Nutrient surpluses on integrated arable farms

From 1990 to 1993 nutrient fluxes were monitored on 38 private arable farms that had adopted farming strategies aiming at reduced nutrient inputs and substitution of mineral fertilizers by organic fertilizers. The nutrient surplus was defined as the difference between inputs (including inputs through deposition, seeds and biological fixation) and outputs in crop products, and amounted to 117 kg nitrogen (N), 14 kg phosphorus (P) and 21 kg potash (K) ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ on average. Potato and sugar beet had relatively high nutrient surpluses resulting both from crop characteristics and the use of organic manure. The surplus varied markedly among farms due to differences in cropping frequency, fertilizer inputs and crop outputs. Averaged over the years, ca. 70% of the participants achieved surpluses below 150 kg N, 20 kg P and 50 kg K ha⁻¹ year⁻¹.

The amounts of residual soil mineral N (RSMN) exceeded those normally found in field experiments except for data collected after the wet summer of 1993. Distinct differences between crops were observed. Only in the case of potato a significant relationship was observed between the effective N input and RSMN. On a whole-farm level, RSMN amounted to more than 70 kg ha⁻¹ N on 77, 74, 87 and 18% of the farms in the consecutive years.     

春季翻压3种果园绿肥腐解及养分释放特征研究

为了研究二月兰、黑麦草、毛叶苕子3种绿肥在果园条件下的翻压腐解特性及养分释放特征,采用尼龙网袋法在苹果园进行了110天的田间腐解试验。结果表明：绿肥作为有机肥源翻压后累积腐解率能达到69.10%~76.06%,腐解过程中呈现前21天腐解较快、后期腐解缓慢并逐渐趋于平稳的趋势。碳、氮、磷、钾均在翻压后的前21天大量释放,整体养分释放率表现为钾>碳>氮>磷,试验结束时（翻压110天）,碳、氮、磷、钾的累积释放率分别为76.81%~82.04%、81.06%~84.97%、72.96%~76.81%、95.39%~97.65%。与禾本科绿肥黑麦草相比,豆科绿肥毛叶苕子和十字花科绿肥二月兰具有较低的初始C/N,更易于腐解,较适宜于华北平原果园种植。     

Six-year transition from conventional to organic farming: effects on crop production and soil quality

Organic farming has become increasingly important in recent decades as the consumer has grown its focus on the food and environmental benefits of the technique. However, when compared to conventional farming systems, organic farm system are known to yield less.Presented in this paper are the results from two organic cropping systems following six years of organic management. Fertilisation management differentiated the two systems; one was fertilised with green manure and commercial organic fertilisers, while the other was fertilised with dairy manure. A conventional cropping system, managed with mineral fertiliser as typical in the southern Piemonte region (Italy), served as the bussiness as usual crop management. The first hypothesis tested related to crop yield variation during the initial phase of organic management; we expected a sharp reduction in the early phase, then minor reductions later on. The second hypothesis tested related to soil fertility variation; we expected enhanced soil fertility under organic management.Overall, the organic system produced less, relative to the conventional system in interaction with year effect. Yield reduction seemed related to the lower soil nutrient availability of organic fertilisers that provided nutrients consequent to mineralisation. Therefore, summer crops are well-suited to manure-fertilised organic farms as mineralisation happens at higher temperatures, as opposed to winter wheat, which is largely reduced in such systems. Commercial organic fertilisers can, however, limit this effect through their high nutrient availability in the winter and early springAlso shown was that soil quality, defined as a general decrease in soil organic carbon (SOC) over time in the three analysed arable systems, can be mitigated by manure additions. Green manuring can maintain SOC and increase total N in soil, only if introduced for a sufficient number of years during crop rotation. Finally, soil fertility and Potential Mineralisable N in the different systems demonstrated that organic systems managed with commercial organic nitrogen fertilisers and green manure do not improve soil quality, compared to systems managed with mineral fertilisers.     

