妊娠中期增加母猪营养对肌肉纤维和猪肉的品质的膨响研究

本试验将199头长白猪×大白母猪杂交后代用来评估在妊娠中期追加母猪营养对肌肉组织、生产性能、猪肉品质的影响。设置2个重复,第1组是对照组．母猪每天饲喂2．5～3．0kg饲料（ME：12．1MJ／kg,0．62％lysine）,第2组为试验组,妊娠母猪每天追加饲喂1．5～2．0kg饲料（妊娠45～85d）。结果表明：追加妊娠中期母猪的营养对所产仔猪直到屠宰的生产性能没有显著影响（保育期体重除外）。但对猪肉品质有一定好处。     

影响猪肉品质的营养因素

消费者对有益于健康的食品的需求量愈来愈大。保健专家认为,此类食品应含有较少的脂肪,并且其中的脂肪最好含有大量的多不饱和脂肪酸。因此,养猪业已致力于降低胴体中脂肪的含量。猪只营养对猪肉品质的好坏具有决定性的作用。猪肉的食用品质、耐藏品质和营养品质或多或少都要受到猪只日粮的影响。 饱和与不饱和脂肪酸 在脂肪组织中,能量以脂质(Lipids)形式贮存着。     

猪肉质的评定和影响猪肉品质的营养因素

猪肉质的评定和影响猪肉品质的营养因素郭福友一、猪肉品质及其评定方法肉质是指肉的外观、加工和食用特性。肉类科学认为，肌肉的颜色、系水力、ＰＨ值、嫩度、风味、多汁性是重要的食用品质。另外，脂肪的色泽和融点也是肉质的重要要求。关于猪肉品质的评定方法，全国猪...     

营养因子对猪肉品质影响的研究进展

本文着重阐述了能量、蛋白质(氨基酸)、维生素、矿物质等营养因子对猪肉品质的影响,以期为人们生产优质猪肉提供理论依据。     

营养因素对猪肉品质的影响

营养因素对猪肉品质的影响刘明江译自《Ｐｉｇｓ》１９９６，Ｖｏｌ１２，№５，３２～３３尚琪校刘永秀复校养猪业已应消费者对健康食品的需求而作出了努力。保健专家认为健康食品应含较少的脂肪，并且其中的脂肪最好含有较高水平的多不饱和脂肪酸。因此，养猪业已作了...     

妊娠母猪纤维营养研究进展

近年来,猪纤维营养的研究取得了重要的进展。大量研究证实,向妊娠母猪饲粮中科学合理地添加富含纤维的原料,可减少母猪刻板行为,改善妊娠母猪的繁殖性能,防止便秘等,在养猪生产中具有重要意义。本文对近十年有关妊娠母猪纤维营养研究进行综述,以期为母猪饲粮配制中合理使用纤维原料提供参考。     

营养调控因素对猪肉品质的影响

本文从能量、蛋白质与氨基酸、脂肪和脂肪酸、维生素、矿物质元素及添加剂等几个方面对猪肉品质营养调控的研究进展进行了综述.     

饲料营养对猪肉品质的影响

猪肉目前在我国仍为主要的肉食消费品,随着人们的综合素质的提高,对肉类品质(如安全性、营养性、适口性等)的要求越来越高而且严格。肉类品质的优劣除取决于品种因素外,科学的饲料营养成分及其配比和安全性等也起着极其重要的作用。《中国养殖网》     

猪肉品质的评价指标及营养因素对猪肉品质影响的研究进展

人们对猪肉品质的要求越来越高,如何生产安全、独特风味的猪肉显得十分重要。评价猪肉品质的指标包括主观性状和客观性状,着重对其中的pH、系水力、肉色、嫩度等性状,营养因素对猪肉品质的影响进行了综述,旨在为养猪业生产优质猪肉提供理论依据。     

Increased sow nutrition during midgestation affects muscle fiber development and meat quality, with no consequences on growth performance

