取食不同受害程度的马尾松对马尾松毛虫种群数量的影响

利用不同受害程度的马尾松Pinus massoniana针叶饲养马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus，研究其对马尾松毛虫生长发育的影响.结果表明：马尾松毛虫取食不同受害程度松针后，幼虫的取食量、排粪量、蛹重、对食物的消耗和利用指数、化蛹率、生殖力、发育历期和死亡率均有所不同，其中幼虫的取食量、排粪量、蛹重、对食物的消耗和利用指数、化蛹率和生殖力以取食未受害松树（针叶损失0）的最高，重度受害（针叶损失75%）次之，轻度受害（针叶损失25%）再次，中度危害（针叶损失50%）最低，而发育历期和死亡率则相反，由此可见马尾松毛虫取食不同受害程度的松针对其种群数量有明显的影响。     

灭幼脲Ⅲ号防治松毛虫试验初报

油松毛虫分布于华北地区，以及陕西、辽宁、四川等省。在太行山区是油松林的大敌，发生严重时，能将松针吃光，影响松树生长，连年受害，使松树枯死。2000年开始，涞水县实施了松毛虫工程治理项目，取得了较好的效果。为了更有效地推广使用生物杀虫剂，保护森林生态环境，涞水县林业局于2003年进行了“灭幼脲Ⅲ号防治松毛虫试验”工作，现将试验结果报告如下：     

火炬松对赤松毛虫的抗性研究

赤松毛虫危害赤松、黑松和火炬松。但在相同条件下3种松树的受害程度各有差异。经研究证明。松树的抗虫性,由其生物学特性、针叶表皮细胞结构、以及针叶含脂量多少有关。火炬松和黑松的抗虫性比赤松较强,火炬松受害后的恢复能力又强于黑松和赤松。     

马尾松毛虫危害湿地松的防治指标的初步研究

在测定马尾松毛虫取食湿地松针叶量、湿地松针叶蓄积量、人工模拟失叶对湿地松树高生长的影响以及林间调查松毛虫危害对树高生长影响的基础上，提出了马尾松毛虫危害湿地松的防治指标，２年生松树失叶２０％、４～６年生松树失叶３０％、８～１０年生松树失叶５０％时严重影响当年秋梢高生长，需要防治．     

鞘蛾铖害后诱导华北落叶松体内化学物质变化的研究

本文于１９９７￣１９９８年在山西省关帝山和五台山林区,通过定点定期采样结合实验室化学测试,研究了华北落叶松鞘蛾,Ｃｏｌｅｏｐｈｏｒａ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｙａｎｇ（鳞翅目,鞘蛾科）,取食危害后,诱导华北落叶松Ｌａｒｉｘ Ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐ－ｐｉｓ－ｒｕｐｐｒｅｃｈｔｉｉ Ｍａｙｒ．树体内化学物质的变化及其与抗虫性相关的生理生化反应。结果表明,华北落叶松鞘蛾危害后,能使树体产生一系列生理生化反应,表现出强烈的抗虫性。首先是树体内产生有毒次生代谢物如单宁和游离酚的变化。在鞘蛾幼虫暴食的５月份,单宁在针叶内从低含量迅速增加,形成第１个峰值。在中等受害区,这种增加幅度到鞘蛾取食后的６月份可以超过对照区。严重受害区单宁的前、中期略低于前２区,但持续增长时间更长。单宁在韧皮部内的含量在实期由高向低下降,说明它有可能是从枝条转向叶     

松针内含物与马尾松毛虫生存发育关系的研究

本文用不同松树松针饲养马尾松毛虫,其结果与松针内含物的关系,经计算得出累计死亡率、化蛹率、羽化率、每个雌虫平均产卵率、周限增长率以及硬脂酸、油酸等14种。同时得出:维生素B_6(x_(13))对马尾松毛虫的化蛹、羽化和周限增长率的影响是第一位的重要因素,低沸点物质(x_8)包括萜烯类物质是影响马尾松毛虫化蛹、羽化的第二因子,苏氨酸(x_(21))是第三个因子。异亮氨酸(x_(22))是影响马尾松毛虫产卵量的第一重要因子,蛋氨酸(x_(20))是第二重要因子,维生素B_6是第三个重要因子。     