锡林郭勒草地土壤主要养分状况及评价

为揭示锡林郭勒草地土壤养分状况,利用2006—2011年土壤主要养分测定资料,进行统计分析并应用主成分原理对土壤养分综合评价。结果表明,锡林郭勒草地土壤主要养分有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量分别为22.444 g/kg,1.047 g/kg,0.371 g/kg和23.564 g/kg,各养分含量变异程度除全钾为弱变异,其他均为中等变异。丰缺状况有机质、全氮中等（3级）,全磷含量很缺乏（5级）,全钾含量丰富（2级）,土壤养分含量处于中等水平。区域综合评价土壤养分锡林浩特市最高,二连浩特市最低。草甸草原最高,典型草原次之,荒漠化草原最低。为推进退耕还林还草工程及发展畜牧业生产,提高草地生产力与合理利用草地资源提供理论依据。     

Does the recoupling of dairy and crop production via cooperation between farms generate environmental benefits? A case-study approach in Europe

The intensification of agriculture in Europe has contributed significantly to the decline of mixed crop-livestock farms in favour of specialised farms. Specialisation, when accompanied by intensive farming practices, leaves farms poorly equipped to sustainably manage by-products of production, capture beneficial ecological interactions, and adapt in a volatile economic climate. An often proposed solution to overcome these environmental and economic constraints is to recouple crop and livestock production via cooperation between specialised farms. If well-managed, synergies between crop and livestock production beyond farm level have the potential to improve feed and fertiliser autonomy, and pest regulation. However, strategies currently used by farmers to recouple dairy livestock and crop production are poorly documented; there is a need to better assess these strategies using empirical farm data. In this paper, we employed farm surveys to describe, analyse and assess the following strategies: (1) Local exchange of materials among dairy and arable farms; (2) Land renting between dairy and arable farms; (3) Animal exchanges between lowland and mountainous areas; and (4) Industrially mediated transfers of dehydrated fodder. For each strategy, cooperating farm groups were compared to non-cooperating farm groups using indicators of metabolic performance (input autonomy, nutrient cycling and use efficiency), and ecosystem services provision. The results indicate that recoupling of crop and dairy production through farm cooperation gives farmers access to otherwise inaccessible or underutilised local resources such as land, labour, livestock feed or organic nutrients. This in turn leads to additional outlets for by-products (e.g. animal manure). Farmers’ decisions about how to allocate the additional resources accessed via cooperation essentially determine if the farm diversifies, intensifies or expands operations. The key finding is that in three of the four crop-livestock integration strategies assessed, these newly accessed resources facilitated more intensive farming practices (e.g. higher stocking rate or number of milking cows per hectare) on cooperating dairy farms relative to non-cooperating, specialised dairy farms. As a consequence, cooperation was accompanied by limited environmental benefits but helped to improve resource use efficiency per unit of agricultural product produced. This article provides a critical step toward understanding real-world results of crop-livestock cooperation beyond the farm level relative to within-farm crop-livestock integration. As such, it brings practical knowledge of vital importance for policy making to promote sustainable farming.     

Einfluß von sterilisiertem und nichtsterilisiertem Stallmist und Kompost auf die Effizienz der VA-Mykorrhiza

Effect of sterilized and unsterilized stable manure and compost on the efficiency of VA mycorrhiza
Under greenhouse conditions, it was examined how the three organic manures stable manure, compost out of stable manure and compost out of plant rests in comparison with the corresponding amounts in sterile and homogeneous form, influence the efficiency of VA mycorrhiza cultivated with Capsicum annuum. The manures had been added in 4 stages of concentration: 50, 100, 200 and 300 dt/ha.
In the unsterile treatment the generally positive efficiency of VA mycorrhiza on plant yield decreased with increased amounts of the organic manures. How fast this reduction took place, was dependent on the different kinds of manures. The effect of the inoculation were much better in the unsterile treatment, compared with the sterile one, when the offer of the possible nutrient sources by the manures were low and the relation of the nutrients in the soil solution were unfavorable. The activity of the soil microorganisms always have played a decisive role for this results.     

