PAA-atta复合保水剂对土壤物理性质的影响

在合成以丙烯酸和凹凸棒土为原料的有机无机复合保水剂的基础上,本文对比考察了PAA-atta复合保水剂与单纯PAA保水剂对土壤物理性质的影响。结果发现,随着2种保水剂施用量的增加,土壤平均含水量、pH值、>0.25mm团聚体含量及阳离子交换量也逐渐增大。相同用量下,保水剂粒径越小,土壤含水量和>0.25mm团聚体含量也越大,但PAA-atta复合保水剂对土壤物理性质改善效果明显好于单纯PAA保水剂。     

PAM-atta复合保水剂对土壤物理性质的影响

在研制开发出耐盐型丙烯酰胺/凹凸棒黏土复合保水剂(PAM-atta)的基础上,研究了该复合保水剂对土壤物理性质的影响。结果表明:PAM-atta复合保水剂可显著提高土壤含水量、>0.25mm团聚体含量、孔隙度以及阳离子交换量,降低土壤体积质量(容重)。同时PAM-atta复合保水剂粒径越小,对土壤体积质量、团聚体等的作用效果也越明显。与CK相比,施用120目的保水剂可提高土壤中>0.25mm团聚体含量达13.3%~16.2%。     

PAM-atta复合保水剂的保水性能及影响因素研究

针对目前保水剂成本高、耐盐性差和实际应用效果不理想等因素，该文以丙烯酰胺和凹凸棒黏土为原料合成了有机-无机复合保水剂(PAM-atta)，模拟实际应用情况并对其吸水、释水及耐盐性能进行了研究。结果表明：加入凹凸棒黏土合成的PAM-atta型复合保水剂具有更高的吸水倍数和耐盐碱性能，综合性能优于单一聚丙烯酰胺类保水剂。     

麦麸纤维素与腐植酸复合保水剂的制备及性能

[目的]研究利用麦麸提取的纤维素与腐植酸共聚制备复合保水剂的方法及其性能,以解决现有保水剂生物难降解,成本高,污染大,再生性能差等问题。[方法]采用碱法从麦麸中提取纤维素,首次与腐植酸、丙烯酸水溶液聚合制备了复合保水剂。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析(TG)分别对树脂的表面形貌、热稳定性进行了表征,考查了NaOH、引发剂、交联剂、麦麸、腐植酸用量对复合保水剂吸水率的影响,并对温度、不同交联剂、再生性能进行了探讨。[结果]麦麸质量0.15g,丙烯酸20ml,交联剂(N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺)的质量是丙烯酸质量的0.03%,引发剂的质量是丙烯酸质量的0.8%,腐植酸0.1g,NaOH浓度80%,温度80℃时,吸水倍率最高,蒸馏水达到了989g/g,对地下水的吸水倍率达到了120.34g/g。对盐水的吸水倍率达到了62.76g/g。[结论]实验方法制备的保水剂再生性能、热稳定性良好,较文献报道的保水剂吸水效果优异,可以在实际生产和生活中推广应用。     

应用保水剂对黄绵土水分特征的影响研究

为了探求保水剂在黄绵土中的作用规律,选取了三种国内外不同的保水剂,利用离心机法测定了不同浓度保水剂作用下黄绵土水分特征曲线。从保水剂种类、浓度对土壤含水量的影响、不同保水剂对土壤吸释水及效率的影响、保水剂品种比选等方面系统进行了研究。结果表明:（1）浓度对黄绵土土壤饱和含水率的影响显著,且0.75%是明显的分界线。（2）土壤含水量随保水剂浓度增加而增大,随着土壤水吸力的增大而减小,且这种改变作用在低吸力段（0.01～0.8MPa）明显高于高吸力段（0.8～1.5MPa）,在0.01～0.05MPa之间尤其显著。（3）保水剂在黄绵土中的应用效果来看,钾-聚丙烯酸酯-聚丙烯酰胺共聚物类保水剂最好,其次是聚丙烯酸盐类保水剂,再次是丙烯酰胺与丙烯酸钾共聚物类保水剂,主要表现在提高土壤有效水分吸收效率和吸收数量两个方面。     

多指标综合分析法在保水剂合成与评价中的应用

为合成更贴近生产实际的超吸水树脂保水剂,及提高其使用效果,该研究以淀粉、丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺为主要原料,采用过硫酸铵为引发剂,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)为交联剂在一定温度和中和度下制备了高吸水性复合材料。合成过程中选取五因素四水平正交试验设计,重复3次。采用Z分综合评价法和综合平衡法对其作为保水剂时的去离子水吸水倍率、土壤中吸水倍率、失水速率及种子发芽率等4个指标进行综合评价。研究得出影响保水剂性能的因素重要程度为温度>中和度>丙烯酰胺>过硫酸铵>MBA。优化筛选出了最佳合成配方及反应条件。即:1g淀粉加入15mL水熟化后,加入5mL丙烯酸,2.0g丙烯酰胺,N,N-甲基双丙烯酰胺1mg,采用KOH溶液使体系中和度为90%,在85℃下反应40min。该研究所采用的试验方法和评价体系简便易行,可用于超吸水树脂保水剂或其他新型材料的合成与评价。     

