不同氮钾比例对马铃薯产量和品质的影响

为探寻马铃薯高效栽培技术,提高肥料利用率,研究了不同氮钾水平对马铃薯产量因子和质量因子的影响。当N:K2O比增加时,马铃薯的生长发育进程推迟,健康态势降低,块茎蛋白质含量升高。而N:K2O比降低时,块茎的干物质、淀粉、还原糖、总糖和Vc等含量趋向增加,但钾肥的百分比过高时,又会阻碍马铃薯生长发育,降低产量和品质。     

贮藏期间马铃薯几个主要加工品质指标的变化

以宁夏南部山区近几年几个主栽品种为试验材料,测定了不同贮藏时期几个主要加工品质指标。结果表明:其加工所要求的主要的品质指标干物质、淀粉含量在收获时最高,随着贮藏时间的延长,不同品种马铃薯块茎干物质、淀粉含量均有不同程度的下降趋势。贮藏中期下降最多,贮藏末期各品种干物质、淀粉含量有所回升。还原糖等含量的变化与淀粉磷酸化酶、蔗糖转化酶的活性息息相关。随着低温贮藏天数的延长,不同品种马铃薯还原糖含量呈上升趋势。因此,在马铃薯加工利用时,对于低温长时间存贮的马铃薯根据加工利用目的如淀粉加工、食品加工必须进行升温贮藏,以降低淀粉磷酸化酶的活性,增加淀粉合成酶的活性,使糖转化为淀粉,提高块茎的淀粉含量,降低还原糖含量。     

不同马铃薯品种贮藏期间还原糖及干物质的变化

对 13个马铃薯品种的块茎在收获后定期进行还原糖及干物质含量的测定。结果表明 :各个品种块茎还原糖含量在收获后第一次测定时 ,一般为最低 ,其后发生变化。经过一段时间的室温下回暖 ,大部分品种表现为块茎还原糖含量较刚从贮藏窖中取出的块茎还原糖含量低。马铃薯块茎的干物质含量在贮藏期间的变化不明显 ,且不同品种的表现又各有不同 ,无明显的规律     

马铃薯高淀粉生理基础的研究——块茎淀粉含量与糖的代谢

本试验以高淀粉品种晋薯2号、中淀粉品种内薯3号和低淀粉品种紫花白为试验材料,设置了小区试验,在生育期间从还原糖和可溶性糖的代谢与块茎淀粉含量积累变化的相关关系进行了研究,其结果:(1)块茎淀粉含量的积累变化与叶片可溶性糖含量变化呈显著正相关关系.因此,叶片可溶性糖含量可做为马铃薯高淀粉育种早期选择和品质预测的重要生理指标;(2)块茎淀粉含量积累变化与叶片还原糖含量变化呈正相关,故叶片还原糖含量亦可做为马铃薯高淀粉育种早期选择和品质预测的生理指标;(3)块茎淀粉含量积累变化与茎秆、块茎可溶性糖、还原糖含量变化相关性不强,但生育后期与茎秆可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关.     

马铃薯高淀粉栽培研究进展

淀粉含量是马铃薯品质优劣的重要指标,人们从多方面开展了提高马铃薯淀粉含量的研究。有利于马铃薯块茎淀粉含量的增加的因素或措施包括:马铃薯淀粉积累期,温度下降较慢,昼夜温差大,较长的日照时数;结薯中后期和淀粉积累初期,土壤湿度维持在80%左右;适宜的栽培密度;生育中后期叶柄较高的氮、磷、钾的含量;马铃薯叶片及茎秆较高的干物率、可溶性糖含量、还原糖含量、淀粉含量。此外,马铃薯块茎淀粉积累速度与淀粉磷酸化酶活性呈正相关,与蔗糖转化酶活性呈负相关,AGPase是马铃薯块茎中淀粉合成的限速酶。马铃薯叶片及块茎ABA含量与块茎中淀粉的不断积累过程相一致,而GA3、IAA对茎叶的生长和块茎的增大有一定促进,但对淀粉的积累可能有抑制。     