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium Removal by Brown Midrib Sorghum Sudangrass in the Northeastern USA

For the long‐term sustainability of the dairy industry in the Northeastern USA, manure nutrient application rates should not exceed crop nutrient removal once above‐optimum soil fertility levels are reached. Dairy producers have shown a growing interest in brown midrib (BMR) forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) × sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense Piper) hybrids (S × S) as a more environmentally sound alternative to maize (Zea mays L.) but data on S × S nutrient removal rates are scant. Our objectives were to determine N, P, K, Ca and Mg removal with harvest as impacted by N application rate, using six N rate studies in New York. One of the six sites had a recent manure history. Although site‐to‐site differences existed, N application tended to decrease P and K and increase N, Ca and Mg concentrations in BMR S × S forage. Nutrient removal and yield were highly correlated for all sites except one location that showed a K deficiency. The crop removed large amounts of P and K in the manured site, suggesting that BMR S × S is an excellent scavenger of these nutrients. If manure is applied mid‐season, forage K levels are likely too high for feeding to non‐lactating cows.     

生物菌肥对库尔勒香梨腐烂病的发生及土壤养分的影响

通过研究生物菌肥对库尔勒香梨腐烂病的发生及土壤养分的影响,为探索防治腐烂病的新方法和改良土壤提供理论依据。笔者采用田间调查、取样和室内分析相结合的方法,调查腐烂病发生率,测定土壤矿质营养含量,并与对照进行对比分析。结果表明:施用光合元生物菌肥,香梨腐烂病发病率较对照降低了78.8%以上;0~20 cm土层的N、P、K分别提高了5.7、61.8、40 g/kg,B、Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn分别提高了1.24、0.94、6.64、3.22、0.16 mg/kg;20~40 cm土层的N、P、K分别提高了50.6、28.3、26 g/kg,B、Cu、Fe、Zn分别提高了0.32、0.45、8.63、0.76 mg/kg。因此,施用光合元生物菌肥可有效降低香梨腐烂病的发病率,明显提高不同土层的有机质和矿质营养元素的含量。     

大豆高产优质施肥研究与应用

本文概述了大豆营养特性与施肥的研究结果，提出了高产施肥的关键技术。大豆营养特性：一是对主要营养元素的吸收量较稻、麦作物高（等量籽粒产量），生产100kg大豆约吸收6.5~8.5kg N，1.8~2.8kg P2O5，2.7~3.7kg K2O，3.5~4.8kg CaO，1.8~2.9kg MgO，4.5~9.5g Zn。二是对主要营养元素的吸收积累高峰在花荚期，N、P、K的60~70%在在此期吸收，而不同于稻麦等作物。三是总氮源的40~60%来源共生固氮，而共生固氮又受土壤N、P、K、Ca、Mo、Zn等及土壤PH值影响。四是大豆成熟阶段营养器官的养分向籽粒转移率高，Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ分别达58~77%，60~75%，45~75%。大豆施用N、P、K、Zn、Mo、B肥均显著提提高产量，合理配合施用可达到180~300kg/亩。N、P提高籽粒蛋白质含量，K与Zn提高脂肪含量，P、K、Zn、Mo及少量N肥可提高结瘤固氮率。N、P、K和多种微肥可减轻东北连作大豆的不利因子危害，大幅度增加产量。大豆高产施肥，一是根据土壤、植株养分含量确定施肥数量，二是有机肥与N、P、K肥及多种微肥配合施用，三是注重前茬作物施肥，增肥土壤，四是根据土壤条件、耕作制度、大豆品种特性确定施肥数量、方法、时期。中等肥力高产施肥一般应施用N 8，P2O5 4，K2O 4，ZnSo4 1.5(kg/亩)，钼酸铵20~30g/亩，P、K、Zn用作底或种肥，N肥钼肥种肥花期追肥各半，另于花荚期喷施P、N、Mo肥二次     

