不同小麦品种对苯磺隆耐药性差异及其机理

室内用砂培法测定11种小麦品种对苯磺隆的相对敏感性,其敏感性有较大差异.碧玛4号、维麦8号对苯磺隆有很强的耐药性,IC50可分别达到502.6和409.3aiμg/kg,济1 3号为156.9aiμg/kg,鲁麦22号、黄县大粒对苯磺隆较为敏感,IC50低于45.0 aiμg/kg.以上5种小麦离体ALS对苯磺隆的敏感性没有明显差异,敏感品种黄县大粒IC50为154.2nmol/L,甚至较维麦8号149.3nmol/L略高.ALS活体试验表明,小麦可以很快恢复苯磺隆对ALS活性的抑制,且耐药型品种恢复能力较强,碧玛4号、维麦8号ALS恢复活性只需1.5天,敏感品种需3天.碧玛4号、维麦8号除草剂解毒酶系GSTs相对于敏感品种对苯磺隆有较大的反应幅度和较短的反应时间,第2天就分别达到1.46、1.42的峰值,而济13号、鲁麦22号、黄县大粒变化幅度较小,第3天才达到峰值,活性分别为1.39、1.33和1.32.研究表明,小麦各品种对苯磺隆的耐药能力产生差异的主要原因之一是小麦GSTs对苯磺隆的代谢所致,而与小麦ALS对苯磺隆的敏感程度无关.     

麦田不同杂草对苯磺隆敏感性差异的分子机制

为了探讨麦田常见杂草对苯磺隆敏感性差异的分子机制,测定了苯磺隆对4种杂草活性及对杂草体内靶标酶(ALS)和代谢酶(GSTs)的影响差异。结果表明,泽漆对苯磺隆的敏感性最低,IC50为123.16gai/hm2;猪殃殃和荠菜次之,分别为8.47、1.07gai/hm2;播娘蒿最敏感,为0.29gai/hm2。离体条件下,苯磺隆对播娘蒿、泽漆ALS的IC50值分别为6.40、54.90mgai/L。活体条件下,苯磺隆处理后,播娘蒿体内ALS活力低于对照,第9天降为对照的31.20%,而敏感性低的泽漆处理后1～2天ALS活力虽略有下降,但第3天明显提高,第4天达到峰值,为对照的2.90倍,此后逐渐恢复至对照水平。4种杂草本身所含GSTs活性存在较大差异,泽漆GSTs活性最高。经苯磺隆处理后,泽漆与猪殃殃GSTs活性明显提高,第4天时达到峰值,相对活性分别为1.23和1.25,并持续在较高水平;而荠菜、播娘蒿GSTs活性虽分别在第3、5天达到峰值,但多数时间相对活性低于1。结果表明,麦田不同杂草体内ALS的敏感性差异和GSTs的代谢差异是对苯磺隆敏感性不同的两个重要原因。     

麦田抗性生物型荠菜对苯磺隆的抗性机制研究

为明确抗性生物型荠菜对苯磺隆的抗性机制,分别测定了苯磺隆对抗性和敏感生物型荠菜体内乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的影响。结果表明:离体条件下,抗性生物型荠菜体内ALS对苯磺隆的敏感性明显降低,苯磺隆对荠菜抗性和敏感生物型ALS的抑制中浓度(I50)分别为0.722 8和0.052 1 μmol/L,抗性与敏感生物型I50的比值为13.87;活体条件下,施用苯磺隆后,抗性和敏感生物型荠菜ALS活性均受到一定程度的抑制,但抗性生物型ALS活性受到抑制后能逐渐恢复,而敏感生物型则不能恢复;经苯磺隆处理后,抗性生物型GSTs相对活力明显高于敏感生物型,而抗性和敏感生物型体内POD、SOD和CAT相对活力无明显差异。研究表明,抗性生物型荠菜体内ALS对苯磺隆敏感性降低是其抗药性产生的原因之一,而GSTs对苯磺隆代谢能力的差异也可能与荠菜对苯磺隆的抗性有关。     