植物生长物质对马铃薯叶片同化物及产量品质的影响

在大田条件下,于马铃薯块茎膨大期叶面喷施2-N,N-二乙氨基乙基己酸酯(DTA-6)、烯效唑(S330)7和SOD模拟物(SODM)3种植物生长物质,研究其对马铃薯叶片同化物代谢、产量和块茎品质的影响。结果表明:DTA-6提高了马铃薯叶片淀粉运输速率、可溶性糖和还原糖含量,SODM提高了生育后期马铃薯叶片可溶性糖含量,两种物质均延缓了生育后期可溶性蛋白的下降速率,S3307对同化物代谢的调节作用不明显。综合分析得出:3种物质均提高了马铃薯的产量,改善了块茎品质,其中以SODM作用为最佳,DTA-6次之。     

氮素形态与马铃薯品质的关系

在田间条件下研究了不同形态氮素对马铃薯块茎硝酸盐含量、淀粉、蛋白质及还原糖含量的影响。结果表明,马铃薯块茎内硝酸盐含量从块茎形成期到成熟收获期是逐渐降低的。使用铵态氮肥并加硝化抑制剂双氰胺可以显著地抑制马铃薯块茎硝酸盐的积累;与硝酸盐含量变化相似,从块茎形成期到收获期蛋白质含量也逐渐降低,不同氮素形态处理对马铃薯块茎内蛋白质含量的影响无显著差异;铵态氮添加双氰胺处理可降低块茎还原糖含量。虽然马铃薯被认为是喜硝作物,但本研究表明,不同氮素形态处理不仅没有造成马铃薯产量的显著差异,而且块茎内淀粉含量也无显著差异。     

加工型马铃薯品质对氮钾肥供应的响应

加工型马铃薯品种对块茎干物质含量、淀粉含量、还原糖含量等品质指标有严格要求,这些指标与养分供给息息相关。为了解不同加工型马铃薯品种对氮钾肥的偏好,在东北黑土条件下,以‘东农314’和‘东农322’两个自主选育的加工型新品种为供试材料、‘大西洋’为对照,设置常肥、高钾、高钾高氮3个不同的氮钾配比,从块茎膨大期开始取样直至收获,比较分析3个加工型品种块茎干物质含量、淀粉含量、还原糖含量以及粗蛋白含量的差异。‘东农322’在施用常肥N 109.5 kg/hm2、K2O 112.5 kg/hm2时块茎的加工品质较好,‘东农314’和对照品种‘大西洋’对氮钾肥的吸收规律相同,在常肥基础上增施37.5 kg/hm2钾肥可以增加块茎中干物质含量、降低还原糖含量,提升其加工品质。因此,‘东农314’和‘东农322’两个新品种施用合适的氮钾肥均可作为加工型品种推广应用。     

马铃薯不同品系贮藏期品质分析

马铃薯秋天入窖后,测定不同品系的还原糖含量、可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量,其结果为:还原糖含量入窖后到次年3月份逐渐升高,之后又快速下降,6-21还原糖含量最低,小白花还原糖含量最高;可溶性糖含量较稳定,只是不同品系表现趋势不同,6-21可溶性糖含量最低,1-38可溶性糖含量最高;淀粉含量也较稳定,6个品系总趋势为逐渐下降;1-38淀粉含量最高;大多数马铃薯品系的还原糖与可溶性糖呈正相关,可溶性糖与淀粉、还原糖与淀粉呈负相关。     

马铃薯栽培种块茎还原糖及干物质含量的遗传分析

本试验采用不完全双列杂交方法,对马铃薯栽培种(新型栽培种、普通栽培种和二倍体杂种)的块茎还原糖及干物质的遗传变异进行了研究。结果表明,马铃薯栽培种间块茎还原糖及干物质含量的变异很大,并且主要是由基因加性效应引起的。块茎还原糖及干物质含量的遗传办分别为0.78和0.60,二性状间相关不显著,表明应用简单选择方法就可以选育出低还原糖和高干物质含量的品种。根据配合力效应估算,对供试材料及组合进行了评价。     