施用微生物加菌糠对辣椒养分吸收及土壤养分转化的影响

采用盆栽试验,通过测定辣椒果实、果柄干鲜重、N、P、K含量、土壤速效N、P、K含量,研究了施用微生物加菌糠对辣椒产量、营养元素吸收和土壤养分转化的影响。结果表明:微生物加菌糠可以促进土壤养分转化,提高辣椒产量,增加营养元素吸收,以微生物组合 菌糠效果最好。     

猪粪有机肥配施化肥对潮土速效养分及团聚体分布的影响

集约化养殖产生大量的畜禽粪便而且无序排放产生,是造成农业面源污染的重要原因之一。开展畜禽粪便田间消纳后对土壤性质及肥力的影响是现阶段研究的热点问题。本研究在施用等量氮、磷、钾养分的条件下,通过连续两年的盆栽试验,研究了猪粪有机肥替代不同化学肥料后对潮土速效养分、团聚体组分及稳定性的影响。结果表明,施用猪粪有机肥增加了土壤碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾含量,且随有机肥施用量的增加而增加,其中土壤碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾含量比单施化肥处理(T1)分别提高了3.7% ~ 165.8%、11.6% ~ 197.7%和20.7% ~ 364.8%;与第一年相比,第二年各处理碱解氮含量下降2.8% ~ 48.9%,而速效磷、速效钾均有增加。施用猪粪有机肥处理土壤有机碳含量均高于单施化肥处理(T1),且随有机肥量的增加呈增加趋势,增加幅度达14.8% ~ 175.7%;有机肥处理第二年后土壤有机碳含量比第一年土壤有机碳含量增加3.9% ~ 96.9%。同时发现,潮土土壤团聚体以<0.25 mm的微团聚体为主;化肥配施猪粪有机肥处理增加了潮土>0.25 mm团聚体含量、团聚体MWD(平均重量直径)以及GWD(几何平均直径)和R_0.25值,且随其施用量的增加而增加。由此可见,施用猪粪有机肥有利于潮土速效养分、有机碳含量的增加,并促进大团聚体的形成和稳定。     

施用微生物加菌糠对辣椒养分吸收及土壤养分转化影响

采用盆栽试验,通过测定辣椒果实、果柄干鲜重、N、P、K含量、土壤速效N、P、K含量,研究了施用微生物加菌糠对辣椒产量、营养元素吸收和土壤养分转化的影响。结果表明：微生物加菌糠可以促进土壤养分转化,提高辣椒产量,增加营养元素吸收,以微生物组合+菌糠效果最好。     

超高产栽培迟熟中粳稻养分吸收特点的研究

以迟熟中粳稻淮稻68和镇稻88为材料,进行超高产栽培（产量> 11 t hm^-2）,以一般高产栽培为对照,观察了氮（N）、磷（P）和钾（K）吸收和累积特点。与对照（产量>7.5 t hm^-2）相比,超高产栽培水稻在有效分蘖临界叶龄期前Ｎ的吸收量较低,拔节后的吸氮量较高;磷的吸收量在各生育期均高于对照,中后期尤为明显;K的吸收量在有效分蘖临界叶龄期以前,超高产稻与对照差异很小,自拔节起,前者明显高于后者。超高产栽培稻田N的输入输出基本平衡,普通高产栽培稻田表现为N盈余。在两种栽培条件下P与K均表现为表观亏缺,超高产栽培尤为严重。每生产1 000 kg稻谷所吸收的N、P、K,超高产中粳稻分别为21.6~21.9 kg、6.7~7.2 kg和24.8~25.6 kg,对照为23.8~24.3 kg、6.8~7.3 kg和27.4~29.0 kg。上述结果说明,超高产栽培中粳稻对养分吸收具有生育前期较低、中后期较高的特点,并具较高的产谷效率。对超高产栽培中粳稻养分吸收特点和养分优化管理进行了讨论。     

