不同浓度臭氧在低温条件下对玫瑰香葡萄贮藏品质的影响

以汉沽玫瑰香葡萄为试材,探究不同臭氧浓度对玫瑰香葡萄贮藏品质的影响。在（0±1） ℃条件下对玫瑰香葡萄分别用6.42、10.7、14.98 mg/m3三种不同浓度臭氧化空气在密封大帐内进行处理,每天处理30 min,以不进行臭氧处理为对照,分别测定葡萄的可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、还原糖含量、硬度、果柄耐拉力、多酚氧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性。结果表明：（0±1） ℃贮藏条件下,80 d 的贮藏期内,与对照组相比,6.42 mg/m3臭氧处理组差异不显著,10.7 mg/m3臭氧处理对葡萄果实的还原糖含量、果柄耐拉力与过氧化氢酶活性都有较好影响, 14.98 mg/m3臭氧处理效果最好,可有效延缓果实可滴定酸、可溶性固形物、硬度以及果柄耐拉力的下降,抑制多酚氧化酶活性,使过氧化氢酶保持较高活性,延缓葡萄的衰老进程,达到较好的贮藏保鲜效果。     

巨峰与红地球葡萄贮藏特性比较

从果实解剖结构、呼吸特性、采后主要理化指标以及果实对SO2的忍耐性等多方面,对巨峰和红地球葡萄作了比较研究。结果表明:红地球葡萄与巨峰葡萄比较,前者角质层和表皮厚度大,亚表皮细胞和果肉细胞平均直径也大,微管束数量多,呼吸强度低;还原糖、粗纤维、总果胶含量和果柄耐拉力显著高于巨峰葡萄,但PG酶活性、果肉组织电导率、果实对SO2的忍耐力显著低于巨峰葡萄。室温下短期存放,红地球的耐藏性明显好于巨峰葡萄,但由于红地球生长期抗病性相对差,贮藏期对SO2很敏感,所以低温下长贮的效果并不一定优于巨峰。     

栽培中赤霉酸处理对葡萄品质和耐藏力的影响

通过对比试验研究了栽培中不同赤霉酸(GA3)处理次数对葡萄品质和耐藏力的影响。结果表明:随着赤霉酸处理次数的增多,葡萄的果梗直径、果形指数、单果粒质量、脱粒率、脱粒指数、空腔率、空腔直径、褐变率和腐烂率升高,果刷长度、可溶性固形物含量和VC含量降低,且外观色泽变淡。综合考虑栽培中赤霉酸处理对葡萄品质和耐藏力的影响,建议用10 mg/kg赤霉酸花前10 d处理1次或花前10 d和花后10 d各处理1次来提高葡萄的单果粒质量,保持果实较低的褐变率和腐烂率。     

产量与施肥及保鲜剂对红地球葡萄贮藏品质的影响

对红地球葡萄贮藏品质影响最大的原因是葡萄果梗的新鲜度,贮藏120天,叶/果＜35(产量为45 000kg/mh2左右)干梗指数为叶/果=50(22 500 kg/hm2左右)的15倍多.硫酸钾三元复合肥.和生物菌肥能够明显抑制干梗;采前液体保鲜剂与红地球葡萄保鲜剂复配应用,在(-0.5 0.5)℃条件下,贮藏120天漂白率、腐烂率和干梗率分别为3.33%、0%和4.12%.     

南方葡萄的采收与储运保鲜

<正>采收与储运保鲜,是葡萄栽培中最后一个环节,同时又是葡萄浆果成为商品的重要一环,关系到葡萄全年栽培的成败。葡萄浆果鲜嫩多汁,含水量高,采后易掉粒、枯梗、干瘪、皱皮、受机械损伤和遭病菌侵染而腐烂变质。因此,有必要对葡萄采收与储运保鲜技术做一介绍,以期能引起栽培者重视,帮助他们提高栽培效益。     

果梗涂蜡复合处理对红地球葡萄贮藏品质的影响

以红地球葡萄果实为试验材料,研究了果梗涂蜡方法及添加CT2保鲜剂、1-MCP等处理方式对其贮期内果实腐烂率、干梗指数、SO2伤害指数以及硬度、呼吸强度、还原糖、可滴定酸和VC等指标的影响.结果表明:果梗涂蜡和果梗带枝条配合使用保鲜剂的处理方式,能有效降低红地球葡萄呼吸强度、腐烂率、干梗指数和SO2伤害指数,保持其硬度及还原糖、可滴定酸和VC含量的稳定性,提高贮藏品质,延长葡萄的贮期.     