山体库与恒温库马铃薯贮藏比较试验

以当地主栽的马铃薯品种大西洋、克新19号为材料,于2007年9月至2008年5月进行了山体库和恒温库贮藏比较试验,比较山体库与恒温库马铃薯不同贮藏时期温度、湿度变化与干物质、淀粉、还原糖的含量及变化。试验结果表明:山体库贮藏马铃薯期间温度、湿度的变化不大,通风情况良好,贮藏的薯块没有出现发热、失水现象。经多次分品种进行还原糖含量、淀粉含量和干物质含量三项理化指标的测定,测定结果都符合马铃薯种薯和商品薯贮藏标准。在马铃薯加工利用时,对于山体库低温长时间存贮的马铃薯根据加工利用目的,如淀粉加工、食品加工必须进行升温贮藏;山体库与恒温库在3℃条件下贮藏的马铃薯各项指标变化趋势一致,符合马铃薯种子和商品薯贮藏标准,在冷凉地区适合山体库推广应用。     

马铃薯块茎中干物质与蛋白质、维生素C及还原糖的关系

本试验对40份材料块茎中的干物质、粗蛋白、维生素C以及还原糖进行了分析,其中包括普通栽培种(Solanum tuberosum)20份,新型栽培种(Neo-tuberosum)5份,普通栽培种×新型栽培种杂种5份,二倍体栽培种(S.Phureja)9份,二倍体杂种(Neo-tuberosum双单倍体×S.phureja)1份。结果表明,干物质(％)、干物质中粗蛋白(％)、鲜薯中粗蛋白(％)、V_c(mg/100g鲜薯,以及还原糖含量(％)的平均数和标准差分别为19.8893±2.2448,11.9805±2.0367,2.3640±0.3881,8.5288±2.04322和0.6113±0.3031;干物质和干物质中的粗蛋白含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.4118~(**)),但和鲜薯中粗蛋白含量呈不显著正相关(r=0.2083);干物质和V_c含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.4246~(**)),和还原糖含量呈不显著负相关(r=-0.2769)。     

Effects of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer treatments on weight loss and changes in chemical composition of potato tubers stored at 4°C

Summary Pot and field experiments were carried out to test fertilizer treatments on the behaviour of potato tubers stores at 4°C and ≥90% relative humidity for 6 months. Weight losses (separated into water and dry matter) were enhanced after N and K fertilization and decreased by increasing P supply. Glucose and fructose contents were reduced at harvest by high N-fertilizer rates compared to no or low fertilization, but throughout storage reducing sugar accumulation was increased, sucrose reduction was decreased and ascorbic acid was increased. K fertilization affected the chemical composition of the tubers somewhat similar to that of nitrogen fertilization. High initial nitrate content of the tubers seemed to be increased and low nitrate values were decreased during storage. The tubers from pot experiments showed similar changes but of greater magnitude.     

Growth and preharvest stress and processing quality of potatoes

The quality factors influenced by stress conditions are: total dry matter or starch content and distribution of starch, sugar content, types of sugars and distribution, texture, mealiness, flesh color, tuber size and shape, and tuber defects such as growth cracks, and hollow heart. Early stress during growth can cause tubers to become pointed on the stem-end with low starch content and high reducing sugars. Uneven growth due to stress results in growth cracks, or hollow heart and malformed tubers. Varieties differ considerably as to susceptibility. Stress generally causes lower starch content in tubers which results in greater sugar accumulation in storage. Relative maturity is also influenced by stress during growth. Immature and over-mature tubers (from prematurely dead plants) accumulate greater amounts of sugar in storage than tubers properly matured. Stress can also cause poor texture of processed products, such as tough texture of French fries as well as lack of mealiness. Flavor and color of processed products can also be detrimentally influenced by stress.     

The effect of storage temperature on reducing sugar concentration and the activities of three amylolytic enzymes in tubers of the cultivated potato,Solanum tuberosum L.

Summary Reducing sugar content, and activities of three starch hydrolysing enzymes, alpha-amylase, beta-amylase and debranching enzyme were measured over several months in tubers of five cultivars stored at 4°C or 10°C. Cultivars differed in their sensitivity to storage temperature. Reducing sugar content of tubers and the activities of three starch hydrolysing enzymes increased sharply during the first weeks of storage at 4°C. At 10°C, reducing sugar content, and the activity of the three enzymes remained constant or increased only slightly. Deceased.     

