盐胁迫下 4 个不同耐盐基因型水稻 Na+ 、K+ 积累效应

选取耐盐性较强的水稻株系‘Fl478’、‘JX99’、‘Pokkali’和盐敏感型品种‘IR29’,设置 6 个 NaCl 浓度梯度处理, 分别为 0、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%,采用桶栽土培的方法培育至孕穗期,研究盐胁迫对孕穗期水稻植株不同 器官 Na+ 、K+ 分配规律与积累的影响。结果表明：（1）盐胁迫下水稻株系不同器官 Na+ ,K+ 的积累效应存在差异,水稻 株系耐盐性的差异主要表现在根系,而叶鞘对 Na+ 、K+ 的吸收与分配的差异明显。（2）耐盐植株根系聚 Na+ 能力较强, 叶片、叶鞘积累较多的 K+ ,而感盐品种根系积累 K+ 和 Na+ 以缓解根系渗透胁迫,调节根系 Na+ /K+ 平衡稳态,保持水稻 正常的代谢活动。（3）叶鞘是水稻植株关键的 Na+ -K+ 调库,通过吸收和分配 Na+ 来调节根、叶、叶鞘 Na+ /K+ 平衡以提 高水稻耐盐性。（4）耐盐株系叶鞘向叶片选择运输 K+ 的能力、限 Na+ 运输能力强于盐敏感品种,叶鞘对 Na+ 、K+ 吸收 与分配运输能力的大小,决定水稻株系的耐盐性,具体表现耐盐品种叶鞘向吸收与运输 K+ 能力较强、根系限 Na+ 能力 显著高于感盐植株。（5）0.4%~0.5%盐浓度限制水稻叶鞘 Na+ -K+ 库吸收与分配能力,各组织中 Na+ /K+ 失衡,植株耐盐 性降低,受盐害程度加深。（6）盐胁迫促进水稻株系叶鞘向根系吸收较多 Na+ 和向叶片、根系输出 K+ ,却限制 Na+ 对 叶片的分配,保证根系保持较高的 K+ /Na+ ,耐盐幼嫩叶片积累较多的 K+ 以维持叶片组织保卫细胞渗透平衡,保证水稻 植株获得生活必需的光合原料,而盐敏感植株积累的 K+ 主要用于缓解组织渗透胁迫,以维持正常生命活动。     

土培条件下不同盐分梯度对水稻产量及其生理特性的影响

以南粳9108和甬优2640为材料,设置6个土壤含盐量(0%、0.07%、0.14%、0.21%、0.28%、0.35%),研究不同盐分梯度对水稻产量和生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)盐胁迫影响水稻的生长和发育进程。株高、叶面积、干物质量等形态指标均随盐浓度的上升而下降;稻谷产量亦随盐浓度增加而下降,在0.14%、0.21%、0.28%、0.35%盐浓度处理时产量显著下降,南粳9108分别减产14.14%、43.65%、58.91%、65.68%,甬优2640分别减产20.25%、31.97%、40.41%、49.82%。(2)随着盐浓度的增加,2个参试品种抽穗期叶片抗氧化酶活性均呈先升后降趋势,在0.07%处理下达最高值。(3)抽穗期叶片中游离脯氨酸含量随盐浓度的上升而增加,盐浓度大于0.14%,游离脯氨酸含量较对照显著增加。(4)盐胁迫下,水稻植株吸收Na~+并置换出K~+,除叶片中K~+变化无规律之外,随着盐浓度上升,各部位K~+含量均下降,Na~+含量均上升,K~+/Na~+均呈下降趋势。茎鞘与叶运输的SK、Na随盐浓度的上升而上升,茎选择性运输K~+而抑制Na~+进入叶片;根与茎的SK、Na随盐浓度的上升而下降,茎吸收Na~+并输出K~+到根系。总体而言,低盐浓度对高产水稻品种产量和生理特性无显著影响,盐浓度大于0.07%时影响显著。     

外源一氧化氮对盐胁迫下水稻根部脂质过氧化的缓解作用

 在100 mmol/L NaCl的胁迫条件下，研究了两种浓度的一氧化氮供体硝普钠（sodium nitroprusside，SNP）处理对水稻幼苗根部脂质过氧化的影响。低浓度（10 μmol/L）的SNP处理明显缓解盐胁迫下水稻幼苗根组织膜脂过氧化产物MDA的累积，显著提高可溶性蛋白含量，并诱导根系APX、POD和SOD活性的上升；而高浓度（50 μmol/L）SNP处理的效果则基本相反。表明外源低浓度NO可以通过提高盐胁迫下水稻幼苗根组织的抗氧化能力来缓解氧化损伤。     

