生长肥育猪蛋氨酸需要量研究

以玉米、麦麸、花生粕、羽毛粉基础，研究在亚热带条件下服育猪蛋氨酸Ｍｃｔ需要量，生长猪基础饲粮（ＤＥ１２．９７ＭＪ／Ｋｇ，ＣＰ１４．４％，Ｃｙｓ０．３１）含Ｍｃｔ０．２０％，肥育猪基础饲粮（ＤＥ１３．１１ＭＪ／ｋｇ，ＣＰ１２．５％Ｃｙｓ０．２１％）含ｃｔ０．１８％。两种饲粮均以０．０４％的梯度添加ＤＬ－Ｍｅｔ共得５个Ｍｃｔ水平，参试猪为三元杂变猪生长期每个Ｍｃｔ３个重复（栏），每个重复４头猪；肥育期     

饲粮营养水平对妊娠及泌乳獭兔繁殖性能、血清生化指标及生殖激素的影响

本文旨在探讨饲粮营养［消化能（ＤＥ）＋粗蛋白质（ＣＰ）］水平对妊娠及泌乳獭兔繁殖性能、血清生化指标及生殖激素的影响。选用平均体重为（４．７３±０．４２）ｋｇ的经产母獭兔 １００只,随机分成 ５组（每组 ２０个重复,每个重复 １只）,分别饲喂 １０．５ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＥ＋１８％ ＣＰ、１０．５ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＥ＋１６％ ＣＰ、１０．０ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＥ＋１７％ ＣＰ、９．５ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＥ＋１８％ ＣＰ、９．５ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＥ＋１６％ ＣＰ的试验饲粮。试验从母兔配种开始至仔兔 ４５日龄结束。结果表明：饲粮营养水平除显著影响断奶窝重（Ｐ＝０．０３６５）外,对妊娠及泌乳獭兔其他繁殖性能指标无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）;饲粮营养水平显著影响妊娠獭兔血清谷草转氨酶活性（Ｐ＝０．０４３９）以及胆固醇（Ｐ＝０．０４７８）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（Ｐ＝０．０２５６）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量（Ｐ＝０．０２４８）;妊娠獭兔血清生殖激素未受饲粮营养水平的影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）;饲粮营养水平显著影响泌乳獭兔血清总蛋白（Ｐ＝０．０３６９）、尿素氮（Ｐ＝０．０４７３）、胆固醇含量（Ｐ＝０．０２３２）;除血清促黄体生成素外,泌乳獭兔血清其他生殖激素均未受饲粮营养水平的影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。由此得出,饲粮ＣＰ水平在 １６％ ～１８％、ＤＥ水平在 ９．５～１０．５ＭＪ／ｋｇ范围内变动时,饲粮营养水平对妊娠及泌乳獭兔繁殖性能、血清生殖激素基本无影响,但会影响部分血清生化指标。     

珍珠长毛兔生长后期营养需要量的研究

６０只５月龄珍珠长毛兔随机配对分好两组进行对比饲养试验和消化代谢试验，结果表明，高水平组（ＰＥ１１．９０ＭＪ／ｋｇ，ＣＰ１８．７２％）与中水平组（ＰＥ１０．５２ＭＪ／ｋｇ，ＣＰ１６．１１％）相比，体增重、剪毛量分别提高２３．７３％和１０．４６％（Ｐ＜０．０５）料毛比降低９．９５％（Ｐ＜０．０１），养分消化率和氮利用率也呈提高趋势（Ｐ＞０．０５）。因此，为获得优异生产成绩，建议饲粮中ＰＥ应达１１．９０ＭＪ／ｋｇ以上，ＣＰ应达１８％以上     

家兔对玉米秸能量及主要营养成分消化率的测定

为了探讨玉米秸对家兔的饲用价值，进行了玉米秸能量及主要营养成分在家兔的消化率测定。结果，总能（ＧＥ）消化率为５９．６４％，消化能（ＤＥ）含量９．１７ＭＪ／ｋｇ，粗蛋白（ＣＰ）、粗脂肪（ＥＥ）、无氮浸出物（ＮＦＥ）、灰分（ａｓｈ）、干物质（ＤＭ）和有机物（ＯＭ）消化率分别为４０．３９％、２３．４９％、８３．３％、７６．５４％、３８．３４％、５３．０９％和５３．５２％。玉米秸对家兔有较高的ＤＥ含量及ＮＦＥ和ＣＦ消化率，但ＣＰ消化率较低，家兔日粮中使用玉米秸时要注意补加蛋白质饲料     

