海陆嫁接棉苗对黄萎病抗性及相关生理指标研究

本研究以黄萎病抗性差异显著的海岛棉品种海7124(H)和陆地棉品种Hm-40(L)为材料,进行海岛棉与陆地棉的相互嫁接,获得4种嫁接组合：海岛棉做砧木的海陆嫁接组合(LH),海岛棉自嫁接组合(HH),陆地棉为砧木的海陆嫁接组合(HL)和陆地棉自嫁接组合(LL)。通过黄萎病菌诱导后,观察4种嫁接组合棉苗对黄萎病菌的抗性及生理指标变化。结果显示,4种嫁接组合对黄萎病抗性依次是LH>HH>HL>LL,各嫁接组合棉苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性降低,但抗病性越强SOD活性越高即LH>HH>HL>LL;过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,但抗病性越强升高速度越快且峰值越高即LH>HH>HL>LL;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先降低再升高再降低,且抗病性越强,CAT活性升高越快且活性越高即LH>HH>HL>LL;丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,且抗病性越强MDA含量越低即LH相似文献   

棉花黄萎病不同抗性品种接菌前后体内酶活性及酚类物质含量的变化

研究了对黄萎病不同抗性棉花品种在接菌前后酶活性与酚类物质含量的变化。结果表明 :棉花对黄萎病的抗性与棉株组织中的过氧化物酶 (POD)、多酚氧化酶 (PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性及酚类物质 (主要为二元酚 )含量密切相关。不同抗感黄萎病棉花品种接种病原菌后 ,4个指标都有不同程度地提高 ,并于接种后 3～ 5d内出现峰值 ,峰值高低与抗性程度呈正相关     

内生和根际细菌对棉花防御酶活性诱导和黄萎病防治作用

【目的】研究细菌Bacillus vanillea SMT-24、B. velezensis BHZ-29、B. subtilis SHT-15、B. atrophaeus SHZ-24在土壤中的定植、促生、对棉花诱导抗性及对黄萎病的防治效果,为更好地防治棉花黄萎病提供科学依据。【方法】通过观察抑菌圈,判断各菌株对大丽轮枝菌的拮抗效果;以4株菌在根际土壤定植数量,反映拮抗菌定植能力;调查棉花株高、根长、根毛数、叶片数,分析4株菌的促生作用;测定棉叶过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(Phenylalanine ammonia lyase,PAL)、多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性,并通过盆栽试验调查拮抗菌发酵液灌根后棉花的病情指数,探讨拮抗菌株对棉花诱导抗性的作用。【结果】SMT-24、BHZ-29、SHT-15、SHZ-24能明显抑制大丽轮枝菌的生长,形成清晰的抑菌圈,第3次接种后2～22 d,在根系土壤中能大量存活,提高棉花株高、叶片数和根毛数,以及棉叶CAT、SOD、PAL、POD活性,并降低病情指数。【结论】拮抗菌SMT-24、BHZ-29、SHT-15、SHZ-24能促进棉花生长,提高部分防御酶活性,有效防治棉花黄萎病。     

氨基酸铜对棉花黄萎病株几种酶活性的影响

在棉花黄萎病发病初期喷施氨基酸铜,测定了棉花病株叶片内几种与抗性有关的酶活性。结果发现,喷施氨基酸铜后棉叶的过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶及苯丙氨酸解氨酶的活性均在一定程度表现出"涨落现象",表明了氨基酸铜对棉花黄萎病有一定的抗性诱导作用。     

NaCl胁迫对棉花叶片衰老特征的影响及其生理学机制

以叶片衰老快慢不同的两个棉花品系L21和L22为材料,研究了NaCl胁迫对棉花叶片衰老的影响及其相应的生理学机制。温室内水培棉苗,待第5片真叶展开20 d后用含125 mmol·L-1 NaCl的营养液处理棉苗,以不含NaCl的营养液处理为对照。结果显示,NaCl胁迫下L21和L22叶片中叶绿素含量和光合作用速率下降,叶片和根中的Na+含量上升、K+含量降低;NaCl胁迫还增加了棉株体内脱落酸(ABA)含量、降低了玉米素核苷(ZR)含量。表明K+含量降低以及ABA含量升高、ZR含量下降是NaCl胁迫促进棉花叶片衰老的重要原因。     

