Pathogenic effects of Xenorhabdus nematophilus and Photorhabdus luminescens (Enterobacteriaceae) against pupae of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

The relationship between Xenorhabdus nematophilus and Photorhabdus luminescens, the bacterial symbionts of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, against the diamondback moth, P. xylostella (L.), pupae showed the pathogenic capability of P. luminescens to be over that of X. nematophilus. They gave 60 and 40% mortality with LC₅₀ values of 5×10⁴ and 5.5×10⁵ cells/ml, respectively.The number of bacterial cells influences the rate of killing the pupae of P. xylostella and a direct correlation between mortality of the pupae, percentage of deformed adults and the spraying dose with significant differences were observed. An inverse correlation found between the no. of eggs laid/female, percentage of hatching, adult survival and the spraying dose. These bacterial effects have been attributed to different toxic bacterial enzymes which damage the haemocytes and inhibit activation of the humoral immune system of the insect.     

杀虫剂亚致死剂量对小菜蛾羧酸酯酶的影响

就阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯亚致死剂量对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella Linneae羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性的影响进行了研究。用亚致死剂量的阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯分别处理阿维菌素敏感和抗性小菜蛾,使敏感品系CarE比活力上升,抗性品系CarE比活力下降。酶动力学研究表明,两种药剂亚致死剂量处理对小菜蛾CarE与底物α-NA亲和力的影响存在差异。在敏感品系中,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯处理前后CarE的Km值无明显变化;抗性品系中,用阿维菌素亚致死剂量处理后,小菜蛾体内CarE的Km值显著高于对照,即其对α-NA的亲和力比对照组明显降低,高效氯氰菊酯处理组CarE的Km值与对照相比无明显变化。     

田间小菜蛾抗药性监测及毒理机制研究

田间监测结果表明，福州地区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)已对生产上常用的各类杀虫剂产生不同程度的抗性，从9月至次年5年期间，田间小菜蛾表现出较高水平的抗性，而在8月份则表现出明显低的抗性水平，短期高温和长期低温的环境条件可明显抑制小菜蛾幼虫的AChE和CarE活性，但短期低温的环境条件对小菜蛾幼虫的AChE和CarE活性影响不大，饲养温度的变化不会影响小菜蛾幼虫AChE和Ki值，但在较高的酶与杀虫剂的反应温度下，有机磷对小菜蛾、菜青虫和黄曲条跳甲AChE的抑制作用显著增高，此外，探讨了田间影响小菜蛾抗性水平的环境因素及毒理学机制。     

溴氰虫酰胺对小菜蛾的田间防效及其在花椰菜中的残留与消解动态

通过田间试验研究了溴氰虫酰胺对小菜蛾的田间防效,分析了露地栽培条件下溴氰虫酰胺在花椰菜上的消解动态和最终残留情况。结果表明:田间药效试验中10%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂按推荐高剂量（有效成分21 g/hm2）施药后24 h~7 d对小菜蛾的防效为92.8%~98.3%;按2倍推荐高剂量（有效成分42 g/hm2）施药,溴氰虫酰胺在花椰菜上的消解半衰期为3.86 d,其残留超标风险与田间用药量、用药次数正相关。建议生产中采用10%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂以有效成分21 g/hm2的剂量用药,每季最多施药2次,露地栽培条件下花椰菜上安全间隔期为3 d。     

坡柳种子中坡柳皂苷A的分离鉴定及其对小菜蛾的拒食活性

采用小孔树脂、凝胶SephadexLH-20、反相色谱ODS及制备型高效液相色谱 (Pre-HPLC) 等分离技术,从坡柳Dodonaea viscosa (Linn.) Jacq. Enum. 种子乙醇提取物中分离获得1个活性化合物。通过质谱及核磁共振等波谱技术,鉴定其为新的齐墩果烷型三萜皂苷类化合物21-epoxyangeloyl-15,16,28-tirhydroxy-22-(2-methylbutanoyl)-Olean-12-en-3-(O-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→3)-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucuronide,命名为坡柳皂苷A,英文名dodoneaviscoside A。生物活性测定结果表明,其对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.) 3龄幼虫具有较好的非选择性拒食活性,24 h拒食中浓度 (AFC₅₀) 为207.4 μg/mL。值得进一步研究。     

Influence of mixed biocide GCSC-BtA on the pupae and adult stages of Apanteles plutellae Kurd. (Hym., Braconidae) and its host. Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae)