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Novel Salt-Tolerant Rice Germplasms from the Philippines and Bangladesh

To screen for new sources of salinity tolerance, 688 traditional rice varieties from the Philippines and Bangladesh were obtained, and their tolerance to hypersaline conditions at the seedling stage was examined. A total of 29 Philippine lines and 15 Bangladeshi lines were scored as salt-tolerant.Morphological assessment(plant height, biomass and Na-K ratio) revealed that among the 44 salt-tolerant accessions, Casibon, Kalagnon and Ikogan had significantly higher relative shoot length difference, relative shoot growth reduction and shoot Na-K ratio than the tolerant check FL478.Additionally, AC and Akundo exhibited significantly higher Na-K ratios than the other genotypes. The genetic diversity of the 44 genotypes was assessed using 34 simple sequence repeat markers. A total of 133 alleles were detected across all loci. Cluster analysis showed that AC, Akundo and Kuplod were clustered along with FL478, indicating a strong genetic relatedness between these genotypes. IR29(susceptible check) was singly separated. The haplotype analysis revealed that none of the 44 genotypes had a similar allele combination as FL478. These accessions are of interest since each genotype might be different from the classical salinity-tolerant Pokkali.     

Differential Proteins Expressed in Rice Leaves and Grains in Response to Salinity and Exogenous Spermidine Treatments

Exogenous application of spermidine(Spd) has been reported to modulate physiological processes and alleviate salt-induced damage to growth and productivity of several plants including rice. Employing a proteomic approach, we aimed at identifying rice leaf and grain proteins differentially expressing under salt stress, and in response to Spd prior to Na Cl treatment. A total of 9 and 20 differentially expressed protein spots were identified in the leaves of salt-tolerant(Pokkali) and saltsensitive(KDML105) rice cultivars, respectively. Differential proteins common to both cultivars included a photosynthetic light reaction protein(oxygen-evolving complex protein 1), enzymes of Calvin cycle and glycolysis(fructose-bisphosphate aldolase and triose-phosphate isomerase), malate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase and a hypothetical protein(Os I_18213). Most proteins were present at higher intensities in Pokkali leaves. The photosynthetic oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 2 was detected only in Pokkali and was up-regulated by salt-stress and further enhanced by Spd treatment. All three spots identified as superoxide dismutase in KDML105 were up-regulated by Na Cl but down-regulated when treated with Spd prior to Na Cl, indicating that Spd acted directly as antioxidants. Important differential stress proteins detected in mature grains of both rice cultivars were late embryogenesis abundant proteins with protective roles and an antioxidant protein, 1-Cys-peroxiredoxin. Higher salt tolerance of Pokkali partly resulted from higher intensities and more responsiveness of the proteins relating to photosynthesis light reactions, energy metabolism, antioxidant enzymes in the leaves, and stress proteins with protective roles in the grains.     

Haplotyping of Rice Genotypes Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers Associated with Salt Tolerance

Salt stress is a major problem in most of the rice growing areas in the world. A major QTL Saltol associated with salt tolerance at the seedling stage has been mapped on chromosome 1 in rice. This study aimed to characterize the haplotype diversity at Saltol and additional QTLs associated with salt tolerance. Salt tolerance at the seedling stage was assessed in 54 rice genotypes in the scale of 1 to 9 score at EC = 10 d Sm-1 under controlled environmental conditions. Seven new breeding lines including three KMR3/O. rufipogon introgression lines showed similar salt tolerant ability as FL478 and can be good sources of new genes/alleles for salt tolerance. Simple sequence repeat(SSR) marker RM289 showed only two alleles and RM8094 showed seven alleles. Polymorphic information content value varied from 0.55 for RM289 to 0.99 for RM8094 and RM493. Based on 14 SSR markers, the 54 lines were clearly separated into two major clusters. Fourteen haplotypes were identified based on Saltol linked markers with FL478 as the reference. Alleles of RM8094 and RM3412 can discriminate between the salt tolerant and susceptible genotypes clearly and hence can be useful in marker-assisted selection at the seedling stage. Other markers RM10720 on chromosome 1 and RM149 and RM264 on chromosome 8 can also distinguish tolerant and susceptible lines but with lesser stringency.     