一种含氮磷钾新型保水剂的制备及性能研究

采用磷酸酯双淀粉(DSP)为原料,添加适量的KOH和NH3·H2O中和的丙烯酸单体、热引发剂、光引发剂以及交联剂后,在紫外引发条件下引发制备出含有氮磷钾的P(AA/DSP)复合保水剂。采用单因素试验确定了合成保水剂的最优条件。在最优合成条件下,复合保水剂的最大吸水倍率在蒸馏水中为1185.4g/g,在0.9%NaCl溶液中为110.2g/g,并采用红外光谱、热重分析和能谱分析等对产物进行表征。红外光谱分析表明磷酸酯双淀粉与聚丙烯酸实现了共聚反应;热重分析表明P(AA/DSP)复合保水剂具有良好的热稳定性能;能谱分析进一步表明合成保水剂中含有氮磷钾;溶胀动力学研究表明复合保水剂在蒸馏水和生理盐水中的溶胀动力学符合二阶动力学模型。经过360min,保水剂水凝胶在60,80,100℃的保水率分别为67.1%,60.1%,48.1%。同时对复合保水剂施入土壤后的保水性能进行了研究。     

不同保水剂对土壤团聚体组成及微生物量碳、氮的影响

以济麦22为材料,研究保水剂种类对土壤团聚体组成及土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响,科学评价保水剂对土壤的改良作用及其环境效应具有重要意义。试验设置4种不同类型保水剂及2个施用水平,共9个处理,分析土壤团聚体分布、水稳性大团聚体(R0.25)、平均重量直径(mean weight diameter,MWD)、几何平均直径(geometric mean diameter,GMD)、土壤不稳定团粒指数(ELT)、分形维数(D)、土壤微生物量碳(microbial biomass carbon,MBC)、土壤微生物量氮(microbial biomass nitrogen,MBN)、土壤微生物量碳氮比和微生物熵的变化。结果表明,各处理在拔节期和收获期土壤R0.25值均高于对照,增幅分别在46.97%～124.89%和9.35%～75.20%。不同类型保水剂及施用量处理之间存在显著差异,其中复合类型腐殖酸保水剂(FSC)和聚丙烯酰胺型保水剂(AS)处理的R0.25值随用量的增加显著增大,而有机-无机复合类型保水剂(WT2)对土壤团聚体影响较小,且用量加倍抑制了小麦的生长。在土壤性质相对稳定的收获期,AS、复合类型有机肥保水剂(OSC)和FSC处理的MWD、GMD值显著升高,而ELT、D值显著减小,表明上述3种保水剂均可增强土壤团聚体的稳定性,有利于改善土壤结构,其中T8(NPK+10 g/kg FSC)效果最为显著。与对照相比,AS、OSC和FSC保水剂处理MBC显著提高了34.38%～189.27%,MBN显著提高了48.84%～334.89%,其中FSC保水剂对MBC和MBN值的提高效果最为明显。各处理微生物熵介于0.53%～1.64%,土壤微生物量碳氮比在1.50～4.66之间,处理间差异显著。综上所述,FSC的施用更有利于提高土壤水稳性大团聚体含量及稳定性,且对土壤微生物量碳、氮的促进作用更为显著,是改善土壤团粒结构,提高土壤质量的有效措施。     

γ射线引发合成P(AA-co-AM)/FA新型农林保水剂的性能研究

为了合成绿色环保农林保水剂,解决农林保水剂功能单一的问题,以丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺为原料,富里酸为添加剂,通过~(60)Co-γ射线引发合成聚丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺/富里酸[P(AA-co-AM)/FA]高吸水性材料,探讨了辐照剂量、FA添加量对保水剂吸水倍率、吸盐倍率的影响,保水剂的反复吸水性能以及其对土壤水分的影响。结果表明,当保水剂中富里酸(FA)含量为15 wt%,辐照剂量为6 kGy时,吸水倍率和吸0.9%NaCl溶液倍率分别为437倍和61倍;30 min达到溶胀平衡,重复吸水10次后,保水剂溶胀倍率为199倍,下降54%;自制保水剂的施用明显增加了土壤含水量,促进了玉米生长。该方法提高了保水剂的吸水保水性能,克服了传统合成方法污染大、能耗高等问题,同时具有多功能性,合成的高吸水性材料适合制作农林保水剂,为植酸类保水剂合成工艺提供了参考。     

利用小麦秸秆制备的保水剂性能研究

[目的]以小麦秸秆纤维素接枝丙烯酸制备保水剂,并检测各因素对保水剂吸水性能的影响,探索制备保水剂的最佳反应条件,以期制备出成本低,降解性好,保水性高的新型保水剂。[方法]采用水溶液聚合法制备保水剂,并通过单因素试验和正交试验来确定最佳反应条件,对合成产物的吸液倍率、保水性能和表观形态进行测定与表征。[结果]温度为70℃,去离子水用量为160ml,2.0%N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAM)用量为9ml,引发剂(过硫酸钾:硫代硫酸钠=3∶1)与丙烯酸单体比为2.0%,丙烯酸中和度为70%,反应时间为1h,合成的保水剂具有较高的吸水或盐水倍率,1g保水剂吸0.9%NaCl溶液41.2g/g,吸去离子水430.9g/g。红外光谱分析和电镜扫描结果表明,保水剂胶体接枝聚合成功,胶体具有良好的表面形态。[结论]制备的保水剂吸液速率快、重复吸水效果较好。保水剂在氯化铁溶液中吸水倍率最高,达到113g/g。复合离子溶液中,在离子浓度为1g/L时吸水倍率最高达57g/g。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.