This paper deals with the influence of the mixed biocide GCSC-BtA on the pupal and adult stages of Apanteles plutellae Kurd. (Hym., Braconidae) and its host, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae). The results show that mortalities of the pupae of P. xylostella in the direct-dip bioassay were 84.67%, that of the adults in the residue bioassay at 1.2500mg/ml concentration of GCSC-BtA were 78.00% which were significantly higher than the mortality values for the pupae with 54.62% and adults with 48.13% of A. plutellae. In contrast, cypermethrin showed extremely high toxicity to the pupae with 94.58% and adults with 86.00% mortality values of A. plutellae as compared to the low mortality values of 42.14% for the pupae and 32.11% for the adults of P. xylostella, with the same concentrations and bioassay methods. The LC₅₀ values of GCSC-BtA were 0.3402, 0.5516 and 1.2405, 1.9480mg/ml for the pupae and adults of P. xylostella and A. plutellae, respectively, while the LC₅₀ values for cypermethrin were 1.5652, 2.3471 and 0.1096, 0.1152mg/ml, respectively. GCSC-BtA was found more toxic to the pupae and adults of P. xylostella and safer to the pupae and adults of A. plutellae than cypermethrin. The possibilty of using GCSC-BtA against P. xylostella under partial control by A. plutellae in vegetable fields is discussed.     

Influence of mixed biocide GCSC-BtA on the pupae and adult stages of Apanteles plutellae Kurd. (Hym., Braconidae) and its host. Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae)

This paper deals with the influence of the mixed biocide GCSC-BtA on the pupal and adult stages of Apanteles plutellae Kurd. (Hym., Braconidae) and its host, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae). The results show that mortalities of the pupae of P. xylostella in the direct-dip bioassay were 84.67%, that of the adults in the residue bioassay at 1.2500mg/ml concentration of GCSC-BtA were 78.00% which were significantly higher than the mortality values for the pupae with 54.62% and adults with 48.13% of A. plutellae. In contrast, cypermethrin showed extremely high toxicity to the pupae with 94.58% and adults with 86.00% mortality values of A. plutellae as compared to the low mortality values of 42.14% for the pupae and 32.11% for the adults of P. xylostella, with the same concentrations and bioassay methods. The LC₅₀ values of GCSC-BtA were 0.3402, 0.5516 and 1.2405, 1.9480mg/ml for the pupae and adults of P. xylostella and A. plutellae, respectively, while the LC₅₀ values for cypermethrin were 1.5652, 2.3471 and 0.1096, 0.1152mg/ml, respectively. GCSC-BtA was found more toxic to the pupae and adults of P. xylostella and safer to the pupae and adults of A. plutellae than cypermethrin. The possibilty of using GCSC-BtA against P. xylostella under partial control by A. plutellae in vegetable fields is discussed.     

植物保护剂保卫德对小菜蛾种群控制作用

植物保护剂保卫德(BIOACT—D35)对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.种群的控制作用主要表现在对成虫产卵的忌避作用、对幼虫的拒食作用以及对生长发育的影响和减少幼虫危害力等方面。10ml/L处理对成虫产卵忌避率为81．43％，对幼虫的选择性和非选择性拒食率分别为96．32％和93．17％，幼虫总取食量是对照的67．4％，使种群趋势指数(I值)由对照的18．2840降为1．94贝，干扰作用控制指数(IIPC)为0．1066。状态空间分析法的模拟结果亦表明，主要控制作用表现在种群发展初期对成虫产卵的忌避作用。     

虱螨脲亚致死浓度对小菜蛾保护酶系和解毒酶系活力的影响

为阐明虱螨脲对小菜蛾亚致死效应的生化机制,采用室内生物测定法测定了LC_(10)和LC_(25)亚致死浓度处理小菜蛾3龄幼虫1、6、12、24、48和72 h后其体内保护酶系和解毒酶系的活力变化。结果表明:虱螨脲LC_(10)处理对小菜蛾幼虫体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力表现为早期诱导、后期抑制的作用,而对过氧化物酶(POD)则表现为先抑制后诱导的作用,对过氧化氢酶(CAT)仅在72h时具有诱导作用;LC_(25)处理对SOD表现为诱导-抑制-诱导-抑制的作用,对POD具有抑制作用,而对CAT具有诱导作用。经虱螨脲亚致死浓度处理后,小菜蛾幼虫体内酯酶和多功能氧化酶活力被明显抑制,且基本表现为浓度越高抑制作用越强;而谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活力仅在处理后1 h被诱导,之后被显著抑制。表明虱螨脲进入小菜蛾幼虫体内后,初期可诱导SOD、CAT和GST活力升高,以适应外界毒害的影响;但随着时间的延长,3种解毒酶活力被抑制,使其难以代谢,从而增强了对小菜蛾的毒性。     