不同棉花品种对三氟啶磺隆的耐药性差异及机制

为评价三氟啶磺隆对棉花的安全性,采用温室盆栽法测定了22种棉花对三氟啶磺隆的耐药性差异及其机制。结果显示,三氟啶磺隆45 g/hm² （有效成分,余同）处理对不同棉花品种苗期鲜重及株高抑制作用差异显著,其中对鲁棉研40、银兴4、K638、创鲁1、德利农5的鲜重和株高抑制率相对较低,分别为8.60%~13.11%和10.26%~11.84%,而对鲁H498、鲁棉研36、鲁棉研28的鲜重和株高抑制率相对较高,分别为32.21%~38.26%和20.68%~22.66%。乙酰乳酸合成酶（ALS）活性测定表明,鲁棉研40、鲁H498离体ALS对三氟啶磺隆的敏感性无显著差异;在活体条件下,两棉花ALS相对活性先减小,后逐渐恢复,且鲁棉研40恢复能力强。经三氟啶磺隆处理后,鲁棉研40谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（GSTs）变化幅度较鲁H498大且反应时间短,鲁棉研40在处理后3 d达到最大值1.53,鲁H498在处理后5 d达到最大值1.45。研究表明,不同棉花品种对三氟啶磺隆耐药性的差异源于GSTs对三氟啶磺隆的代谢差异,与靶标酶ALS对三氟啶磺隆的敏感程度无关。     

典型光活化毒素α-三噻吩对棉铃虫和亚洲玉米螟谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的影响

研究了典型光活化毒素α-三噻吩(简称α-T)对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera和亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)的影响。结果表明:近紫外光照(300~400 nm)对棉铃虫和亚洲玉米螟幼虫GSTs活性无显著影响,但两种昆虫GSTs对α-T的反应不同。无光照条件下,α-T对亚洲玉米螟离体GSTs活性没有影响,而高浓度α-T能抑制棉铃虫离体GSTs活性;高剂量α-T可使两种昆虫活体GSTs活性升高。光照条件下,高浓度和高剂量α-T抑制棉铃虫GSTs活性,而不影响亚洲玉米螟离体GSTs活性,但低剂量α-T抑制其活体活性,而高剂量α-T则诱导其活性增加。棉铃虫和亚洲玉米螟GSTs对α-T反应的差异,可能与它们对药剂的敏感性以及药剂在两者体内的穿透、运转、贮藏、代谢等生理特性上的差异有关。     

不同玉米品种对氯吡嘧磺隆的耐药性差异及其机制

为科学评价氯吡嘧磺隆对玉米的安全性,采用室内盆栽法和酶活力测定法探讨不同玉米品种对氯吡嘧磺隆的耐药性差异及其机制。不同玉米品种对氯吡嘧磺隆的耐药性有较大差异,其中甜玉米耐药性最差,IC10仅为94.87g/hm2(有效成分,余同)。花糯1号、鲁单981、五岳97-1等品种表现出中等耐药性,耐药性倍数为1.51～1.97;五岳21、郑单958、强盛16等耐药性较强,耐药性倍数为2.05～2.43。强盛16、鲁单981和甜玉米对氯吡嘧磺隆的耐药性差异显著,但其靶标酶乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)在离体条件下对该药剂的敏感性差异不显著;在活体条件下,三者ALS活力均可很快恢复,且耐药性品种恢复能力较强。与甜玉米相比,经氯吡嘧磺隆处理后强盛16的谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)对氯吡嘧磺隆的反应幅度较大和反应时间较短,第72h相对活力就达到4.2的峰值,而甜玉米变化幅度相对较小,第96 h才达到2.6的峰值。研究表明,不同玉米品种对氯吡嘧磺隆耐药性的差异源于GSTs对氯吡嘧磺隆的代谢差异,而与靶标酶ALS对氯吡嘧磺隆的敏感程度无关。     