Pregnant sow nutrition has potential effects on the muscle fiber development of progeny in utero. A total of 199 Landrace x Large White sows from parities 0 to 6 and their offspring were used to evaluate the effects of increasing the feeding amount during midpregnancy on the muscle tissue, growth performance, and meat quality of the progeny. The experiment was divided into 2 study replicates, and in each replicate, sows were assigned to 1 of the 2 treatments: 1) sows in the control group (C sows) were fed 2.5 to 3.0 kg/d (feed: 12.1 MJ of ME/kg and 0.62% lysine) throughout gestation; and 2) sows in the high group (H sows) received an extra feed allowance of 1.5 kg/d for gilts and 2.0 kg/d for multiparous sows above the C amount from d 45 to 85 of gestation (period of secondary muscle fiber formation). Sow backfat was recorded on d 40 and 85 of gestation. Sow performance (litter size and piglet BW) at farrowing and on d 18 of lactation was measured. At weaning, pigs were divided into 5 BW groups/treatment, and progeny growth performance was measured during the nursery (n = 958) and the growing-finishing (n = 636) periods. At slaughter, carcass and meat quality traits (lean content, main cut weight, pH, Minolta color, and drip loss) were recorded from the second lightest group at weaning (BW group 4; n = 90), and samples from the longissimus thoracis muscle were taken to study muscle fiber characteristics (n = 70). The extra nutrition from d 45 to 85 of gestation did not lead to differences in litter size or piglet BW at farrowing and on d 18 of lactation. Pigs born to H mothers had fewer muscle fibers and fewer estimated primary and secondary fibers than did pigs born to C mothers (P < 0.05). However, postnatal growth performance was not consistently affected by the maternal treatment. The smaller number of muscle fibers found in the H group of pigs was associated with fewer type IIB fibers (P < 0.05) with greater cross-sectional areas (P < 0.10), which might be related to the significantly greater meat pH at 24 h postmortem and the smaller L* (lightness) values recorded in the H group of pigs. Results from the present study confirm the existence of effects of maternal nutrition on fetal development, at least in terms of muscle tissue development and meat quality, although with no beneficial effects were found for the postnatal growth performance of the progeny.     

饲料营养对猪肉品质的影响

１ 猪肉品质常用评价指标及其组织生化基础１．１ 肉色 是反映肌肉生理、生化和微生物学变化的综合指标。主要决定于肌肉中的肌红蛋白（Ｍｂ，约７０％～８０％）和血红蛋白（Ｈｂ，约２０％～３０％）含量，也受外界光照和氧化的影响。两种蛋白质呈色的实质在于其分子内的亚铁血红素（Ｆｅ２＋）与氧的结合使肌肉表现不同颜色。如果猪肉与空气充分接触，形成氧合Ｍｂ，肉呈亮红色；缺氧时，Ｍｂ中的Ｆｅ为氧化态，称变性Ｍｂ，肉色为暗褐色。１．２ ＰＨ值 ＰＨ直接影响肉的颜色、嫩度、烹煮损失和肉的保藏期。正常情况下，猪死后，要通过…     

日粮纤维对不同妊娠阶段松辽母猪养分消化率影响研究

本试验以松辽黑猪为研究对象,以妊娠前中后三个时期为研究重点,以苜蓿草粉为纤维来源,通过饲喂高纤维含量的日粮,研究日粮纤维对母猪繁殖性能的影响。通过测定采食高纤维日粮母猪的常规繁殖生产成绩、血液生化指标、血清抗氧化酶活性、养分消化率以及血清繁殖激素分泌水平,为日粮纤维在松辽母猪生产上的合理利用提供参考。试验基础日粮以玉米和豆粕为主要原料,采用单因子试验设计,将胎次、配种时间、体重、背膘厚度基本一致的松辽母猪10头,随机分为两个处理组,每个处理组5个重复,每个重复1头猪。试验组日粮纤维水平7.2%,对照组日粮纤维水平3.8%,其他成分试验组和对照组基本一致。试验期为150 d。试验结果表明:妊娠前期采食日粮纤维的母猪,粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、干物质以及粗纤维的消化率均降低,而对照组母猪与试验组母猪在各个指标存在显著性差异(P﹤0.05),对照组较试验组分别高3.12%、2.36%、4.90%、1.36%。妊娠中期母猪在采食大量日粮纤维后,对照组的消化率与试验组消化率存在显著性差异(P﹤0.05),对照组粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、干物质较试验组相比,分别高5.29%、2.49%、5.35%。妊娠后期采食高纤维日粮后,其粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、干物质、粗纤维的消化率明显低于妊娠前期和中期,对照组与试验组在各个指标上存在显著差异(P﹤0.05),分别高出5.81%、1.91%、1.32%、3.18%。     

Dose-response relationships between porcine somatotropin, muscle composition, muscle fiber characteristics and pork quality