抗绕实蝇沙棘无性系的筛选及相关化学物质和酶活性分析

【目的】筛选抗绕实蝇的沙棘无性系植株,分析不同抗、感植株间相关生化物质种类和含量的差异,为进一步研究抗性机制提供理论基础。【方法】首先通过林间调查和室内生测试验,筛选抗性植株,然后以抗、感沙棘无性系为材料,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MC)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)等,在成虫羽化前和产卵盛期检测抗、感无性系植株相关化学物质含量和酶活性。【结果】1)通过林间调查果实受害率及开展沙棘绕实蝇产卵选择性试验,筛选出抗沙棘绕实蝇的沙棘无性系。2)在产卵盛期,抗虫无性系果实和叶片中总酚含量、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量均显著高于敏感无性系,在果实中分别高出101.34%、50.21%和20.12%,叶片中分别高出121.22%、30.43%和40.68%。3)抗、感无性系果实的挥发性物质种类及含量在2种无性系植株间具有显著差异,其中,抗虫无性系的酯类物质种类及含量显著低于敏感无性系,而醇类物质含量明显高于敏感无性系。4)抗虫无性系果实和叶片中非挥发性物质山奈酚含量明显高于敏感无性系,分别高出29.40%和40.80%;果实中异鼠李素含量较敏感无性系高出43.20%,而在叶片中的含量较敏感无性系低41.34%。5)产卵盛期,抗虫无性系果实中过氧化物酶(POD)、几丁质酶(Chi)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性较敏感无性系分别高出98.21%、25.03%和20.10%,在叶片中POD和PAL则分别高出33.40%和36.30%。【结论】抗、感无性系果实、叶片中化学物质及酶活性均存在较大差异,由此推测,沙棘体内抗虫相关化学物质和酶活性与其抗沙棘绕实蝇的能力密切相关。结果初步揭示沙棘抗虫无性系的生理生化特征,为进一步研究沙棘抗虫性机制及开展抗虫性育种提供依据。     

竹织叶野螟危害对毛竹叶片次生物质含量的影响

研究了毛竹受竹织叶野螟危害后,竹叶次生物质含量的变化.结果表明,毛竹受竹织叶野螟危害后,竹叶中单宁和黄酮含量增加,总酚含量下降.说明毛竹次生代谢物质和抗虫性之间有密切的关系.     

毛竹尖胸沫蝉危害对毛竹枝叶黄酮和单宁含量的影响

毛竹尖胸沫蝉是近年出现的一种毛竹枝梢新害虫，经对毛竹受害与未受害枝、叶的黄酮、单宁含量测定，结果表明：该虫对新梢的刺吸危害可极显著地增加受害枝条受害枝梢新叶(A)和受害枝条未受害枝梢新叶(B)的黄酮含量，每克干物质的黄酮含量比对照[未受害枝条未受害枝梢新叶(CK)]分别增加1．9906mg和2．2756mg；但受害枝条受害枝梢(D)和受害枝条未受害枝梢(E)的黄酮含量却极显著地减少，每克干物质的黄酮含量比对照分别减少1．2381mg和1．1579mg。与黄酮相同，该虫的危害也能极显著地增加受害梢新叶和受害枝条未受害枝梢新叶的单宁含量，每克干物质的单宁含量比对照分别增加0．4291mg和3．1981mg；也极显著地减少受害枝条受害枝梢和受害枝条未受害枝梢的单宁含量，每克干物质的单宁含量比对照分别减少3．6274mg和5．160omg。毛竹枝叶受害引起这些次生物质含量的显著变化可能与诱导抗虫性有关，且这种诱导作用可在相邻枝梢及叶间传递。     

喷毒环、围塑料环防治油松毛虫试验简报

油松毛虫是油松林的毁灭性食叶害虫之一 ,发生严重的时候能将松针吃光 ,严重地影响了油松林的生长。如果连年受害时 ,会使松树枯死。根据油松毛虫下树越冬 ,翌年春天上树继续危害的生活习性 ,如果掌握好越冬幼虫出蛰上树的时机进行防治 ,就可以收到事半功倍的效果。今年 3月～ 4月份 ,我们在较大面积综合防治油松毛虫的同时 ,在灵丘林场用塑料布 (4.5丝厚 )围塑料环和用溴氰菊酯喷毒环进行小面积防治试验 ,获得了较好的效果。1　试验材料和方法1.1　试验材料2 .5 %溴氰菊酯、柴油 ,药油比例为 1∶ 15 ,每公顷用药、油混合液 1.6 kg(16年生油…     