不同小麦品种对双氟磺草胺的耐药性差异及机理

室内采用平皿法和酶活力测定法探讨了不同小麦品种对双氟磺草胺的耐药性差异及其机理。结果表明,不同小麦品种根对双氟磺草胺的耐药性差异较大,其中济宁13对该药剂最为敏感,IC50值仅为0.221 2 μg/mL,烟农15、枣20-28、济南17与之相当(耐药性倍数为1.09~1.99),泰山9818、山农6号和潍麦8号耐药性较强(耐药性倍数为10.33~13.92)。酶活力测定结果表明:虽然耐药型品种潍麦8号和敏感型品种济南17对双氟磺草胺的耐药性差异显著,但其靶标酶乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)在离体条件下对该药剂的敏感性却无显著差异;在活体条件下,二者ALS活力均可很快恢复,其中潍麦8号恢复较快。经双氟磺草胺处理后,与济南17相比,潍麦8号的代谢酶谷胱甘肽- S -转移酶(GSTs)相对活力变化幅度较大且反应时间较短,在第2 d即可达到峰值1.460,而济南17在第3 d才达到峰值1.398。研究表明,不同小麦品种对双氟磺草胺的耐药性存在差异 的原因之一可能是由于GSTs对双氟磺草胺的代谢差异,而与靶标酶ALS对药剂的敏感程度无关。     

溴氰菊酯对麦穗鱼谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)的影响

研究了溴氰菊酯不同浓度、不同处理时间对麦穗鱼体内谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)活性的影响,同时测定了麦穗鱼不同组织中谷胱甘肽S-转移酶对低浓度溴氰菊酯处理的反应特点。结果表明,处理48 h后,高浓度(0.009 mg/L)组对肝中GSTs活性的抑制率达到43.7％,对鳃中GSTs活性的抑制率达54.3％;而低浓度组(0.001 mg/L)对鳃中GSTs活性有一定的诱导作用。亚致死剂量的溴氰菊酯(3.0×10-4mg/L)处理96 h后,对卵巢的诱导活性最高,其GSTs活性是对照的2.43倍,但对肝、鳃、肾、肠的诱导作用均较低。溴氰菊酯对麦穗鱼不同组织GSTs活性诱导的时间效应和强度不同。     

棉铃虫谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的活性分布和发育期变化及植物次生物质的诱导作用

对棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）发育期活性进 行了跟踪测定。从卵期开始，GSTs活性呈上升趋势，6龄幼虫达到最高，然后逐渐下降，但化蛹初期仍维持较高水平；用培养基混药法研究发现，芸香苷和2-十三烷酮诱导种群5龄时 活性即达到峰值。6龄幼虫脂肪体GSTs活性最高，中肠次之，头部和表皮最低。用1-氯-2, 4-二硝基苯（CDNB）作底物时，中肠GSTs的 Km值最小。5龄幼虫中肠匀浆液中，GSTs活性90%以上集中在细胞液层，在微粒体、线粒体和细胞碎片层的分布均不超过5%；芸香苷诱 导种群3龄幼虫微粒体层GSTs活性分布明显比对照种群减少，而上清液层则比对照种群 有所增高。     

烟粉虱与温室白粉虱羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶性质的比较研究

对温室白粉虱 Trialeurodes vaporariorum和烟粉虱 Bemisia tabaci羧酸酯酶(Car E)、乙酰胆碱酯酶 (ACh E)和谷胱甘肽转移酶 (GSTs)的生物化学性质进行了初步研究。比较 Car E活性 ,烟粉虱显著高于温室白粉虱 ,烟粉虱和温室白粉虱 Car E对底物乙酸 -α-萘酯的 Km 分别为 0 .073mmol/ L 和 3.458mmol/ L。烟粉虱 ACh E活性分布高峰在 2～3m OD/ (min·头 )之间 ,而温室白粉虱 ACh E活性分布高峰在 10～ 15 m OD/ (min·头 )之间 ,烟粉虱 ACh E的 Km 值是温室白粉虱 Km 值的 12 .6倍。烟粉虱的 GSTs比活力为2 .218OD/ (mg pro·min) ,显著高于温室白粉虱的 GSTs比活力 0 .663OD/ (mg pro· min) ,差异达极显著水平 ,烟粉虱 GSTs对底物的亲和力比温室白粉虱高。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.