25℃条件下不同氮气浓度对储粮害虫控制效果研究

在25℃±1℃,70%±5%R.H.的条件下,研究90%、95%和98%浓度的氮气对储粮害虫的控制效果,结果表明:90%以上氮气对混合虫态发育为成虫以及成虫的生育均有抑制作用,时间越长,抑制效果越好,90%氮气不能用于对害虫成虫的防治;95%氮气对米象、锈赤扁谷盗和书虱成虫有效,但不能有效防治赤拟谷盗和谷蠹成虫,对所有试虫的混合虫态均可以控制,但需要通气的时间较长,对混合虫态的控制效果为依次为:米象>赤拟谷盗>锈赤扁谷盗>谷蠹;98%氮气对所有成虫的控制效果均较好,对混合虫态发育为成虫的控制效果也较好,对成虫的控制效果依次为:米象>锈赤扁谷盗>赤拟谷盗>谷蠹,对混合虫态的控制效果依次为:赤拟谷盗>锈赤扁谷盗>米象>谷蠹。不同浓度氮气对害虫的防治效果与害虫是否具有PH3抗性无关,氮气气调可用于对PH3抗性虫种的防治。     

A STUDY ON STORED GRAIN INSECIS EXPOSED TO DIFFERENT NITROGEN CONCENTRATION AT 25℃

在25℃±1℃,70％±5％R.H.的条件下,研究90％、95％和98％浓度的氮气对储粮害虫的控制效果,结果表明:90％以上氮气对混合虫态发育为成虫以及成虫的生育均有抑制作用,时间越长,抑制效果越好,90％氮气不能用于对害虫成虫的防治;95％氮气对米象、锈赤扁谷盗和书虱成虫有效,但不能有效防治赤拟谷盗和谷蠹成虫,对所有试虫的混合虫态均可以控制,但需要通气的时间较长,对混合虫态的控制效果为依次为:米象＞赤拟谷盗＞锈赤扁谷盗＞谷蠹；98％氮气对所有成虫的控制效果均较好,对混合虫态发育为成虫的控制效果也较好,对成虫的控制效果依次为:米象＞锈赤扁谷盗＞赤拟谷盗＞谷蠹,对混合虫态的控制效果依次为:赤拟谷盗＞锈赤扁谷盗＞米象＞谷蠹.不同浓度氮气对害虫的防治效果与害虫是否具有PH3抗性无关,氮气气调可用于对PH3抗性虫种的防治.     

高纯氮气对储粮害虫致死效果的研究

本研究在30±1 ℃,相对湿度75%±5%的高纯氮气环境中对几种主要储粮害虫进行生物测定并检测结果.玉米象、米象、谷蠹、赤拟谷盗(中山品系)、杂拟谷盗、赤拟谷盗(益阳品系)、嗜卷书虱和锯谷盗的LT50值由大到小排列顺序为34.0 h、32.5 h、32.5 h、13.9 h、13.4 h、12.5 h、5.4 h和5.1 h.不同试虫对高纯氮气环境忍耐能力差异显著.     

蛇床子素对三种储粮害虫的触杀毒力测定

采用药膜法对玉米象、米象、赤拟谷盗三种储粮害虫进行了蛇床子素室内毒力测定.96 h的毒力测定结果表明,蛇床子素对玉米象、米象、赤拟谷盗的IC50分别为0.155mg/cm2、0.645mg/cm2、0.656mg/cm2,蛇床子素对储粮害虫具有触杀作用,不同虫种对蛇床子素敏感性不同.     

YC97B型储粮害虫数量光电传感探头技术性能快速检测

以赤拟谷盗、杂拟谷盗、玉米象、谷蠹、长头谷盗、锯谷盗、长角扁谷盗和锈赤扁谷盗8种储粮害虫为试虫，采用储粮害虫延时释放装置测试了YC97B型储粮害虫数量光电传感探头的性能。设计为8种储粮害虫单一虫种不同密度、3虫种复合种群组合及4虫种复合种群组合的各项处理进行测试。测试结果表明，除低密度处理中长角扁谷盗与谷蠹和赤拟谷盗检测误差率差异达到5％的显著性外，其余各项处理检测误差率差异间均达不到5％水平显著性，说明YC97型害虫数量光电传感探头对不同虫种检测效果基本稳定，基本符合B型光电传感探头设计要求。     