一个新的水稻液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因的克隆及表达特征

通过RT PCR技术从水稻幼苗组织中克隆了一个新的Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因OsNHX2,它编码一条长544氨基酸的多肽。OsNHX2与水稻和拟南芥的液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白OsNHX1、AtNHX1氨基酸序列一致性分别为78%和77%。基因结构分析表明OsNHX2与OsNHX1具有类似的外显子和内含子构成,但不同于拟南芥AtNHX1,表明OsNHX2与OsNHX1可能起源于单双子叶植物分化后的水稻染色体复制。半定量RT PCR方法检测了OsNHX2与OsNHX1在水稻耐盐品种韭菜青与盐敏感品种IR28的地上部与根部的表达。结果表明：耐盐品种韭菜青的OsNHX2与OsNHX1基因在盐胁迫下表达持续增强,而在盐敏感品种IR28的地上部,OsNHX2基因在盐胁迫处理后1 h表达增强后立即减弱,根部的表达则基本不变,而IR28地上部与根部OsNHX1则在盐胁迫处理初期表达增强,随后即减弱。研究结果表明水稻两个液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因OsNHX2、OsNHX1在盐敏感程度不同的水稻品种中表达有所不同,液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因的转录调控可能是决定水稻耐盐能力的一个重要因素。     

酸性土壤胁迫下丹波黑大豆和云南小黑豆生理特性研究

以酸性土壤耐受能力差异明显的2个大豆品种丹波黑大豆和云南小黑豆为材料,分别在pH 4.55的黄壤、pH5.60的红壤和pH 7.14的正常土壤上盆栽种植,于出苗后50 d观察生长状况并测定根和叶的主要生理指标,研究大豆对酸性土壤胁迫的耐受生理机理.结果表明:在弱酸和强酸性土壤上丹波黑大豆都能形成根瘤、生长良好,而云南小...     

维生素C对渗透胁迫下杂交稻幼苗膜脂过氧化作用的影响

杂交稻幼苗红聚乙二醇(PEG4000)渗透胁迫(-0．8MPa)处理，秧苗体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性降低，谷肮甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(ASA)含量下降，丙二醛(MDA)含量升高，膜透性增大；随着渗透胁迫处理时间延长，幼苗膜脂饱和脂肪酸增加，不饱和脂肪酸含量降低，不饱和脂肪酸指数(IUFA)减小。在同样胁迫条件下，用8mmol/L Vc进行根际预处理，能减轻因PEG渗透胁迫诱导造成的秧苗膜脂过氧化作用。     

黑豆根尖边缘细胞对盐胁迫的防护效应

采用振荡培养(移除根尖边缘细胞)和静置培养(保持边缘细胞附着在根尖)方法,对比研究盐胁迫对黑豆根系生长和根尖边缘细胞发育、根系Na+、K+含量的影响以及根系生理特性的变化。结果显示:100和200 mmol.L-1NaCl处理抑制边缘细胞发育,引起根系相对电导率和MDA含量增加。振荡培养去除根尖边缘细胞处理36 h,黑豆根相对伸长率、根尖K+含量明显低于对应NaCl浓度的静置培养处理,同时根尖Na+含量、相对电导率和MDA含量在去除边缘细胞后显著增加。说明包裹于根尖的边缘细胞通过调节Na+和K+的吸收和维持较高的细胞膜完整性,以适应盐害环境。     

Involvement of Antioxidative Defense System in Rice Seedlings Exposed to Aluminum Toxicity and Phosphorus Deficiency

Plants growing in acid soils may suffer both phosphorus (P) deficiency and aluminum (Al) toxicity.Hydroponic experiments were undertaken to assess the single and combination effects of Al toxicity and low P stress on seedling growth,chlorophyll and proline contents,antioxidative response and lipid peroxidation of two rice genotypes (Yongyou 8 and Xiushui 132) differing in Al tolerance.Al toxicity and P deficiency both inhibited rice seedling growth.The development of toxic symptoms was characterized by reduced chlorophyll content,increased proline and malondialdehyde contents in both roots and leaves,and increased peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in roots,but decreased in leaves.The stress condition induced more severe growth inhibition and oxidative stress in Yongyou 8,and Xiushui 132 showed higher tolerance to both Al toxicity and P deficiency.P deficiency aggravated Al toxicity to plant growth and induced more severe lipid peroxidation.     