裸苗移栽棉花缓苗期抗氧化酶活性和叶绿素含量的变化特点

 2007年在一熟棉田设裸苗移栽、钵苗移栽和直播3个处理,在麦棉两熟裸苗移栽棉田设置地膜覆盖和不覆盖两个处理,在移栽后40 d内分次取样测定棉花功能叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT) 活性和叶绿素含量。结果表明,移栽棉花由于移栽时根系受损,存在明显的缓苗期,缓苗期内功能叶片三种酶活性和叶绿素含量变化规律均表现为先升高而后下降或趋于平稳变化;CAT、POD较SOD对逆境的反应敏感,其活性当处于逆境时快速升高,逆境解除时就迅速下降;地膜覆盖有利于缩短移栽缓苗期,促进棉苗早发。     

不同棉花品种及施钾量对黄萎病抗性生理机制的影响

【目的】研究黄萎病菌胁迫下钾素对棉花黄萎病抗性生理机制的影响,对棉花黄萎病综合防治技术的提出具有理论指导意义。【方法】在人工黄萎病病圃中,利用3个对黄萎病有不同抗性的品种冀棉11号(JM-11,感病品种)、中植棉2号(ZZM-2,抗病对照)、农大601(ND-601,抗病品种),研究5种施钾量(0、75、150、225、300 kg·hm-2)对棉花黄萎病发生、棉株抗病性相关物质含量及酶活性的影响。【结果】(1)感病品种JM-11抗黄萎病相关物质(木质素、总酚)含量和苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶活性受病情的影响较抗病品种ZZM-2和ND-601大;根和叶木质素、总酚含量多少及棉叶苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性高低影响感病品种JM-11抗黄萎病性,根和叶中总酚是影响抗病品种黄萎病发生程度的关键物质。(2)JM-11根对钾含量的敏感性强于ND-601,弱于ZZM-2,对叶中钾含量的敏感性强于ZZM-2、ND-601。(3)JM-11、ZZM-2、ND-601黄萎病最大缓解效果分别为32.5%、26.4%、16.5%,对应施钾量分别为290.5、253.5、229.5 kg·hm-2。【结论】抗黄萎病性弱的品种通过适量施钾可增强其对黄萎病抗性,减轻黄萎病的发生。     

荒漠绿洲区棉花幼苗耐寒生理特性及其评价指标分析

通过测定不同耐寒性的棉花幼苗在4℃冷害胁迫下的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白(SP)和可溶性糖(SS)含量等,分析相对生理指标随胁迫时间在耐寒基因型间的响应,建立棉花幼苗耐寒性鉴定的简捷、有效的评价生理指标体系。结果表明,相对CAT活性、相对MDA含量、相对SP含量和相对SS含量随冷害时间在不同耐寒基因型棉花幼苗间变化有差异;冷害第3 d的相对生理指标与棉苗的冷害指数显著相关,其相对SS含量和相对MDA含量对棉苗的耐寒性强弱有直接影响,而且受其它生理指标的间接影响较小。通过回归分析筛选出了3个与棉花幼苗耐寒性密切相关的生理因子指标:相对MDA含量,相对CAT活性和相对SP含量,建立了耐寒性评价数学模型。     

河南省不同地区棉花黄萎病菌分离物致病性及其毒素致萎活性测定

在河南省不同地区分离并鉴定33株棉花黄萎病菌分离物,并进行了致病力和粗毒素致萎活性测定。致病力结果表明,河南省棉花黄萎病菌分离物可分为强、中、弱3种致病力类型,分别占48.5%、21.2%、30.3%。河南省同一地区内不同分离物间致病力差异明显。粗毒素致萎活性测定结果表明,黄萎病菌强致病力分离物分泌的粗毒素对棉苗的致萎力较强,弱致病力分离物分泌的粗毒素对棉苗的致萎力较弱,强、中、弱3种致病力类型分离物在72h时对棉苗的平均致萎指数分别为63.82、52.38、45.83。采用考马斯亮蓝法测定不同分离物粗蛋白含量,结果表明,不同黄萎病菌分离物分泌的粗蛋白含量存在明显差异,且与其所致的病情指数呈显著正相关。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.