绿薄荷茎和叶的乙醇提取物对小菜蛾拒食和产卵忌避活性的影响

为有效控制小菜蛾的危害,明确绿薄荷对小菜蛾的防治效果,采用95%乙醇对绿薄荷茎和叶进行索式抽提,并测定了茎和叶提取物12.5、25.0和50.0 mg/mL浓度下小菜蛾幼虫的拒食率和成虫产卵忌避活性。结果显示,绿薄荷茎和叶的乙醇提取物对小菜蛾幼虫的拒食和成虫的产卵忌避均有显著作用,提取物浓度越高,拒食率和产卵忌避率越大。当茎和叶提取物浓度为12.5 mg/mL时,小菜蛾的拒食率最低,分别为36.16%和59.81%,产卵忌避率最低,分别为46.18%和57.78%;茎和叶提取物浓度为50.0 mg/mL时,拒食率最高,分别为82.67%和87.15%,产卵忌避率最高,分别为88.29%和98.27%。茎和叶对应的拒食中浓度(AFC_(50))最高分别为18.93 mg/mL和15.97 mg/mL,产卵忌避中浓度(AOC_(50))最高分别为16.38 mg/mL和15.03 mg/mL。     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐药液浓度、雾滴密度及施药液量对小菜蛾防治效果的影响

采用室内生物测定与田间试验相结合方法,研究了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐药液浓度、雾滴密度和施药液量对小菜蛾防治效果间的关系。结果表明:当甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐药液质量浓度从80 mg/L提高至640 mg/L时,其LN50值(致死中密度)从148 droplet/cm2下降至3 droplet/cm2;雾滴密度从23 droplet/cm2提高至131 droplet/cm2时,其LC50(致死中浓度)值则从1.66!102mg/L下降至78.93 mg/L。甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐在与地面呈0°倾角的载玻片正面和90°倾角的载玻片反面上沉积量最多,在45°倾角的反面和90°倾角的正面上沉积量最少;在甘蓝叶片上的沉积量与药液质量浓度和雾滴大小有关。田间药效试验结果表明:甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐药液质量浓度为3 mg/L时,施药液量为330 L/hm2的防治效果比施药液量分别为525、750和975 L/hm2的低,差异达显著水平(P0.05),但后3种施药液量之间的防治效果差异不显著(P0.05);当药液质量浓度为4.2 mg/L时,330、525、750和975 L/hm24种施药液量间的防治效果差异均不显著(P0.05)。因此,采用较小雾滴体积中径(VMD=128.9μm)和较高药液浓度(4.2 mg/L)喷雾时,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐不仅对小菜蛾表现出优良的防治效果,而且施药液量也显著降低。     

温度与光照对阿维菌素系列化合物毒力发挥的效应

系统研究了阿维菌素(avermectin)系列化合物在不同温度和光照下对小菜蛾的毒力效应.结果表明,该系列化合物对小菜蛾幼虫毒力在一定温度范围内符合正温度系数规律.阿巴菌素(abamectin)对小菜蛾幼虫的触杀毒力在16～28℃范围内提高了16倍左右,在22～28℃范围内增幅较大;依维菌素(ivermectin)在16～31℃范围内提高了19倍左右,并在22～25℃范围内增幅较大;埃玛菌素(emamectin)在16～31℃范围内提高了10倍左右.胃毒毒力结果表明,阿巴菌素在16～28℃范围内提高了30多倍;伊维菌素在16～31℃范围内提高了近40倍.另外,埃玛菌素表现出了极高的胃毒作用且随温度变化的幅度较大,其毒力在16～28℃范围内可提高1000倍以上.采用正交旋转组合设计方法研究表明,阿巴菌素对小菜蛾的毒力与浓度及施药后无光照时间有正交互关系,而与紫外光照时间和光照强度有负交互关系.     

