水平对湖羊瘤胃硝态氮动态消失率、发酵参数及血液高铁血红蛋白含量的影响

本试验研究日粮硝酸盐的添加量对湖羊瘤胃还原硝态氮程度和对发酵参数及血液高铁血红蛋白的影响。试验选取6头湖羊,采用随机区组试验设计,每期分别饲喂含0%,1%,2%,3%,4%,5%硝酸钾的日粮。测定喂后0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,4.0,6.0,8.0 h瘤胃液硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量及瘤胃发酵参数。晨饲后2.0 h通过颈静脉采血,测定高铁血红蛋白含量。结果表明,湖羊在采食1.0 h后硝酸盐含量达到最高(0.952.14 g/L),之后快速消失,亚硝酸盐含量在喂后1.5 h达到最高(0.936.22 μmol/L),之后降低。高铁血红蛋白的含量随硝酸盐添加量的增加而显著升高(P<0.01),最高达0.32%。添加硝酸盐显著提高瘤胃液pH值(P<0.01)和2.0 h的氨态氮含量(P<0.01)以及乙酸/丙酸,添加量高于3%会降低微生物蛋白和总挥发性脂肪酸的浓度,2%的硝酸盐添加量微生物蛋白和总挥发性脂肪酸的合成量最高,最有利于微生物发酵。     

不同能量水平及玉米加工饲粮对瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响

利用体外产气法研究不同能量水平与不同加工方式玉米对瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响。试验以玉米秸秆为主要粗饲料来源设计精粗比为65∶35的等氮饲粮,选用玉米青贮与过瘤胃脂肪调整低、高能量水平,普通玉米与蒸汽压片玉米作为不同加工方式,采用2×2因子试验设计。结果表明,高能水平饲粮的理论最大产气量、48 h总产气量、干物质降解率均显著高于低能(P<0.05),普通玉米高能组的乙酸、丙酸含量显著高于低能组(P<0.05)。同一能量水平下,蒸汽压片处理组的48 h总产气量均显著高于普通玉米组(P<0.05);而低能条件下蒸汽压片组的总挥发酸、丙酸含量显著高于普通玉米组(P<0.05)。不同饲粮营养水平与体外产气参数相关性分析表明48 h总产气量与中性洗涤纤维(NDF)呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与中性洗涤可溶物(NDS)、非纤维性碳水化合物(NFC)和NDS/CP呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。因此,使用蒸汽压片方式处理玉米以及提高饲粮能量水平均可以显著增加体外发酵48 h总产气量;低能水平下,蒸汽压片玉米对改善瘤胃的发酵特性更为明显。