异常海洋环境年份智利竹筴鱼捕捞效率的影响因素分析

为了探讨异常海洋环境年份智利竹筴鱼(Trachurus murphyi)捕捞效率及其相关影响因素,利用广义可加模型(GAM),对"开富号"2014年和2015年东南太平洋智利竹筴鱼的渔业生产统计数据进行分析研究。结果表明:(1)智利竹筴鱼的渔场主要位于26°S~28°S、74°W~76°W和37°S~47°S、78°W~93°W的海域内,其中最佳捕捞海域为38°S~47°S、87°W~93°W;最佳捕捞时间为4~6月;(2)放网的持续时间、月份、网口高度、网位、放网位置的经纬度及拖网速度对智利竹筴鱼捕捞效率的影响显著,而曳纲长度、网口水平扩张与智利竹筴鱼捕捞效率间的相关性则较弱;(3)影响智利竹筴鱼捕捞效率的因子按影响程度高低的顺序依次为放网的持续时间、月份、网口高度、放网经度、放网纬度、拖网速度、网位。     

2011～2012年东南太平洋智利竹鱼CPUE的时空变化及其与捕捞因子关系

根据2011和2012年东南太平洋智利竹鱼(Trachurus murphyi)的渔业生产统计数据,利用广义可加模型(GAM)分析了智利竹鱼资源的时空变动及其与捕捞因子的关系。结果表明:GAM模型对单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)总偏差解释率为24.173%,其中贡献最大的是拖网时间,贡献率为13.758%。东南太平洋智利竹鱼作业渔场主要集中在35.5°~46°S、80°~91°W和25°~28.2°S、74°~76.5°W范围内;最佳捕捞时间为4月、8~11月;最佳拖网时间为8~10 h;最佳的网位为0~40 m;最佳的网口高度为72~95 m。逐步建模法结果显示,影响智利竹鱼CPUE的因子按重要性程度从高到低依次为拖网时间、网位、网口高度、月份、纬度、经度、曳纲长度、网口水平扩张。     

中层拖网系统动态控制特性的海上试验

中层拖网是以中水层鱼类为捕捞对象，所以在捕鱼作业过程中必须时常把网位恰当地控制瞄准目标鱼群的所在位置。在以前的中层拖网渔法中，网位的控制主要是通过调节曳纲长度和船速度来实现，但现在的渔具控制实际上几乎都是依靠船长和渔捞长的经验和直觉来进行。     

捕捞技术和设备

012039中层拖网系统网位控制的计算机模拟=中层卜口一少夕又于八内网位置制御夕三二卜一夕日夕【刊,日〕湖夫祥,东海正,松田皎//日水志一加01,67(2)一226一230 尝试了计算机模拟技术来控制安装在东京水产大学训练船“神鹰丸”上的中层拖网的位置。使用曳纲长度和拖网速度作为一种控制参数所模拟的网位动力学与实海试验观察到的现象相一致。作为把模拟结果应用于实际作业的一例子,用曳纲长度或拖网速度中一些初始值的图示方法提供了控制网位瞄准目标鱼群的方法。在实际作业中,以目标鱼群到网位的相对水平距离和垂直距离来快速控制以这些结果…     

332×800mm中层拖网实船测试报告

中层拖网试验研究课题是省科委下达的重大科研项目。中层拖网在一些国家已是一种成熟和有效的捕捞作业。国内一些省的生产科研单位也曾先后进行过试验,且在一些远洋渔业中使用,但我省迄今还是空白。中层拖网作业方式是“瞄准捕捞”,因而准确控制网位是捕捞成功的关键。中层拖网网位除与自身的特性(网型、浮沉力配备等)有关外,还受到曳纲长度(L)、拖速(V)、两船间距(D)的影响。因此为了搞清各参数对网位的影响,检验网具的各种作业性能,为下一阶段的生产试验提供技术依据,     

拖网作业参数对南极磷虾捕捞效率的影响

为了解南极磷虾(Euphausia superba Dana)拖网作业中捕捞效果及影响因素,根据 2017 年 12 月 2018 年 6月随“龙腾”轮在南极海域生产时收集的作业参数、网具深度和声学数据等信息,利用声学方法获取磷虾集群质量中心深度与期望入网渔获量,结合网位变化和渔捞统计情况量化捕捞效率;利用广义可加模型(GAM)分析不同拖速和曳纲长度下,网位与磷虾集群质量中心的偏离程度,研究其对网具捕捞效率的影响。结果表明:(1)磷虾集群质量中心水深为(37.29±9.72) m,拖网稳定拖曳期间网位深度为(30.72±10.41) m,网位调整幅度为(11.52±7.09) m。网位与磷虾集群质量中心深度偏离(6.33±3.58) m。(2)网次渔获量为(16.25±6.77) t,拖曳过程中网口始终对准磷虾集群质量中心进入网口的磷虾总量为(27.06±10.19) t,捕捞效率为(63±19)%。(3)网位与磷虾集群质量中心深度差值对捕捞效率影响极显著(P<0.001),两者吻合较好时捕捞效率高;拖速与捕捞效率呈显著相关关系(P<0.05),拖速增大网位上升,捕捞效率越低;曳纲长度增加网位下降,但曳纲长度变化与捕捞效率相关性不明显(P=0.087)。研究结果将有助于南极磷虾拖网作业中有效利用磷虾行为特征,改善网具性能,提高拖网捕捞效率。     

开发利用东南太平洋竹荚鱼资源的分析探讨

<正> 目前,我国大型加工拖网远洋船队缺乏后备渔场,船队过分集中在北太平洋生产,造成经济效益滑坡。南美洲西岸的东南太平洋是世界上主要渔场之一,鱼类资源较为丰富,这一海区的智利竹荚鱼是全世界单一渔获中数量仅次于秘鲁鳀鱼的品种,该鱼种具有一定的经济价值,还有生长快、生产力高等优点,属大洋性鱼类,是极具有商业开发性品种。竹荚鱼在世界海洋渔业中占有极其重要的地位。农业部也将其列入今后我国远洋渔业重点研究的三条鱼之一。研究东南太平洋竹荚鱼渔业资源利用状况和开发前景,能为我国大型拖网调整捕捞渔获品种结构、扩大远洋渔场作业范围、寻找新的经济增长点提供     

海表水温变化对东南太平洋智利竹筴鱼栖息地分布的影响

根据2003~2011年的东南太平洋智利竹筴鱼(Trachurus murphyi)生产统计数据及海表水温(SST)数据,以经纬度方向上偏移幅度和栖息地的铺展面积作为衡量指标,基于作业网次和单位捕捞努力量渔获量用外包络法建立各月的栖息地适应指数模型,分析各月适宜栖息的海表水温范围。以2003~2011年各月历史均温为基础,研究海表水温分别升高和降低0.5、1、2℃,适宜栖息地的经纬度偏移幅度与铺展面积变化情况。结果显示,东南太平洋智利竹筴鱼的栖息地随着SST的升高,有明显的向南移动趋势,5月、8月适宜栖息地面积逐渐减少,而6~7月份适宜栖息地面积则增加了;当SST下降时,智利竹筴鱼适宜栖息地有向北移动的趋势,同时适宜栖息地面积增加。研究结果可用于分析厄尔尼诺现象和拉尼娜现象对东南太平洋智利竹筴鱼栖息地以及渔场空间分布的影响。     

双船底拖网网位控制方法的探讨

双船底拖网网位控制方法的探讨韩曦（辽宁省大连海洋渔业总公司１１６１００）关键词：双船底拖网，网位，控制方法在底拖网生产中进行瞄准捕捞是渔业界多年追求的目标，所谓瞄准捞就是在探知鱼群所在水层的前提下，有效地控制拖网在水层中的位置——网位。使之处在最适的...     

亚洲大型渔业企业通过取得外国捕捞配额扩大其事业

近年来,众多亚洲经营渔业的大型企业正在谋求通过取得外国的捕捞配额来拓展国际事业。中国香港太平洋安迪斯集团(Pacific Andes Group)旗下的中国渔业集团公司(China Fishery Group),通过收购两家秘鲁鱼粉加工厂使其鱼粉销售量猛增。再者,通过取得东南太平洋地区渔业协定的智利竹筴鱼捕捞配额,有一个母船团(由一艘加工母船和若干艘随同捕捞作业的子船所组成译者注)在东南太平洋水域作业,根据作业渔期,该母船团也前往北大西洋的西北非外海捕捞竹筴鱼和沙丁鱼,前往法罗群岛(丹属)水域捕中上层鱼类,扩大了向西非诸国的销售,     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.