4-己基间苯二酚对小菜蛾酚氧化酶抑制作用研究

以4-己基间苯二酚(4HR)为效应物,研究了其对小菜蛾酚氧化酶单酚酶和二酚酶活力的影响,旨在为寻找新型害虫控制剂提供线索。结果表明:该化合物对小菜蛾酚氧化酶单酚酶和二酚酶活力均有抑制作用,其I50值分别为0.34 μmol/L和0.50 μmol/L。该化合物对单酚酶活力表达的迟滞时间有明显的延长效应,对二酚酶的抑制作用表现为典型的可逆竞争性抑制类型,其抑制常数Ki为0.17 μmol/L。通过研究金属离子和酶液对4-己基间苯二酚吸收峰的影响后推测,该化合物对小菜蛾酚氧化酶产生的抑制作用可能与直接影响该酶活性中心的铜离子有关。     

Investigations on side-effects of the mixed biocide GCSC-BtA on different predators of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) in southeastern China

The present paper deals with laboratory studies on side-effects of the mixed biocide GCSC-BtA on Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and its predators, e.g. Amblyseius longispinosus (Evans) (Acari, Phytoseiidae), Erigonidium graminicola (Sundvall) (Araneae, Linyphiidae), Orius similis Zheng (Het., Anthocoridae) and Coccinella septempunctata L.(Col., Coccinellidae), in comparison to the commercial insecticides, e.g. Abamectin, Tebufenozide, Dichlorvos, Cartap and Lambda-cyhalothrin.The results showed that GCSC-BtA was highly toxic to the 3^rd instar of P. xylostella with 91.18% mortality, followed by Cartap with 84.38%, Abamectin with 78.00%, Tebufenozide with 75.57%, Lambda-cyhalothrin with 63.75% and Dichlorvos with 50.86% mortality. On the other hand, GCSC-BtA was found to be comparatively less toxic to the predators, causing 31.11%, 13.33%, 11.54% and 6.00% mortalities in A. longispinosus, E. graminicola, O. similis and C. septempunctata, respectively. For comparison, the mortalities recorded for Abamectin, Tebufenozide, Dichlorvos, Cartap, Lambda-cyhalothrin were 72.94%, 55.55%, 70.00%, 53.26% and 98.85% in A. longispinosus, 46.51%, 55.10%, 60.00%, 46.00% and 73.68% in E. graminicola, 22.00%, 16.00%, 35.71%, 26.78% and 81.03% in O. similis, 15.55%, 19.64%, 28.00%, 16.66% and 41.79% in C. septempunctata, respectively.     

小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性选育及交互抗性研究

用阿维菌素对小菜蛾进行室内抗性汰选,选择压为约杀死种群70％的剂量。连续施药7～8次即表现抗性趋势,汰选至11代,获得抗性指数为80.71的抗性种群(ABM-R)。ABM-R种群对所测试的有机磷杀虫剂乙酰甲胺磷、有机氯类的硫丹、沙蚕毒素类的杀螟丹、氨基甲酸酯类的灭多威、微生物杀虫剂Bt、磺胺脲类衍生物丁醚脲、芳基取代的吡咯杂环化合物虫螨腈和昆虫生长调节剂定虫隆、虫酰肼无交互抗性(R/S为0.73～1.19),而对苯基吡唑类氟虫腈的敏感性却有所上升(R/S为0.22)。增效剂试验显示,PB和唧对ABM-S种群无增效作用,而对ABM-R种群增效作用显著,增效比分别为24.57和13.61,表明多功能氧化酶和羧酸酯酶在抗性机制中可能起重要作用。     

Investigations on side-effects of the mixed biocide GCSC-BtA on different predators of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) in southeastern China

The present paper deals with laboratory studies on side-effects of the mixed biocide GCSC-BtA on Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and its predators, e.g. Amblyseius longispinosus (Evans) (Acari, Phytoseiidae), Erigonidium graminicola (Sundvall) (Araneae, Linyphiidae), Orius similis Zheng (Het., Anthocoridae) and Coccinella septempunctata L.(Col., Coccinellidae), in comparison to the commercial insecticides, e.g. Abamectin, Tebufenozide, Dichlorvos, Cartap and Lambda-cyhalothrin.The results showed that GCSC-BtA was highly toxic to the 3^rd instar of P. xylostella with 91.18% mortality, followed by Cartap with 84.38%, Abamectin with 78.00%, Tebufenozide with 75.57%, Lambda-cyhalothrin with 63.75% and Dichlorvos with 50.86% mortality. On the other hand, GCSC-BtA was found to be comparatively less toxic to the predators, causing 31.11%, 13.33%, 11.54% and 6.00% mortalities in A. longispinosus, E. graminicola, O. similis and C. septempunctata, respectively. For comparison, the mortalities recorded for Abamectin, Tebufenozide, Dichlorvos, Cartap, Lambda-cyhalothrin were 72.94%, 55.55%, 70.00%, 53.26% and 98.85% in A. longispinosus, 46.51%, 55.10%, 60.00%, 46.00% and 73.68% in E. graminicola, 22.00%, 16.00%, 35.71%, 26.78% and 81.03% in O. similis, 15.55%, 19.64%, 28.00%, 16.66% and 41.79% in C. septempunctata, respectively.Cluster analysis was introduced to group the mortalities caused by the treatments into three toxicity groups with the distance of D=4.1. The 1^st group consisted of GCSC-BtA characterized with low toxicity to all the predators tested with 15.49% mortality on average (highest 31.11% and lowest 6.00%). The 2^nd group consisted of Abamectin, Tebufenozide, Dichlorvos and Cartap with moderate toxicity to the predators with 39.96% mortality on average. The 3^rd group included Lambda-cyhalothrin with high toxicity to the predators with 73.83% mortality on average (highest 98.85% and lowest 41.70%). The susceptibility of the pest and its predators to GCSC-BtA and the insecticides is discussed. GCSC-BtA as a biological control agent is recommended for use in the integrated pests control programs in the vegetable fields.     