稻麦连作中超高产栽培小麦和水稻的养分吸收与积累特征

以2个小麦品种和2个水稻品种为材料,大田种植,稻麦连作,重复2年, 设置超高产栽培和当地高产栽培两种栽培模式,旨在探明超高产栽培小麦和水稻养分吸收与积累特征。超高产栽培中,采用实地氮肥管理及水稻轻干湿交替灌溉和小麦控制土壤水分灌溉等关键技术。与当地高产栽培(小麦产量< 8 t hm^-2,水稻产量< 10 t hm^-2)相比,超高产栽培(小麦产量> 9 t hm^-2,水稻产量> 12 t hm^-2)小麦和水稻的氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)总吸收量显著增加,并表现为拔节前的吸收和积累量显著降低,拔节至开花、开花至成熟的吸收积累量显著提高。超高产栽培的N、P、K的总吸收量,小麦分别为265、58和256 kg hm^-2,水稻分别为256、79和321 kg hm^-2。上述3种元素于生育中后期(拔节至成熟)的吸收量占总吸收量的比例,小麦为50%~60%,水稻为60%~-70%。超高产栽培显著提高了N、P、K偏生产力(产量/N、P、K施用量)、养分吸收的养分籽粒生产率(籽粒产量/成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量)和养分收获指数(籽粒N、P、K吸收量/成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量),降低了生产单位籽粒产量的养分吸收量(成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量/籽粒产量)。本研究结果显示,超高产栽培小麦和水稻养分吸收与积累具有生育前期较低、生育中期和后期较高的特点,且养分吸收利用效率提高。     

长期不同施肥对黄潮土区玉米产量稳定性的影响

分析黄潮土区玉米产量稳定性对不同施肥方式的响应,为黄潮土区合理施肥管理、改善农田生态系统质量提供依据。以21年长期定位试验为研究平台,通过研究玉米的平均产量、产量年际波动及土壤养分状况对8种施肥方式(CK、N、NP、NPK、M、MN、MNP、MNPK)的响应,比较不同施肥方式下玉米产量稳定性的优劣及对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:与CK处理相比,施肥处理产量均有显著增加。从21年产量平均值来看,以有机无机配施处理(MN、MNP、MNPK)平均产量最高,为7 240~7 503 kg/hm2;NPK处理次之,与当年CK处理相比,增产率为139.57%。N处理导致玉米产量变异系数(CV)偏高、可持续性产量指数(SYI)偏低,产量稳定性最低;有机无机配施处理的CV最低、SYI最高,产量稳定性最高,而M处理的产量稳定性和生产可持续性不及处理NPK。施肥处理肥料贡献率逐年递增,以有机无机配施处理贡献率最高,平均贡献率为59.59%~60.88%。在土壤养分方面,有机无机配施处理明显提高土壤全氮、有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量,且这些养分指标与玉米产量呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。因此,黄潮土区有机无机配施为最佳施肥方式,土壤养分供应较均衡,稳定性最佳,农田生态系统质量最优。     

NPK farm-gate nutrient balances in dairy farms from Northwest Portugal

Farm-gate nutrient balances (N, P and K) were analysed in three groups of dairy farms from NW Portugal – medium, intensive and very intensive farms – during 3 consecutive years, 2003, 2004 and 2005. Results showed that the N surplus per hectare with values between 200 and 850 kg N ha⁻¹ was positively correlated with the milk production per ha and the stocking rate of the farm, whereas the P and K surpluses showed fewer variations between groups. In all farms the main inputs were the mineral fertilizers and the feed concentrates whereas milk was the main output. Farmers involved in the study were advised in terms of nutrient management and significant decreases in the nutrient surpluses were observed during the 3 years study, mainly due to a decrease of the inputs, namely fertilizers. We conclude that advisory campaigns among farmers are efficient to reduce the nutrient surpluses. The N losses via NH₃ emissions at farm scale were also estimated accordingly to IPCC emission factors and it appeared that such losses were significant and had to be considered together with the nutrient surpluses when strategies to enhance nutrient management are defined. On average, higher N surplus per hectare were observed in the studied dairy farms from NW Portugal relatively to other European regions, but NW Portugal present lower N surplus per production unit (kg milk) as well as higher N efficiency. Nevertheless, a target limit of 450 kg N ha⁻¹ for N surplus should be easily reached as a first step by most of the farms of NW Portugal by improving nutrient management at farm scale. However, more efforts will be necessary to reduce NPK surplus and NH₃ emissions to the mean values in a per hectare basis found in other European dairy regions with less intensive systems.     