饲喂不同蛋白水平日粮的牦牛瘤胃氮代谢与十二指肠各氮组分流量

采用瘘管手术方法对３头生长牦牛在饲喂代谢能ＭＥ均为９．６ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＭ，粗蛋白（ＣＰ）为８％和１２％的日粮时的复胃氮代谢与瘤胃、肠道消化代谢进行研究。试验结果表明，日粮ＣＰ水平升高后，生长牦牛瘤胃氨氮浓度由３．３升至５．９ｍｇ／１００ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１），瘤胃内氮的消失率由１．９％升到２１．１％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成效率基本不变（平均６９．１ｇＣｐ／ｋｇＤＯＭ）；一昼夜进入十二指肠的食糜量及食糜干物质量基本不变；食糜总氮、氨氮及非氨氮量均显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１），其中非氨氮增加２０％：非氨氮中微生物氮的比例由４５％降至３９％（Ｐ＜０，０５）；日粮ＤＭ，ＯＭ，ＣＰ和ＡＤＦ整体消化率分别提高１２．９％、１３．４％、３４％和２２．３％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。日粮ＣＰ由８％升至１２％后，生长牦牛瘤胃ＴＶＦＡ中乙酸比例由５４％降至４３．５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）．丙酸比例由２４．８％升至２８．４％（Ｐ＜０．０５），丁酸比例也由２１．１％增至２８．５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。同时Ｃ２／Ｃ３比由２．１９降至１．５４（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

氯化胆碱添加量对母鸡生长速度、雌激素水平及开产周龄的影响

１１５只３周龄母鸡被分为４组，分别为３９只、３３只、３１只和１２只。四种日粮分别含氯化胆碱（ＣＣＣ）　：０　ｍｇ／ｋｇ（对照）　；５　ｍｇ／ｋｇ从第１４周龄开始（５　ｍｇ／ｋｇ　Ａ）　；５　ｍｇ／ｋｇ从３周龄开始（５　ｍｇ／ｋｇ　Ｂ）　；５０　ｍｇ／ｋｇ从第３周龄开始（５０　ｍｇ／ｋｇ　Ｂ）。基础日粮根据生长期配合，并进行等氮等能处理。第３～８周日粮干物质ＣＰ和ＭＥ分别为１７．９９　％和１２．７　ＭＪ／ｋｇ；第９～２０周ＣＰ和ＭＥ分别为１４．６３　％和１２．７５　ＭＪ／ｋｇ。对鸡采食量、体重变化…     

采食水平对东北民猪代谢热量的影响

以哈白猪为对照，研究２０℃条件下，低（Ｌ，７５０ｇ／ｄ），中（Ｍ１０５０ｇ／ｄ）高（Ｈ，１３００ｇ／ｄ）三种采食水平（饲料ＭＥ含量为１２．３７ＫＪ／ｋｇＣＰ：１６％）对体重２０～２５ｋｇ的民猪产热量的影响，研究结果表明，随采食水平提高，产热量有逐渐增加的趋势，但产不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５），三种采食水平下，民猪和哈白猪的产热量分别为３３．５，３４．５，３５．９和３１．９，３３．８，３４．９ＫＪ／ｋｇ＾     

石岐黄肉鸡前期日粮适宜的能量和蛋白质水平的研究

本试验旨在研究优质石岐黄肉鸡前期日粮适宜的能量（ＭＥ）和蛋白质（ＣＰ）水平。试验共设４（ＭＥ）×５（ＣＰ）共２０个处理,各５个重复,每重复１６只母雏。ＭＥ（ＭＪ／ｋｇ）水平分别为１１．３,１１．９,１２．６,１３．２,ＣＰ（％）分别为１６．０,１７．５,１９．０,２０．５,２２．０。结果表明,以增重为衡量指标,石岐黄肉鸡生长前期日粮适宜的ＭＥ和ＣＰ水平分别为１２．６ＭＪ／ｋｇ和１９．０％;以能量存留率、氮存留率和饲料转化率为衡量指标,则适宜水平分别为１３．２ＭＪ／ｋｇ和２０．５％。     

饲喂豆饼粉——玉米基础日粮的河鲇鱼蛋氨酸需要量

应用豆饼粉－玉米基础日粮测定，２５℃时４２天试验期中１４克河鲇鱼日粮蛋氨酸（Ｍｅｔ）的需要量。与鲇鱼体成分氨基酸有关的平衡限制氨基酸基础日粮含２７７克ＣＰ、３．６克Ｍｅｔ、４．０克胱氨酸（Ｃｙｓ）和１０ＭＪＤＥ／ｋｇＤＭ。在谷氨酸缺乏时，ＤＬ－蛋氨酸按０￣１２克／千克，间隔２克添加到基础日粮中形成７种等氮和等能日粮。对照日粮含３３１克ＣＰ、８克Ｍｅｔ、５克Ｃｙｓ和１０ＭＪＤＥ／ｋｇＤＭ（包括８％鱼     

地肤营养成分研究

本试验对地肤的营养成分进行了研究。结果表明, 地肤粗蛋白含量较高（２０２ ％ ／ Ｄ Ｍ） , 富含微量元素 Ｃｕ （１９ ． ３ ｍｇ／ｋｇ Ｄ Ｍ） 、 Ｚｎ （４５ ． ３ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ Ｄ Ｍ） 、 Ｍｎ （１０９ ． ８ ｍｇ／ｋｇ Ｄ Ｍ） 、 Ｆｅ （２８５ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ Ｄ Ｍ） 以及胡萝卜素 （ ５７ ． ０ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 鲜样） 、维生素 Ｃ （３９０ ｍｇ／ｋｇ 鲜样） 等, 营养较齐全, 是一种值得开发利用的中草药饲料资源。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -