卫闽光皮桦林优势种群的种间联结性研究

应用方差比率VR、种间联结系数AC及X2检验等方法,对福建卫闽光皮桦林优势种群的种间联结性进行了定量研究,结果表明,在卫闽光皮桦林8个优势种组成的28个种对中,正联结种对有12个,占联结种对总数的42．9％,负联结种对16个,占57．1％。正联结种对中,呈显著正联结种对有3个,占总种对数的10．7％;负联结种对中,是显著负联结种对有1个,占总种对数的3．6％。多数种群间联结性不显著说明卫闽光皮桦林还不成熟,群落结构种和种类组成还不完善和稳定,整个林地仍处于变化和演替中。     

光皮桦不同造林密度林分生长效应分析

对6年生光皮桦不同造林密度林分生长效应进行了分析,结果表明：光皮桦不同造林密度对林木胸径、冠幅及材积生长差异极显著,树高生长差异不显著。不同造林密度对林分生长的影响,6年生时光皮桦林分蓄积量与造林密度大小成正相关,密度越大,林木分化越早,影响了光皮桦后期的生长。因此,选择合理的造林密度对林分正常生长发育及综合利用是十分重要的。此试验对光皮桦4个不同造林密度处理,以1100株／hm2最好。     

光皮桦生长与环境因子的关系研究

以雅长林场九龙分场13 a光皮桦纯林作为研究对象,探索土壤酶活性、土壤化学元素以及林分温度对光皮桦生长的影响,采用相关性分析探究影响光皮桦生长的主要环境因子。结果表明,土壤酶活性与光皮桦树高、胸径、冠幅呈正相关,且相关性均较高,光皮桦生长受土壤酶活性的影响作用较大;除速效磷外,土壤中其他化学元素含量与光皮桦生长量相关性较高,其中总氮含量相关性最高,对光皮桦的生长起主导作用;光皮桦林分内地表温度、空气温度与其生长量的相关系数均较低,其与光皮桦的生长没有直接影响;土壤中的蔗糖酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、土壤总氮与光皮桦的相关性相对较高,因此,土壤蔗糖酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、总氮含量可能是影响光皮桦生长的主导环境因子。     

黔西北地区光皮桦次生林主要群落类型初步研究

按照典型抽样方法,调查了贵州西北部地区28个光皮桦天然次生林样地,根据样地乔木、灌木树种优势种、亚优势种的构成情况进行群落的初步分类。结果表明,该地区光皮桦次生林主要有光皮桦纯林、川榛-光皮桦林、光皮桦响叶杨混交林、光皮桦杉木混交林和光皮桦马尾松混交林5种类型。各类型林分光皮桦的密度较大,树高和胸径生长多处于中等至偏低水平,蓄积量生长则处于偏低至很低水平,绝大多数达不到用材林的生长指标和经济价值。现有光皮桦天然次生林的保护和利用目标,宜以水土保持林为主。如要培育生产力水平较高、经济价值较大的光皮桦用材林,应当选择立地条件较好的造林地,采用人工植苗造林的方式。     

低效灌木林地改种光皮桦人工林后地力状况分析

通过研究低效灌木林改种光皮桦人工林后的地力状况，结果表明：经过改种后形成的光皮桦林分对土壤的物理性状具有改良作用；且光皮桦林分各项肥力指标均比灌木林地高，表明该树种林分对地力具有较好的改良作用；同时，各种土壤酶活性均随林龄增大而增强，表明光皮桦林分林地养分的转化、利用和归还处于一个良好循环过程中。研究结果可为低效灌木林的改造和光皮桦人工林的经营管理提供参考。     

施肥对光皮桦生长量影响初探

在福建安溪虎邱官埔林场对4a生光皮桦林分进行施肥试验。1a后,调查光皮桦的胸径和树高,计算不同施肥试验对光皮桦生长量的影响。结果表明:施肥对4a生光皮桦的生长有明显促进作用,不同施肥处理对光皮桦胸径、树高、材积生长量影响都达到显著水平,与对照(未施肥)相比,胸径增幅为21.07%～32.23%,树高增幅为19.78%～32.23%,单株材积增幅达86.58%～115.72%,本试验以尿素(N含量46%)和洋丰复合肥(N:P:K=15:15:15)各75g混合施肥方式效果最好,单株材积平均增幅达115.72%。     

乡土绿化树种——野生光皮桦生长状况研究

进行了野生光皮桦的生态学特征、用途、分布及开展野生光皮桦研究,针对引种的意义及在对野生光皮桦进行树干解析分析后,对野生光皮桦高生长、径生长特点进行了论述,并对培育和经营光皮桦提出了建议。     

红桦扦插育苗

<正>红桦又名红皮桦、纸皮桦、鳞皮桦,属桦木属桦木科,落叶乔木,主要生长在中国西部的大森林中,山西、甘肃、陕西、河南、河北、湖北、云南及四川等均有分布。甘肃省主要分布在小陇山、白龙     

不同造林密度和混交树种对光皮桦幼林生长的影响

通过对光皮桦不同造林密度、不同混交树种的试验研究,结果表明:光皮桦不同造林密度林分的生长有较大差异,其胸径、冠幅由大到小依次为:1 100株.hm-2、800株.hm-2、1 600株.hm-2、2 500株.hm-2,树高以1 100株.hm-2的林分最大,其余比较相近。光皮桦与不同树种混交生长有较大差异,各生长指标以杉木×光皮桦混交林最好,其余依次为:福建柏×光皮桦、木荷×光皮桦、马尾松×光皮桦;光皮桦纯林生长指标与福建柏光皮桦混交林比较接近。杉木×光皮桦和福建柏×光皮桦是较好的混交组合。     

光皮桦不同混交模式造林效果研究

对11 a生光皮桦不同混交模式造林效果进行试验研究。结果表明:4种混交模式中,光皮桦平均胸径、平均树高、平均单株材积及高径比、造林保存率的差异均达极显著水平,单位面积蓄积生长差异达到显著水平。其中,以光皮桦×杉木混交林效果最好,其余依次为光皮桦×福建柏、光皮桦×木荷、光皮桦×马尾松。在混交林分总蓄积量上,光皮桦×杉木光皮桦×福建柏光皮桦×马尾松光皮桦×木荷,但差异不显著。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.