不同松树感染松材线虫后NO和核酸酶变化与其抗病性的关系

以黑松、马尾松和火炬松为研究对象,对其接种松材线虫后4,12,24,48,72,96和120 h的NO和核酸酶的活性进行测定.3种松树接种松材线虫后,针叶内NO平均含量的积累为火炬松＜马尾松＜黑松,这种差异在12 ～48 h尤为明显;48h后较其割伤处理(CK1)的增加幅度为火炬松＞马尾松＞黑松.同时3种松树接种后的核酸酶变化趋势存在差异,单链核酸酶活性在4～48 h为火炬松＞马尾松＞黑松,而火炬松双链核酸酶活性在4～96h时却一直低于马尾松和黑松,这表明不同松树体内单链或双链核酸酶的活性变化与其抗病性有关.且3种松树在接种松材线虫后,表现出症状的时间顺序为黑松最早,马尾松次之,火炬松最晚.这表明NO和核酸酶的变化与松树感染松材线虫后的病程发展密切相关.     

古油松衰弱衰老诊断的生理指标

选取颐和园不同树龄油松及其衰弱株的一年生针叶为试材,测量不同季节的针叶单位质量的长度、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等指标。结果表明:与健康油松比较,衰弱油松树冠不完整,一年生针叶柔弱细长,针叶单位质量的长度值大;衰弱油松叶绿素含量低、光合能力弱,叶绿素a/b值低,光能利用效率低。在一年的生长季节中,油松MDA含量随针叶的发育逐渐升高;与健康油松比较,衰弱油松针叶MDA含量远高于健康油松,而针叶SOD总活性和SOD比活力均低于健康油松,其抗氧化能力弱。这些结果说明:针叶单位质量的长度、叶绿素含量、MDA含量、SOD活性等可以作为古油松衰弱衰老的诊断指标。     

油松对赤松毛虫的诱导化学防御及滞后诱导抗性

对当年受赤松毛虫危害和未受危害的油松新长出的一年生针叶化学成分以及用其饲养的赤松毛虫的发育情况进行了测定分析,结果发现受害油松新长出的一年生针叶化学成分仍有较大幅度的变化,主要表现在氨基酸总量及多数游离氨基酸含量下降;水溶性总糖,粗脂肪,生物碱含量及总糖／投案基酸比例上升;脂肪酸、单宁、酚类化合物均有较大幅度的减少,用其饲不养的赤松毛虫幼虫体三 ,死亡率比对照高１９．２％,油松对赤松毛虫的滞后诱导     

The influence of damage level in Pinus sylvestris foliage on the performance of diprionid sawflies

I tested the presence of rapid and delayed induced resistance in Pinus sylvestris L. by biotests, rearing three species of diprionid sawflies on defoliated and undefoliated trees. I damaged the pines artificially by cutting mature needles with scissors at the beginning of the growing season. Four levels of defoliation were created on the basis of levels of removed needle biomass. Sawfly larval and cocoon weights were retarded and relative growth rates delayed as a result of an increase in damage level. The larval periods were prolonged at most 2–6 days. The response to the damage was partly species‐specific. The needle water content decreased in the following growing season in connection with low and moderate damage and increased at high damage levels. The nutrient contents of the foliage in the damaged and undamaged trees did not differ significantly. The Scots pine showed damage‐induced changes in food quality after extensive defoliation, which affected, via plant, species using the same host.     