The dose-dependent effects of porcine somatotropin (pST) on cellular aspects of skeletal muscle growth, muscle composition and measures of pork quality were investigated in growing barrows and gilts. Eighty crossbred pigs weighing 46 kg were assigned randomly to receive daily subcutaneous injections of 0, 30, 60, 120 or 200 micrograms pST/kg BW until they weighed 100 kg. Semitendinosus muscle weights were increased with pST dose (linear, P less than .001) by 21%. Percentage of type I and type II muscle fibers was not changed with pST, but cross-sectional area of type I and type II fibers was increased in parallel with muscle weight. Percentage of moisture increased (P less than .01) and percentage of lipid decreased (P less than .01) as pST dose increased. The pH of the longissimus 24 h postmortem increased (P less than .01) .1 to .2 units with increasing pST dose, but subjective evaluation for color, firmness and wateriness of the longissimus indicated no discernible treatment effect. Gardner color difference meter "Rd" and "A" values decreased (P less than .01) with a pST dose of 60 micrograms/kg or more, signifying a slightly darker and less red color, respectively, of the longissimus muscle. Weight loss of loin chops 2.54 cm thick cooked to 71 degrees C (20.3% to 23.7%) and shear force of cores 1.27 cm in diameter (2.89 to 3.76 kg) were not related to pST treatment or dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

地方品种猪肉品质及其膳食营养论述

随着社会经济的快速发展与人民生活水平的不断提高,消费者对肉制品的食品安全、风味与口感、营养与健康有了更高的要求.大量试验研究表明,我国地方猪种的肉品质相比长白猪、大约克猪、杜洛克猪、杜长大猪等国外品种品系,有着明显优势.文章对我国地方品种猪肉品质的优势特点及其膳食营养和对人体健康的影响进行综述.     

Effect of stunning on pork muscle quality]

The following methods of insensitisation were tested for their effects on muscle pork quality: Electrocoma, 75 V, 15 sec; Electrocoma following intensive electrical stimulation and irritation of various parts of the animals's body, using the insensitising forceps; Dart gun insensitisation. Also tested was the action of muscle relaxants on pork quality. Minor deviation from proper practice of electrical insensitisation was found to cause no significant deterioration in cutlet muscle and ham muscle quality. However, intensive irritation immediately before insensitisation caused higher percentages of PSE (16.7 per cent) and DFD (16.7 per cent). Dart gun insensitisation was quite often followed by poorer quality in the form of watery and bright pork (25.0 per cent). This had detrimental consequences for boiled ham processing (higher loss rates). Sensorial assessment of boiled ham obtained from animals in various categories did not reveal any significant discrepancy between the above techniques. When muscle relaxants were used, muscle pork quality of pigs relaxed by means of succicholine dichloride was much better than that in animals to which electrical insensitisation had been applied. Characteristics of such better quality included slower decline in pH over 45 minutes after death and lower drip loss.     

VE和有机微量元素对猪肉质的影响研究

为了研究提高VE添加量对猪肉质的影响及其同添加有机微量元素效果上的差异,用170头65kg左右的PIC杂交商品猪进行为期35d的对比饲养试验．试验采用5（日粮）×2（性别）的二因交叉分组设计。5种日粮如下：0号（VE添加量为30mg／kg配合饲料,铁、铜、锌、硒均用无机盐形式添加）、1号（在0号基础上将配合饲料中VE添加量提高到200mg／kg,其他不变）、2号（将0号中的无机铁、锌分别用有机铁、锌替换,其他不变）、3号（将0号中的无机硒用有机硒替换,其他不变）,4号（在0号基础上将配合饲料中VE添加量提高到200mg／kg,并将无机铁、锌、硒分别用有机铁、锌、硒替换,其他不变）。结果表明：①提高VE添加量对增加肌肉中的VE含量、日增重及校正pH值有极显著效果（P〈0．01）：对改善肉色、降低滴水损失、提高嫩度和肌内脂肪含量虽未达到的显著水平,但均呈有益趋势;对背膘厚虽未达到的显著水平,但呈不利趋势。②提高VE添加量与用有机铁、锌替代无机铁、锌相比．使用效果除对肌肉中的VE含量外没有显著差别;与用有机硒替代无机硒相比,则除pH值及背膘厚外,一律呈现更佳趋势;用有机硒替代无机硒在pH值、滴水损失、肌内脂肪含量和日增重方面呈有利趋势,在肉色、嫩度和背膘厚方面呈不利趋势,但均未达到显著水准。③提高VE添加量与用有机铁、锌、硒替代无机铁、锌、硒一并使用,一律不如单独提高VE添加量或用有机铁、锌替代无机铁、锌。据此结果可以认为,单独提高VE的添加量或使用有机铁、锌可以改善肉质。     