干旱胁迫下NO对水稻日本晴叶片生理特性的影响

研究干旱胁迫下一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)对水稻叶片光合速率、相对含水量及抗氧化系统的影响,旨在揭示NO增强水稻耐旱性的作用机制。以常规粳稻日本晴为材料,在土培条件下于水稻分蘖盛期叶面喷施硝普钠(SNP,NO缓释剂)和/或cPTIO(NO清除剂)后进行干旱处理,6d后,取样并分析叶片各生理指标。结果表明,与清水对照相比,干旱胁迫下,喷施100μmol/L SNP可显著增强水稻耐旱性,叶片表现出较高的相对含水量和光合速率,较低的丙二醛和过氧化氢含量。相反,100μmol/L cPTIO处理的水稻叶片光合速率明显低于对照,相对含水量略低于对照,而丙二醛和过氧化氢含量显著高于清水对照。进一步研究表明,干旱胁迫下喷施外源SNP的叶片具有较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,较低的抗坏血酸(AsA)含量和总谷胱甘肽(GSH+GSSH)含量。此外,外源喷施SNP对水稻叶片过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性影响不大,各处理间差异不显著。总之,以100μmol/L SNP作为NO缓释剂处理的水稻干旱损伤较轻,干旱胁迫下叶片具有较高的SOD及CAT活性,这可能是NO增强水稻耐旱性的主要原因。     

Physiological Responses of Contrasting Rice Genotypes to Salt Stress at Reproductive Stage

Salinity is a major abiotic stress affecting plant growth and productivity. Considerable genetic variation is present in rice in response to salt stress, with higher sensitivity during early seedling and reproductive stage. In this study, physiological changes in leaves and developing panicles of rice genotypes(IR686, Sadri, Rc222, CSR28, IR670 and Pokkali) contrasting in salt tolerance at the reproductive stage were evaluated in greenhouse experiment under salt stress. The results showed that IR670 and the tolerant-check Pokkali maintained lower Na~+/K~+ ratio, less reduction in chlorophyll concentration, lower malondialdehyde(MDA) production, higher concentrations of reduced ascorbate(reduced AsA), higher proline accumulation and lower percentage reduction in pollen viability than the salt-sensitive genotypes under salt stress. The higher concentration of reduced AsA suggests an efficient ROS-scavenging system. Physiological measurements and pollen viability analysis revealed that Sadri(moderately tolerant at the seedling stage) is sensitive to salt stress at the flowering stage. The findings will be useful in breeding salt tolerant varieties at both seedling and reproductive stages by selecting appropriate genotypes and phenotypes.     

低盐锻炼提高水稻幼苗耐盐性及其与活性氧毒害的关系

 研究了幼苗期低盐锻炼对水稻耐盐能力的影响。中国91和83-51幼苗经低盐(0.1% NaCl)锻炼后可降低盐处理(0.3% NaCl)对其生长的抑制; 低盐刺激叶片超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性升高,从而在盐胁迫时保持较高活性;虽然低盐也使过氧化物酶活性、丙二醛含量以及Na+含量有一定程度的增加,但在盐胁迫时其增加速率明显减慢而低于未经低盐锻炼的苗株；相反，低盐锻炼时K+含量有所下降，但在盐胁迫时其下降幅度低于未经低盐锻炼的植株，至处理结束,两者水平接近。结果表明,幼苗期采用低盐锻炼的方法可以增强水稻的耐盐能力, 这与低盐锻炼可在一定程度上增强地上部组织内清除活性氧的防护系统能力, 使其在随后的盐胁迫过程中由活性氧诱导脂质过氧化作用产生的盐渍伤害减轻有关     

盐胁迫条件下杂交水稻种子发芽特性和幼苗耐盐生理基础

 两个杂交稻组合汕优10号和两优培九种子分别放在H2O、50 mmol/L、100 mmol/L和150 mmol/L的NaCl溶液中于30℃下发芽，测定种子发芽性能和淀粉酶活性及幼苗保护酶活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量和脯氨酸、可溶性糖、果糖和蔗糖等相容性溶质含量。结果表明，盐胁迫条件下杂交水稻种子平均发芽时间延长，发芽指数降低，但发芽势和发芽率变化不明显。盐胁迫后明显降低两优培九种子α，β-淀粉酶活性，而汕优10号中， 除在50 mmol/L NaCl溶液中α-淀粉酶活性高于对照（H2O）外，其余处理均降低了α，β-淀粉酶活性。不同盐胁迫程度下杂交水稻幼苗超氧物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛含量及脯氨酸、可溶性糖、果糖和蔗糖等相容性溶质含量变化有差异，但未见规律性趋势。杂交水稻幼苗相对含水量和耐盐比率随着盐胁迫程度加深而明显下降。试验还表明，盐胁迫条件下杂交水稻组合汕优10号种子发芽性能比两优培九好，淀粉酶和保护酶活性、相容性溶质含量和相对含水量及耐盐指数和耐盐比率也均高于两优培九，说明汕优10号幼苗耐盐性强于两优培九。     