Trend and Stability Analysis to Interpret Results of Long-Term Effects of Application of Fertilizers and Manure to Cotton Grown on Rainfed Vertisols

A field experiment was conducted from 1985–1986 to 2002–2003 on Vertisols under rainfed conditions to evaluate the effect of cropping systems and application of fertilizers and manure on seed cotton yield. To determine the long‐term effects, trends and stability analyses were performed. Soil samples (0–0.15 and 0.15–0.30 m) were collected at the end of year 18 and analysed for available P and AB‐DTPA extractable Zn. Among cropping systems, Asiatic diploid cotton (Gossypium arboreum) yielded 233 kg ha^?1 more seed cotton than the upland tetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Yield trend was positive for G. arboreum compared with G. hirsutum. However, the slope was not significant. Stability analyses indicated overall higher yield stability for G. arboreum than G. hirsutum. Compared with monocropping G. hirsutum, G. hirsutum–sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) (H‐S) rotation was significantly more stable. Soil samples (0–0.30 m) of the manure‐amended plots had significantly greater P and Zn content (above the critical limit) compared to those receiving inorganic fertilizers alone. With regard to nutrient management practices, seed cotton yield was the highest for the integrated nutrient management (INM) treatment receiving a combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Among primary nutrients, the effect of P was significant while that of K was not. Balanced fertilizer application was significantly better than treatments receiving N and NK. Yield trends were, in general, not significant. However, a positive trend was noticed for treatments receiving manure compared to fertilizer alone. Stability analysis, on the other hand, indicated that the slopes were, in general, significant. Among the nutrients, mean yield response with and without P was 1007 and 672 kg ha^?1 respectively. Combined application of manure and fertilizer (INM) resulted in the highest mean yield response (1218 kg ha^?1) and the slope was highly significant (P < 0.004). In the manure‐amended plots, a better nutrient status probably imparted a greater degree of yield stability. The present study suggests that compared to trend analysis, stability analysis being sensitive as it recognizes the treatment × environment interaction, is a better option to interpret results from long‐term agronomic experiments.     

Plant phosphorus nutrition indicators evaluated in agricultural grasslands managed at different intensities

A precise assessment of the phosphorus (P) nutrition status of plants is necessary for an efficient P management in agricultural grasslands. Plant mineral analysis is a tool to identify the nutrition status of grasslands and several P indicators derived thereof are available. However, the interpretation of plant P indicators in grassland samples is complex due to variation in botanical composition, changing nutrient concentrations during growth and interactions between nutrients. The aim of this study was to compare indicators on the P nutrition status of plants and eventually to improve their application in agricultural grasslands. We studied three agricultural grassland types in Switzerland that were managed at different intensity either for high biodiversity or high forage production. Each grassland type was for 5–25 years subjected to treatments of low, recommended or high rates of P, nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizer. The recommended P rates ranged from 15 to 48 kg P ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. We measured plant P, N and K concentrations in the aboveground biomass of grasses, legumes and forbs. The evaluated P indicators were: P concentration, N:P and K:P ratios and the P nutrition index (PNI). The PNI is calculated as P concentration divided by the linear relationship describing optimal sward P concentration as a function of N concentration (PNI = 100P/(0.06 × 5N + 1.5)). We observed significant yield reduction compared to the expected yield only when one or more nutrients were omitted from fertilization. Fertilizer P input higher than recommended did not significantly increase yields above the yield expected for the respective management and altitude. Under P limiting conditions, forbs and legumes had significantly higher P concentrations than grasses. Additionally, the proportion of legumes affected the P indicators integrating N. Therefore, we used the P indicators in the grass fraction, which was always the main botanical fraction. In grasses all P indicators differentiated between P fertilized and non-P-fertilized treatments. Concentrations of P from 2.1 to 3.0 mg g⁻¹ indicated sufficient P supply, while yield was reduced at lower and not increased at higher concentrations, suggesting luxurious P consumption. Our results for N:P and K:P suggested optimal ranges of 5.5–9.0 and 6.0–10.5, respectively. The PNI showed a clear differentiation between deficient, sufficient or surplus fertilizer inputs. For the precise and correct interpretation of the plant P nutrition status in agricultural grasslands under different management, we propose to use the PNI in the grass fraction. Finally, the interpretation of the indicators was valid for the agricultural grasslands managed at different intensities in spite that the grass fraction was composed by different species.     