小菜蛾对溴氰菊酯的抗性消退与抗性恢复动态

利用选育的抗溴氰菊酯小菜蛾 Plutella xylostella L. 品系第100代为虫源,在不接触任何杀虫剂条件下继代繁殖50代,观察了小菜蛾对溴氰菊酯的抗性消退动态;同时对消退过程中的小菜蛾施加溴氰菊酯选择压力和利用消退过程中的小菜蛾与抗性品系、非抗性品系杂交,观察了小菜蛾对溴氰菊酯的抗性恢复动态.结果表明:①小菜蛾对溴氰菊酯的抗性消退表现为1～15代较慢,15～25代较快,25代后又缓慢的趋势,抗性消退也使氯菊酯、氯氰菊酯交互抗性水平下降;②溴氰菊酯抗性消退过程中,当连续受到一定程度的溴氰菊酯选择压力时,抗性会在几代之内很快恢复;③与其它品系杂交的后代受到一定剂量溴氰菊酯连续处理后,3～4代就能达到或接近抗溴氰菊酯品系第100代的抗性水平,对氯菊酯、氯氰菊酯的交互抗性水平也随之迅速上升.     

小菜蛾对杀虫双和杀螟丹抗性的生化遗传分析

在对室内杀虫双和杀螟丹继代选择过程中小菜蛾的抗性发展变化、抗性生化机制、抗性遗传方式和抗性风险评估的基础上,笔者测定了小菜蛾抗杀虫双品系、抗杀螟丹品系和敏感品系及其杂交后代的生物学特性以及蛹的酶活性,通过t值检验酶活性间的差异显著性,从生物统计学和遗传学角度分析酶活性与抗性之间的关系。 1 材料与方法     

小白菜次生代谢物质对小菜蛾雌虫行为的调节作用

为明确小白菜次生代谢物质对小菜蛾行为的调节作用,采用热回流法提取小白菜中不同极性物质,利用Y-型嗅觉仪评价这些物质对小菜蛾雌虫行为的调节效应,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)鉴定提取物中各化合物的化学结构.结果显示:小白菜不同极性提取物对小菜蛾雌虫行为均有一定的调节作用,其中,低极性物质在高浓度时有引诱效果,高极...     

四种非寄主植物精油对小菜蛾的生物活性

为寻找小菜蛾Plutella xylostella绿色防控方法,于室内测定辣蓼、迷迭香、芸香和紫苏4种非寄主植物精油对小菜蛾的生物活性。结果表明,辣蓼植物精油对小菜蛾2龄幼虫的毒杀作用最强,24、48和72 h时的致死中浓度LC50分别为2.18、1.78和1.46μg/μL,芸香植物精油次之;当芸香植物精油浓度为15μg/μL时,小菜蛾3龄幼虫的选择拒食率最高,作用24 h和48 h时分别为100.00%和92.84%,而在10μg/μL浓度下作用24 h和48 h时非选择拒食率达到最高值,分别为65.72%和42.72%;在4种植物精油中,芸香植物精油对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的生长抑制作用最明显,相对生长率最低,为-34.72%,生长抑制率最高,为133.74%,辣蓼植物精油的生长抑制效果次之,迷迭香和紫苏植物精油的抑制作用相对较差;小菜蛾雌、雄成虫对4种植物精油均表现出一定的触角电位反应和驱避活性,其中,芸香植物精油的驱避效果最明显;气相色谱-质谱分析结果显示,芸香植物精油的主要成分为β-石竹烯、（+）-α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯。表明芸香植物精油对小菜蛾具有显著的生物活性,具备开发为小菜蛾靶标...