马尾松不同家系营养物质含量与松突圆蚧抗性的关系

测定马尾松家系中未受松突圆蚧危害植株与受害植株针叶中可溶性糖、总糖、可溶性蛋白、全N、游离氨基酸、粗脂肪等营养物质的含量,探讨营养物质含量与马尾松对松突圆蚧抗性的关系。结果表明:1)高抗家系全N含量低于中抗和低抗家系;2)受松突圆蚧危害的诱导,针叶可溶性糖和总糖含量降低,此诱导反应与家系对松突圆蚧的抗性无关;3)可溶性蛋白、全N含量和游离氨基酸总量也因松突圆蚧的危害而降低,但这一诱导反应与家系对松突圆蚧的抗性有关,高抗家系降低量大于低抗家系,导致高抗家系受害植株中这几类营养物质的含量低于低抗家系;4)高抗家系受害植株针叶中除精氨酸外的16种氨基酸含量低于低抗家系;5)粗脂肪含量和总糖/全N与马尾松对松突圆蚧的抗性无关。     

Cattle grazing and pine survival and growth in subterranean clover pasture

When combining pines and cattle on tame pasture, grazing is often delayed for several years until trees are large enough to resist injury. As an alternative approach to delayed or deferred grazing during the early years, this study in central Louisiana, USA, examined the effects of cattle grazing in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) pastures on slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) seeding survival and growth during the first 3 years of tree establishment. Pines were planted at about 1200 trees/ha in 3 rows on 0.4-ha subclover units with 1.3 m spacing within rows. Three grazing treatments included: (1) ungrazed pines, (2) limited grazing with a single-wire electric fence above the planted pines, and (3) grazed pines. Thirty Brahman crossbred cows with calves and a bull grazed the tame pasture on a controlled grazing, rotational basis from December through May each year, during the subterranean clover growing season. Pine trampling injury during the year was 8% on the grazed seedlings while essentially none occured under limited grazing. During the first 2 growing seasons, survival and height of the pines were significantly less on the grazed seedlings than on either the limited grazing or ungrazed seedlings. Pine heights from the limited grazing and ungrazed treatments were not different during the 3-year study; loblolly pine heights from the limited grazing treatment continued to be taller than the grazed treatment through the third year while the slash pine heights were similar for all treatments by the third year. Seedling mortality became more acute as severity of grazing injury increased; the greatest mortality occured when the terminal bud and needles were both browsed off.     

The effects of long‐term exposure to simulated acid rain on the development of pine wilt disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

To elucidate the synergetic effects of acid rain on the development of pine wilt disease, we measured the sap flow rate in the stems and the chlorophyll content in the needles of 10‐year‐old Japanese black pine trees, Pinus thunbergii and 12‐year‐old Japanese red pine trees, Pinus densiflora, after exposure to simulated acid rain (SAR, pH 3) or tap water (TW, pH 6.3) as a control. The heat pulse method was used for the estimation of the sap flow rate. No apparent difference was found in the sap flow rate between the trees exposed to SAR and TW, but the chlorophyll content of needles at the end of the treatment was significantly higher in the trees exposed to SAR than in those exposed to TW. When the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt disease, was inoculated onto the Japanese black pines that had been exposed to SAR repeatedly for 1 year, the period to death was shortened. Japanese red pines that had been exposed to SAR for 2 years, however, did not show any development of symptoms after the nematode inoculation, suggesting that acid rain only affects pine wilt disease slightly, if at all.     

Influence of silvicultural practices on twisting rust infection and damage in maritime pine,as related to growth

A three-year study was carried out on the influence of silvicultural intensification on infection and damage caused by Melampsora pinitorqua, the twisting rust fungus, in maritime pine, Pinus pinaster Ait. The silvicultural practices studied were phosphorus fertilisation, the mode of stand establishment (either seeds or plants), and pine density. Growth and nutrition variables were also measured. Infection and damage were the most important in the first two years, which could reflect higher resistance with aging. At the end of the experiment, when pines were 4 years old, the planted, fertilised pines turned out to be the most damaged and the tallest, while the sown, non-fertilised pines were the least damaged and the smallest. Final damage was mainly explained by the damage observed in the earlier years. Annual damage was significantly correlated with infection percentage, more closely in the first year of observation. Higher susceptibility of the planted pines was associated with better growth and was explained by a greater amount of susceptible tissues, Under our experimental conditions, this explanation could not be retained for the fertilisation effect. However, phosphorus fertilisation induced changes in the nutritional status of pines. A significant positive correlation was observed between the phosphorus and potassium content on one hand and the susceptibility and damage on the other hand. Density effects were seldom observed in the experiment, either on growth or susceptibility variables. The positive relation between pine growth and rust damage, as confirmed in this study, emphasises the need for an integrated management of intensively managed pine stands, taking into account the disease hazard.