华南地区主要害虫防治新技术应用研究

通过不同食物引诱剂与害虫诱捕器结合对不同虫种储粮害虫进行诱捕,试验表明水平距离5m、粮食深度2m左右诱捕检测害虫效果明显,对主要储粮害虫有良好的诱捕效果;摆放位置对于诱捕器的诱捕效果影响大;采用控氧储存技术进行生态储粮,经分析,米象、米象抗性品系、谷蠹、谷蠹抗性品系及赤拟谷盗对除氧剂毒力LD99.9分别为8.60g/kg、11.01g/kg、9.14g/kg、8.16g/kg、4.18g/kg,其中赤拟谷盗最敏感,米象抗性品系需要脱氧剂最多;试验粮堆投放除氧剂量为0.50g/kg、1.0g/kg、1.5g/kg、2.0g/kg、2.5g/kg、3.0g/kg,脱氧剂在用量为2.5g/kg、3.0g/kg对谷蠹、谷蠹抗性品系、米象、米象抗性品系、赤拟谷盗及用量1.5g/kg、2.0g/kg对赤拟谷盗杀灭效果在90%以上;脱氧剂在用量为2.0g/kg时对谷蠹抗性品系、米象、米象抗性品系杀灭效果在85%以上;经实仓应用除氧剂用量为2.5g/kg、3.3g/kg、2.5g/kg并抽真空、3.3g/kg并抽真空能保证稻谷储存1年基本无活虫,可保证稻谷储存安全;经应用除氧宝0.5g/kg、1.0g/kg、1.5g/kg、2.0g/kg、2.5g/kg、3.0g/kg、3.3g/kg对稻谷发芽无显著影响。     

我国主要储粮害虫抗性调查研究

通过对全国范围内23个省、市和自治区的55个地区粮库中的主要储粮害虫进行取样，用FAO抗性测定方法对92个虫样进行磷化氢抗性测定，得出无抗性虫样占调查虫样总数的54．3％、低抗性虫样占9．8％、中等抗性虫样占7．6％、高抗性虫样占13．0％、极高抗性虫样占15．2％。在调查的几种主要储粮害虫中，高抗性虫样主要为锈赤扁谷盗、谷蠹和米象，其中锈赤扁谷盗的抗性普遍比较严重，谷蠹和米象通过与1995年抗性调查所取的样品进行比较，在最近的8年内米象的抗性倍数增加了10．7％、谷蠹增加了71．2％。磷化氢抗性较高的区域主要是我国西南、华中和华南地区。     

福建省储藏物害虫区系调查研究

2004年4～5月，对福建省的夏门，龙岩，三明，邵武，福州等五地市进行了储藏物害虫的发生种类、分布、危害和防治情况的调查，共采集标本6018件，共计113种，隶属于3个纲7个目39个科。发现了新记录种——特氏露尾甲。调查表明：谷蠹、玉米象、米象、黑菌虫、小菌虫、麦蛾、大谷盗、赤拟谷盗、杂拟谷盗、锈赤扁谷盗等储粮害虫在所调查地市的发生频率在50％以上，而且分布广泛危害较严重。农户储粮中的主要害虫是玉米象、谷蠹、麦蛾等。粮食仓库、加工厂除了上述几种外，还有赤拟谷盗、大谷盗、黑菌虫、锈赤扁谷盗、小菌虫等这些粉食性害虫。中药材和烟草主要是皮蠹科、薪甲科、郭公虫科、窃蠹科的害虫。本文还对福建省储藏物害虫防治方法的现状进行了调查。     

放射线辐照防治储粮害虫的研究

文章对我国主要储粮害虫锯谷盗、米象、谷蠹、赤拟谷盗等的辐照感应性及致死剂量进行了研究。试验表明，各种储粮害虫对辐照的感应性有差异，其中锯谷盗耐受性最差，其次为谷蠹、米象，赤拟谷盗的耐受性最强。用０．１５￣０．３ＫＧＹ辐照，锯谷盗成虫经过２周全部死亡，米象和谷蠹经３周全部死亡，赤拟谷盗经４周全部死亡；虫卵经０．１ＫＧＹ辐照后不能孵化，成虫经０．１ＫＧＹ辐照后不能生育。用〈１．０ＫＧＹ的剂量辐照，小麦     

探管诱集与取样筛检两种方法检测储粮害虫数量比较

初步研究比较了XS-C1型粮仓害虫仓外采集检测系统(探管诱集)与取样筛检两种不同害虫数量检测方法储粮害虫的种群密度.结果表明,两种检测方法对谷蠹、锯谷盗和扁谷盗三类害虫的检测结果很接近,也与真实值很接近;对米象和赤拟谷盗两类害虫,两种检测方法的检测结果相差较大,需校正后确定.它可为估计粮堆内储粮害虫的真实数量及其动态提供参考依据.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.