桐麦间作地能量平衡和水分利用状况及其与产量的关系

农桐间作条件下的能量平衡及水分利用状况都发生了变化。与对照相比,间作第7年林下的净辐射及其各分量均有降低,而显热通量占净辐射的比重(H/R_n)减小,潜热通量(LE)和土壤热通量(G)与净辐射(R_n)之比均高于对照。同时农桐间作减少了水分相对亏缺。泡桐对这些因子的影响与其密度、生长期有关。由于间作地内能量平衡分配合理,利于小麦拔节、抽穗及开花期的生长,但在小麦成熟期、在大密度间作田里,由于净辐射损失严重,小麦生长及产量受到影响。在泡桐行距小于20m时小麦平均产量减少,大于20m时增加。     

农桐间作发展的新趋势

农桐间作是我省平原林业中的一个重要组成部分,它在改善生态环境和保护农业稳产高产中发挥了很大的作用。我省农桐间作经验和发展成绩曾受到国内外有关专家高度评价。但近年来,有一部分人忽视它的意义,在部分地区出现了毁桐现象。农桐间作是否影响农作物产量? 我国著名泡桐专家、河南农业大学教授蒋建平通过对我省农桐间作林发展历史的回顾和国内外农用林业发展形势的分析,认为“不能因为部分地区过密,就简单地否定农桐间作形式,这也是没有科学根据”,“农桐间作经营形式,不仅要充分肯定,还得认真解决发展中出现的问题,更要从理论高度进行深入研究”这不仅从理论上、发展实践中阐明了农桐间作不会影响农作物产量,而且为农桐间作的深入发展提出了新的研究课题。     

农桐间作对小麦产量效应的评价方法探讨

农桐间作对小麦产量的影响,国内曾作过较为广泛的研究报道,确认农桐间作对小麦有明显的增产作用,其增产的幅度为0.8—38.8％。这样宽的增产幅度引起了我们的思考:除了客观条件诸如桐行走向、栽植密度、树龄、土壤肥力、管理水平及气象条件等的影响外,在主观评价方面,测算方法的不同和对照点选择上的差异,也必然在某种程度上给调查结果带来偏差和误差、影响农桐间作小麦产量效应的正确评价。 目前江苏农桐间作一般是按50×6米规格种植。若在间作地内人为地确定对照点是不科学的;若在间作地外选择一块不受泡桐     

农桐间作 林茂粮丰

在毛主席革命路线指引下,我县人民怀着“愚公移山,改造中国”的雄心壮志,敢想敢干,勇于实践,大搞了农桐间作。特别是无产阶级文化大革命以来,广大干群彻底批判了刘少奇、林彪的反革命修正主义路线,提高了阶级斗争、路线斗争和继续革命的觉悟,进一步落实了毛主席“绿化祖国”、“实行大地园林化”的伟大指示,自力更生,艰苦奋斗,大搞了群众性植树造林,使农桐间作得到了迅速发展。目前为止,全县已农桐间作62万亩,占适宜面积的76%。搞农桐间作已成了广大干群的自觉行动,所有大队都搞了农桐间作,有75     

农桐间作光和作物产量关系的研究

该项研究应用常规方法探讨了农桐间作光分布和农作物产量的关系。结果表明:光照条件是农桐间作影响农作物产量的主要因子;在一定的范围内,间作地光照强度越大农作物产量越高,5×40米农桐间作地,距树行15米处,光照条件和作物产量均与对照区农田接近;相对光强0.6和0.9分别是间作区小麦、玉米增减产的临界值。     

邢台地区兰考泡桐生长情况调查

农桐间作和枣粮、栗粮间作一样,是合理利用土地、增产致富的一个好办法,省外已有很多成功经验。为进一步探讨我省农桐间作问题,本期刊登二篇有关农桐间作及泡桐生长调查的文章,供大家研究参考。如能提出不同意见展开讨论,将对我省林业科研和生产的迅速发展起到促进作用。     

桐棉间作光照条件的初步研究

农桐间作是平原绿化的重要内容之一。从1971年以来,德州地区农桐间作不断发展,到“六五”期末已达105万亩。关于农桐间作的效益,特别是对小麦增产效益问题,国内已有不少研究。笔者为了摸清泡桐对棉花产量的影响,探讨合理的桐棉配置结构,于1982年进行了桐棉间作光照条件的测定分析,现将测定结果总结如下。     

农桐间作的发展、存在问题和对策

农桐间作对农业究竟是有利,还是有害?作者根据二十多年的有关研究成果和实践经验,对其产生历史、发展过程及存在问题进行了科学的论述和客观地分析,并针对存在问题提出了相应的对策。本文充分肯定了农桐间作在促进农业稳产高产中所起到的重要作用。     

长葛县改造过密林的作法

近几年,由于木材紧缺,价格上涨,受其价值规律的影响,部分群众在自留地或责任田内的农桐间作林中盲目加株加行,形成一些地方农桐间作过密。二三年内林木郁闭,营养面积小,光照不足,造成了“上不     

农桐间作经营技术中的几个问题

中国林科院林研所泡桐组,对农桐间作经营技术进行了系统地调查研究,得出如下结论1.农桐间作初植密度以5×20m 为宜,间作后6—7年,泡桐已经成材,对作物产量有一定的影响,应及时进行隔行间伐,使     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.