2种耕作方式下玉米还田秸秆养分释放特征研究

为了探讨不同耕作方式下玉米秸秆还田腐解规律,采用尼龙网袋法,以玉米秸秆为研究对象,大田条件下研究不同耕作模式（旋耕和深耕）还田秸秆干物质消耗、养分（N、P、K、有机质）释放特征,以及C/N比动态变化规律。结果表明,玉米秸秆在翻埋后一个月内是快速腐解期,其N、P、K及有机质碳能在较短时间内快速释放,此时期内2种耕作方式各养分损失率分别为74.6%、39.3%、78.5%、50.2%和71.8%、34.1%、66.5%、42.9%。土壤深耕+秸秆还田耕作方式有利于秸秆的快速腐解,但对最终秸秆养分的释放量没有影响。随着时间的推移,2种耕作方式下的秸秆养分剩余量趋于一致。     

中梁山岩溶槽谷区不同土地类型土壤生态化学计量学特征

为阐明中梁山岩溶槽谷区不同土地类型土壤养分的空间分布特征及其影响因素,运用地统计学理论和实验室分析方法,以中梁山槽谷区典型耕地、荒草地和林地为研究对象,分析不同土地类型、不同土层深度(0~15、15~30、30~45 cm)土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)空间分布规律和生态化学计量学特征。结果表明：3种土地类型土壤SOC、TN和TP含量的平均值分别为20587.8、1472.8、598.9 mg/kg,SOC和TN空间变异性较大,TP变异性较小。土壤C、N、P含量随土层深度的增加而降低。SOC、TN含量为：林地＞荒草地＞耕地;TP 含量为：耕地＞荒草地＞林地。土壤C/N、C/P 和N/P 空间变异较大（变异系数CV＞28%）,C/N值变化范围为5.04~41.2,平均值为14.1;C/P 值变化范围为11.02~105.42,平均值为37.28;N/P 值的变化范围为0.99~6.32,平均值为2.71。不同土地类型土壤C/N 差异不显著,C/P、N/P值差异显著。C/N 值为林地＞耕地＞荒草地,C/P、N/P 值为林地＞荒草地＞耕地。耕地土壤SOC、TN和TP之间有显著的相关关系(P＜0.01),线性拟合度较高;荒草地和林地的TN与TP、SOC与TP相关性不太明显,线性拟合度较低。C、N、P 含量及其生态化学计量值受土壤理化性质、土地类型和人类活动等因子影响。通过对土壤理化性质分析表明：土壤TN、SOC和碱解氮是影响土壤C/N、C/P 和N/P 值的主要因素。中梁山岩溶槽谷区土壤C、N、P含量和C/N/P 值受土地类型、土壤理化性质、人类活动等因素影响较为明显,空间变异性较大。在实际土地利用过程中,要根据不同类型土壤养分状况,因地制宜、科学合理的利用土地,减少土壤养分流失。