外界K＋水平对水稻幼苗耐盐性的影响

外界Ｋ~＋水平对水稻幼苗耐盐性的影响晏斌，戴秋杰（江苏省农业科学院，南京２１００１４）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＥｘｔｅｒｎａｌＫ~＋ＬｅｖｅｌｏｎＳａｌｔＴｏｌｅｒａｎｃｅｏｆＲｉｃｅＳｅｅｄｌｉｎｇｓ￥ＹＡＮＢｉｎ，ＤＡＩＱｉｕｊｉｅ（ＪｉａｎｇｓｕＡｃａｄ...     

镉胁迫对不同水稻基因型植株生长和抗氧化酶系统的影响

 以籽粒镉积累水平不同的两种品种（丙97252，低积累型；秀水63，高积累型）为材料，研究了镉胁迫对水稻植株生长和抗氧化酶系统的影响。采用水培试验，镉处理设0.0、0.1、1.0和5.0 μmol/L 4个水平。结果表明，镉胁迫抑制植株生长和叶绿素合成，改变植株丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性。在抗氧化酶活性上，根和地上部对镉胁迫的反应存在着差异。总体上，SOD、CAT和POD活性随镉水平的提高而减少，而MDA含量则表现相反。根和地上部MDA含量随着培养液中镉浓度提高而增加，且增加幅度秀水63明显大于丙97252。与对照相比，生长在5.0 μmol/L Cd处理下的植株， SOD活性在孕穗期下降46%~52%，在分蘖期仅下降13%~19%。高浓度镉胁迫下，两品种在MDA含量的增加幅度和叶绿素含量的降低幅度上表现不同，显示出它们对镉的耐性存在着差异。     

Inheritance and QTL Mapping of Salt Tolerance in Rice

An F2 population derived from the cross between Jiucaiqing (japonica) and IR36 (indica) was used to analyze the inheritance of salt tolerance in rice by genetic model of major-genes plus polygenes, and to map the corresponding QTLs by SSR molecular markers. Rice plants of P1, P2, F1 and F2 at 5- to 6- leaf stage were treated under 140 mmol/L NaCI for 10 days. Three indices representing the ability of salt tolerance of rice seedlings were measured, including salt tolerance rating (STR), Na^ /K^ ratio in roots and dry matter weight of shoots (DWS). STR, Na^ /K^ and DWS were all controlled by two major genes with modification by polygenes. Heritability of these traits from major genes was 17.8, 53.3 and 52.3%, respectively. The linkage map constructed by 62 SSR molecular markers covered a total length of about 1 142 cM. There were three QTLs detected for STR located on chromosome 1, 5 and 9, two QTLs for DWS on chromosomes 8 and 9, and two QTLs for Na^ /K^ on chromosomes 2 and 6, one on each chromosome respectively. Single QTL accounted for 6.7 to 19.3% of phenotypic variation. Identification method of salt tolerance in rice and breeding of rice varieties with salt tolerance based on molecular markers assisted selection had been discussed.     

盐胁迫对油菜幼苗离子吸收和分配的影响

以宝杂油1号和本课题组选育品系南盐油11号为材料,比较了100和200mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫10d对两个甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)品种(系)幼苗生长及其离子吸收和分配的效应。结果表明,盐胁迫明显抑制油菜幼苗的生长,其中南盐油11号的耐盐性明显高于宝杂油1号。盐胁迫导致植株盐分(Na+、Cl-)含量上升,地上部Na+、Cl-积累明显高于根系;植株体内K+、Ca2+含量明显降低。盐胁迫下,维持体内较高的K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+比率,维持较高的SK,Na、SCa,Na(离子吸收和运输的K+、Ca2+、Na+选择性比率)是南盐油11号耐盐性高于宝杂油1号的重要原因。     

盐胁迫对粳稻品种生长和生理特性的影响

以津原85、金穗26、隆粳27、辽粳763为试验材料,研究了不同盐胁迫浓度对这4个品种生长和抗逆性的影响,以期为盐碱地适宜水稻品种的筛选提供理论参考.结果 表明,盐胁迫显著抑制水稻幼苗的生长,金穗26受到的影响最小.在盐胁迫下,津原85离子选择吸收性较强,有利于提高耐盐性.盐胁迫对水稻的主要伤害是破坏膜质结构,进而影响...