葡萄品种资源果实重要经济性状分析

对郑州果树研究所国家葡萄种质圃内的主要葡萄栽培品种的果穗和浆果的主要经济性状进行了鉴定评价。结果表明,在葡萄果穗形状、果穗大小、果粒形状、果粒大小、果粒重量、可溶性总糖含量、总酸含量、果实颜色、果肉硬度和香味等方面均存在丰富的遗传多样性。在丰富的多样性中,具有圆锥形、圆形和短椭圆形果粒、软肉、无香味的品种最多,其它穗形、果形、硬度和特殊香味特征均是葡萄的遗传变异中人为选择的结果。     

葡萄贮藏中果实内SO2残留变化研究

葡萄各部位SO2 含量存在差异 ,从高到低依次为果梗、穗轴、果皮、果刷、果肉。SO2 常量处理的葡萄低温贮藏 90d后 ,葡萄食用部位 (果皮、果肉、果刷 )SO2 含量 (以鲜重计 )低于FDA标准 (10 μg/ g)。货架期条件下 ,葡萄果梗、果刷处SO2 含量有所增加 ,果皮、穗轴SO2 含量下降 ,果肉SO2 含量也有所下降 ,但其靠近果刷部位的下降幅度远低于远离果刷部位 ,原因可能是存在SO2 由果梗向果刷、果肉的运输     

猕猴桃的采收保鲜与贮藏

猕猴桃被誉为世界珍果、水果之王，别名又叫猴子桃、羊桃、野梨、藤梨等。猕猴桃是一种长寿果品，有抗肿瘤、抗衰老的作用，故又称它为长生果。然而，猕猴桃属呼吸跃变型浆果，鲜贮难度大。采收时，果实的淀粉、含酸量和硬度较高，乙烯释放量会突然增加，导致果实变软、果柄脱落、呼吸强度产生跃变并达到高峰，此时，果实含糖量增高，含酸量下降，果实酸甜可口，风味最佳。如果继续在高温下存放，果实很快发酵、变质、腐烂，失去商品价值。所以人们常说猕猴桃是“七天软，十天烂，半月坏一半”，说明要及时采收、贮藏。一般而言，早、中熟品种不耐贮藏，晚熟品种较耐贮藏。即使是同一品种的果实，大果实不如中等个头的果实耐贮藏。     

鲜食葡萄育种中选择对浆果重早期遗传评价的影响

在本研究中，报道了在鲜食葡萄育种的早期阶段选择对遗传参数估计值和浆果大小育种值的影响。在1999和2000年的生产季节，从澳大利亚的CSIRO鲜食葡萄群体中收集浆果重量数据，以此来调查了随机选择和间接选择对遗传力估计值和育种估计值的影响。     

Biochemical and physiological study of the firmness of table grape berries

Firmness is an essential quality parameter of table grapes (Vitis vinifera) for consumers, with grape bunches that contains soft berries less preferred, resulting in a reduction in the market price. The softening of grape berries has been commonly associated with cell walls, especially the disassembly of pectic polysaccharides. However, the process of berry softening is not completely understood. To investigate the softening process of grape berries, we compared the Thompson Seedless variety, which suffers significant economic losses due to fruit softening, and NN107, a new variety with a significantly higher level of berry firmness. The composition of the cell wall during the berry development of these two grape varieties was compared. NN107 berries had a greater amount of calcium and uronic acids in the cell wall material than Thompson Seedless grapes, suggesting a special role for calcium bridge formation in NN107. Additionally, polyacrylamide carbohydrate electrophoresis (PACE) analysis suggested differences between these varieties in pectin structure. Thompson Seedless grapes showed increased pectolyase hydrolysable site dynamics in the cell wall material and higher polygalacturonase activity than NN107. Immunohistochemistry focusing on the pectin structure confirmed the roles of both calcium bridge formation and cell wall integrity as they relate to a firmer grape berry phenotype.     

架式与负载量对晚红葡萄果实品质的影响

以三年生晚红葡萄为试验材料,研究了不同架式及负载量对果实品质的影响。结果表明:立体棚架栽培的果实单粒重、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比等品质指标均高于平棚架和篱架,总酸含量低于二者;立体棚架叶片净光合速率(Pn)极显著高于棚架和篱架(P0.01),并且叶片Pn与果实单粒重、总糖含量呈显著正相关。单粒重与总糖、固酸比呈极显著正相关,与总酸呈显著负相关。总糖与固酸比呈极显著正相关。总酸与固酸比呈极显著负相关。立体棚架保留8～10个/m2新梢对其光能利用和果实品质较适宜。     

温宿红葡萄生物学特性及果实性状多样性研究

摘要：【研究目的】温宿红是新疆温宿县地方优异葡萄品种,当地长期栽培中形成了丰富的葡萄种质资源多样性,本文通过对温宿红葡萄果实与形态性状多样性的研究,以期为筛选出适合当地条件的温宿红葡萄系列新品种（系）提供材料基础。【方法】通过田间观察,以果实特性为主要指标,植株形态特征为辅,研究温宿红葡萄品种多样性。【结果】温宿红葡萄植株生长势强,晚熟、丰产,果穗松紧适中、穗梗粗壮,果粒圆、大小一致,果肉硬脆,味甜,果皮红色鲜丽,符合人们的消费习惯, 有一定的耐贮运性,是较为理想的鲜食品种。温宿红自然群体中存在诸多变异类型,初步筛选出的7个形态与果实性状多样性植株在果穗、果粒形态,果实耐压力、耐拉力、可溶性固形物含量和种子数等方面均存在显著性差异。【结论】温宿红葡萄自然群体中存在变异类型,对该品种的深入研究及初选的多样性植株具有一定育种及利用价值。     