The development of translucent end tubers

A study was made to gain greater understanding of the development of translucent end tubers which caused problems for french fry processors duringthe processing season of 1971–72. Analysis of seven commercial and three experimental samples revealed a lower dry matter and higher reducing sugar content in the basal portion of the tubers. Normally Russet Burbank potatoes contain higher dry matter in the basal end. A study of dry matter changes during growth and development in 1971 and of moisture stressed potatoes in 1972 showed a reversal in dry matter content and an uneven distribution of reducing sugars, whereas the normally irrigated potatoes maintained a higher percentage of dry matter in the basal portion throughout. A decrease in pH of the tissue accompanied the loss of starch from the basal portion of moisture stressed potatoes. As postulated by other research workers, the loss of dry matter is attributed to initiation of active growth of the apical end, thereby utilizing carbohydrates from the basal end following a period of stress. Immaturity of tubers and storage at low temperatures immediately after harvest caused water stressed potatoes to develop increased numbers of translucent ends in storage.     

微型薯生理年龄对马铃薯生长发育的影响

试验测定了不同生理年龄微型薯的干物质含量、含糖量、淀粉含量及其发芽势,研究了微型薯生理年龄对植株生物量、商品产量及总产量的影响。结果表明,微型薯经过贮藏,含水量逐渐下降,干物质含量上升,淀粉所占比重也有所提高,而含糖量在冷藏条件下上升,在常温条件下贮藏下降。在一定贮藏阶段内,随着时间的延长,微型薯的发芽势逐渐增强,达到一定时间后,发芽势又逐渐下降。生理年龄较老的微型薯播种后出苗快,植株分枝较多,易衰老;生理年龄较短的微型薯播种后出苗晚,主茎少,生长期长。在中原二季作地区由于适于马铃薯生长的气候条件较短,以生理年龄壮龄或较老的微型薯作为种子,结薯个数较多,薯重较大,产量高;而生理年龄较短的微型薯所结薯块个数少,重量较轻,产量低。     

High temperature storage of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) for processing — a feasibility study

Tubers of three potato cultivars were stored at room temperature (20–39°C, 30–75% RH), under an insulated storage run on passive evaporative cooling (16–30°C, 70–90% RH) and a refrigerated storage (2–4°C, 90–95% RH) for 14 weeks and studied periodically for storage losses, reducing sugar content and dry matter percent of tubers, in order to explore the possibility of storing potatoes for processing at higher temperatures. Physiological losses in tubers remained less than 10% until 12 weeks of storage under evaporatively cooled storage. Reducing sugar contents increased by only 52.4–242.1% in tubers stored in evaporatively cooled storage as compared to 90.5–484.2% increase in tubers stored in refrigerated storage until 14 weeks. Potatoes stored in evaporatively cooled store were more suitable for processing into chips and french fries due to lower physiological losses and lower reducing sugar content of tubers.     

高温对玉米植株形态与功能、产量构成及子粒养分的影响

以热敏型玉米品种驻玉309为材料,设置两个高温处理,研究不同程度日间高温对玉米产量及穗部性状、物质生产及转运、子粒库容的影响。结果表明,高温(HT1)对玉米产量无显著影响,极高温(HT2)显著降低玉米结实率和产量。植株株高在HT2下表现为降低,叶面积则表现为HT2CKHT1。花期高温胁迫显著降低吐丝期穗位叶净光合速率,但对叶绿素含量无显著影响。HT2降低穗粒数和总干物重,增加了成熟期茎、叶、苞叶干物质占单株地上干物质总重比例。高温胁迫增加子粒粗蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量和淀粉含量。结果显示,HT1处理下玉米通过自身增加物质转运能力应对高温胁迫,HT2通过显著降低穗粒数而影响子粒库容减小,造成不可逆损伤,同时影响了玉米源(叶面积)和流(物质转运与分配)的能力。