Effects of high-protein/low-carbohydrate swine diets during the final finishing phase on pork muscle quality

The aim of this study was to lower the glycogen stores in pork muscle in order to improve pork muscle quality by feeding an ultra-high-protein/low-carbohydrate (HIPRO) diet. Forty-eight barrows (average live weight = 92 kg) were assigned across five treatments and two replications (four or five pigs per treatment by replication combination). All barrows were fed a control diet (13.1% CP) until their assigned treatment began. A treatment was the number of days the barrows were fed the HIPRO diet prior to slaughter (0, 2, 4, 7, or 14 d). The HIPRO diet (35.9% CP) was 97% extruded soybeans. Daily feed intake and weekly live weights were recorded for all barrows. At-death blood glucose levels were determined. Muscle pH, temperature, and electrical impedance were measured in the longissmus lumborum and semimembranosus muscles at 45 min, 3 h, and 24 h postmortem. Glycolytic potential; Minolta L*a*b* values; visual scores for color, firmness, and marbling; water-holding capacity traits (drip loss, purge loss, and cooking loss); and Warner-Bratzler shear force values were determined in the longissmus thoracis et lumborum. Weight gain per day decreased the longer the pigs were fed the HIPRO diet (P < 0.05). Daily feed intake decreased during the 1st wk on the HIPRO diet but returned to near-control levels during the 2nd wk, which when coupled with the continued decreases in daily gain resulted in substantial decreases in feed efficiency during the 2nd wk on the HIPRO diet (P < 0.05). Blood glucose levels and glycolytic potentials were not lowered by feeding the HIPRO diet (P > 0.05); therefore, no differences in rate of pH decline or ultimate pH among dietary treatments were found (P > 0.05). Likewise, there were no differences among dietary treatments in any of the measured meat quality attributes (P > 0.05). Feeding barrows the HIPRO diet for a time period prior to slaughter decreased feed intake, rate of gain, and feed efficiency and was not effective at lowering glycolytic potential or improving pork muscle quality.     

Dietary fiber for pregnant sows: influence on sow physiology and performance during lactation

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding sows a bulky diet during gestation on their physiological and metabolic adaptations during the peripartum period, and to determine how these effects may relate to sow and piglet performances. From d 26 of gestation until farrowing, gilts were fed diets that contained 2.8 or 11.0% crude fiber (control and high-fiber diets, respectively, n = 9/group). Daily feed allowance provided the same amount of DE daily (33 MJ of DE/d). Throughout lactation, sows were allowed to consume a standard lactating sow diet ad libitum. Litters were standardized to 12 piglets beyond 48 h after birth. On d 105 of gestation, a jugular catheter was surgically implanted. Preprandial blood samples were collected from d 109 of gestation to the day after farrowing and on d 4, 18, and 26 of lactation. Meal tests and glucose tolerance tests were performed on d 109 of gestation and d 4 and 18 of lactation. During gestation, BW and backfat gain did not differ between treatment groups. During lactation, sows fed the high-fiber diet ate an average of 0.94 kg/d more than control sows (P < 0.02). Piglets born from sows fed the high-fiber diet grew faster than piglets from control sows (P = 0.03). Body weight and backfat losses did not differ between the 2 treatment groups. Sows fed the high-fiber diet during gestation had lesser concentrations of leptin before farrowing than control sows (P < 0.01). Leptin concentrations were negatively correlated with feed intake during lactation (P < 0.05). The prepartal increase in prolactin concentrations tended to be greater in sows fed the high-fiber diet than in control sows (P < 0.1). Preprandial concentrations of glucose, NEFA, lactate, and IGF-I fluctuated over time without significant treatment effect. Glucose half-life was shorter in late gestation than during both stages of lactation, but did not differ between sows in the 2 groups. In late gestation, the postprandial increases in glucose and insulin were delayed, and smaller, after a high-fiber meal than after a control meal. During lactation, glucose and insulin profiles after a standard meal did not differ between sows from treatment groups. In conclusion, the greater appetite of lactating sows fed a high-fiber diet during gestation does not seem related to changes in glucose and insulin metabolism and may be partly due to decreased secretion of leptin. The greater feed consumption was accompanied by a faster growth rate of piglets without sparing effect on maternal body reserves.