Biochemical and proteomic analysis of ‘Kyoho’ grape (Vitis labruscana) berries during cold storage

Low temperature storage is widely used to maintain the quality of postharvest fruit and extend their shelf-life. In this study, changes in specific metabolites and protein expression profiles of grape berries under cold storage were investigated by liquid chromatography and proteomic studies, respectively. During cold storage, total soluble solids and reducing sugars accumulation was accompanied by a decline in organic acids and phenols contents. A comparative analysis of the proteomes of grape berries during cold storage was performed using a two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) proteomic approach. Seventy-nine differentially regulated proteins during cold storage were successfully identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, and classified into eight main categories based on their biological function. Down-regulation of proteins associated with glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, and up-regulation of cell wall polysaccharide degradation-related enzymes provided molecular evidence that soluble sugar and carbohydrate metabolism play a crucial role in postharvest regulation. In addition, cold storage increased the expression abundance of several stress related proteins such as heat shock proteins, proteasome and antioxidant enzymes, suggesting a physiological adaptation to low temperature was induced in grape berries. This study contributes to a better understanding of the cellular events in grape berries under cold storage and provides potentially useful information for maintaining fruit quality and minimizing postharvest losses.     

采前喷施壳聚糖和油菜素内酯对葡萄采后落果的影响

以新疆无核白葡萄为试材,采前喷施油菜素内酯（BRs）和壳聚糖（CH）,观察贮藏期葡萄落果率变化,并分析对葡萄品质和衰老相关酶活的影响。结果表明,两种处理在贮藏前期均能有效降低贮藏期葡萄落果率,壳聚糖效果好于油菜素内酯。二者均降低了果实酸度,提高了果实糖酸比,对果实总维生素C（抗坏血酸）含量没有影响,但明显提高了VC的还原度,使PG、POD和LOX等果实成熟衰老相关酶的活力高峰向后推迟了15～30天。推论BRs和CH可能是通过延迟无核白葡萄果实成熟衰老进程来减少落果,也暗示了无核白葡萄迅速的成熟可能是导致果实过早脱落的原因。     

不同施肥量对‘巨玫瑰’葡萄生长和果实品质的影响

为探求设施栽培条件下追肥水平对葡萄生长和果实品质的影响,连续2年在‘巨玫瑰’葡萄果实膨大期开展不同追肥量的施肥试验,对果实品质指标、肥料吸收指标、净光合速率等指标进行测定。结果表明,超过300 kg/hm2的施肥量对‘巨玫瑰’葡萄果实的平均果粒重、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量、果实硬度等品质指标没有显著影响;不同施肥量对叶柄的氮、磷、钾含量没有显著影响;而且施肥后虽然能比对照增加叶片净光合速率(Pn),但施肥量超过300 kg/hm2后,增加施肥量对叶片净光合速率没有显著影响。综合以上结果认为,设施栽培条件下‘巨玫瑰’葡萄的适宜施肥水平应为300 kg/hm2左右。     

‘夏黑’葡萄花穗的不同整穗长度对果实生长及品质的影响

以‘夏黑’葡萄为试验材料,开花前一周分别留花穗穗尖的3 cm、4 cm、5 cm、7 cm,疏除花穗其余部分,并以不整穗作为对照。盛花期时统一采用50 mg/L GA3处理花穗,盛花期后15天再分3组用50 mg/L GA3、50 mg/L GA3 + 2.5 mg/L CPPU、50 mg/L GA3 + 5 mg/L CPPU处理花穗,研究‘夏黑’葡萄花穗的不同整穗长度对果实生长及品质的影响,以期为生产实践提供依据。结果表明,3 cm、4 cm、5 cm这3种整穗长度均能显著增大果实纵径、横径,提高果实单果重和可溶性固形物的含量,并能显著降低果实可滴定酸的含量。在‘夏黑’葡萄生产上配合花穗整穗技术使用生长调节剂进行果实膨大处理时,宜采用3 cm的整穗长度,盛花期施用50 mg/L GA3,盛花期后15天施用50 mg/L GA3 + 2.5 mg/L CPPU进行生产。     

Effects of selection on early stage genetic evaluation for berry weight in breeding table grapes

The effects of random and directional selection on estimates of heritability and estimated breeding values were investigated using data collected for grape berry weight during seasons 1999 and 2000 from the CSIRO table grape breeding population. In 1999, all berry‐bearing vines available (4834) were assessed, while in 2000 a randomly selected sample of 1344 vines was evaluated. In addition, a simulated directional selection was imposed such that the berry weights for half of the vines with lighter berries sampled in 2000 were discarded to produce a biased data set. The results showed that heritability of berry weight in 2000 was biased downward and estimated breeding values were over‐ or under‐estimated if analyses were based on directionally selected data sets alone. By incorporating data from 1999 into bivariate analyses, bias in heritability and EBV could be eliminated to a large extent. The implications for grapevine breeding are discussed.